...------------------------------------------------- Electricity Lightning is one of the most dramatic effects of electricity. Electricity is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena, such as lightning, static electricity, and the flow of electrical current in an electrical wire. In addition, electricity encompasses less familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction. The word is from the New Latin ēlectricus, "amber-like"coined in the year 1600 from the Greek ήλεκτρον (electron) meaning amber(hardened plant resin), because static electricity effects were produced classically by rubbing amber. Usage In general usage, the word "electricity" adequately refers to a number of physical effects. In scientific usage, however, the term is vague, and these related, but distinct, concepts are better identified by more precise terms: * Electric charge: a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields. * Electric current: a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes. * Electric field: an influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its vicinity. * Electric potential: the capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge, typically...
Words: 6146 - Pages: 25
...DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY What are the dangers of electricity? According to: Acceleratedstudynotes. (2012, 03 10). Danger of electricity. Retrieved from https://www.acceleratedstudynotes.com/2012/03/10/igcse-coordinated-science-dangers-of-electricity/ Dangers of Electricity contain a range of risks, which are Electric Shock, Psychological Damage, Physical Burns, Neurological Damage and Ventricular fibrillation resulting in death. If not properly controlled or harnessed, can result in serious danger to those who use it. The risks with electric power can be divided into two categories: direct and indirect. The direct danger is the damage that the power itself can do to the human body, such as enabling someone to breathe or regular heartbeats, or burns. The indirect dangers of electricity include the damages that can result to the human body like something caused by electric shock, an explosion, or a fire. Electricity at any voltage can be dangerous and should always be handled with caution. An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause enough current flow through the muscles or nerves. Dangers of an over heating cable: Sometimes another danger can begin if an extreme current flows in the wires. They will heat up and the insulation can melt which will cause it to produce poisonous fumes or even catch fire. Therefore it is advice to avoid using appliances that draw too...
Words: 612 - Pages: 3
...Electricity is really just organized lightning but it is most powerful indicator of any country’s economy. The infrastructure for energy in Bangladesh is quite small though it has large natural gas resources and only 62% of the total population has access to the electricity. Summit Power is one of market leader along with Summit Power Ltd, BPL, BANGLA CAT, HOSAF Group. Private companies have limited capital also gas the companies have to import oil and coal from foreign country. Shortage of the raw material is not only threat of this industry, many company use second hand machines for production due to this action OTOBI had to pay the penalty of 84 cores Taka recently. This limited amount gas will run out eventually it is used as fuel for electricity generation and commercial energy of the country. The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has taken initiative to set up power plants so that the country has sufficient electricity within 2016. A number of fiscal incentives are provided to the private power companies. * release to pay tax for upcoming 15 years * are allowed to import plant and equipment and spare parts up to a maximum of ten percent (10%) of the original value of total plant and equipment within a period of twelve (12) years of commercial operation without payment of customs duties, VAT and any other surcharges * allowed to joint ventures with foreign investors * sector’s equity is repatriate along with the profits are divided as owners will *...
Words: 704 - Pages: 3
...PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY | Group VI – Section B (MBA 10th Batch) | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Submitted by: 81. ROHIT BHUTANI 82. ROHIT KANTH 84. S PRASANNA 85. SAJID ALI 9/6/2011 INDEX SR. No. | TOPIC | Page No. | 1 | GENERATION | 3 | 2 | SOME USEFUL TERMS | 3 | 3 | HYDRO POWER PLANT | 4 | 4 | THERMAL POWER PLANT | 6 | 5 | NUCLEAR POWER PLANT | 7 | 6 | RENEWABLE ENERGY BASED POWER | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8 HVDC 11 9 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 12 10 TRANSMISSION LINES 12 11 TRANSMISSION SUB-STATIONS 13 12 EQUIPMENTS IN A SUB-STATION 14 13 OPERATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER AND ISOLATOR 18 14 GROWTH OF TRANSMISSION SECTOR IN INDIA 18 15 HOW DOES POWER SYSTEM WORK? 21 16 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 22 17 CONCLUSION 22 18 REFERENCES 23 GENERATION In the generation station, the production of electricity is carried out. A generating system has two basic components, a turbine, which produces rotary motion and a generator, which convert s the rotational energy into electrical energy. A generator has ‘rotor’ which is rotated by a turbine and a ‘stator’ which has the sets of coils in which electricity is generated when the rotor rotates. The difference...
Words: 1860 - Pages: 8
...10 Ways to Save Electricity Did you know that according to a World Bank report, roughly 40 percent of residences in India are without electricity? But, in a way, concepts like 'power cuts' and 'load-shedding' are not new. In fact, they have become an everyday routine. People in some parts of India live without electricity for 6-10 hours every day. From the bottom of my heart, I feel we Indians don't deserve such ill-treatment. The only way to stop this menace is to save electricity. So, here are 10 ways I think shall prove very effective in saving electricity... * Whenever you feel that you won't be using your computer for about 15-20 minutes, please take the efforts to switch off the computer monitor. This will slim down your electricity bill significantly. If you turn off your monitor for a minute, a bulb can be lit in some remote part of India for about 2 minutes. * Well, if you have a computer, you may also have a T.V set. If you are a person who hangs on to only 1 programme, you can put off the T.V. during ad commercials. For that, you must know the duration of the interval. This will ensure that you don't miss out anything of the programme! * If you reside at an above sea-level region, minimize the use of fans. You can enjoy pleasant breezes by keeping all your doors and windows open. * Try to switch off all your electrical appliances for at least half an hour every day. * If you are a millionaire, go solar. Try solar water heaters, solar cookers, solar...
Words: 407 - Pages: 2
...INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF SEC POWER DEMAND 3. WHY IPP (INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT)? 4. INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 5. IPP IMPLEMENTATION 6. INITIAL PROJECTS OF THE IPP PROGRAM 7. DETAILS OF SEC IPPs 8. IPP PROGRAM SCHEDULE 9. PROJECT CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS 10. DEVELOPMENT STAGES 11. OPPORTUNITIES 12. CONCLUSION 2 INTRODUCTION SAUDI ELECTRICITY COMPANY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 2000, BY MERGING ALL SAUDI REGIONAL ELECTRICITY COMPANIES TOGETHER WITH PROJECTS OF THE ELECTRICITY CORPORATION INTO A SINGLE ENTITY THE SAUDI GOVERNMENT OWNS 81% OF SEC SHARES IN 2006 , SEC POWER GENERATION WAS 31 GW COMPARED TO 1.4 GW IN 1976. NUMBER OF PRESENT POWER PLANTS IS 70 , IN 2006 SEC HAS PURCHASED 4 GW FROM SWCC AND LARGE CUSTOMERS, IN 2006 , THIS WILL RAISE TO 21 GW DUE TO FUTURE IPP/IWPP PROJECTS CURRENT SEC POWER TRANSMISSION INCLUDES 132/230/380 KV VOLTAGES WITH 380 KV INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN CENTRAL & EASTERN REGIONS AND FUTURE LINK TO GCC NETWORKS (UNDER CONSTRUCTION) ESTIMATED CAPITAL EXPENDITURE OF SEC FOR THE NEXT 10 YEARS IS SR 190 BILLION 3 HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF SEC POWER DEMAND THE HIGH GROWTH IN POPULATION AND ELECTRICITY POWER DEMANDS IS SHOWN BELOW FOR: YEAR 1976 POPULATION – 7.7 MILLION POWER DEMAND – 0.9 GW YEAR 2006 POPULATION – 23.7 MILLION POWER DEMAND – 29.9 GW YEAR 2024 POPULATION – 50 MILLION POWER DEMAND – 70 GW 4 WHY IPP? MASSIVE INVESTMENTS TO MEET HIGH GROWTH RATE IN BOTH RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEMANDS ATTRACT PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTS (FOREIGN...
Words: 1206 - Pages: 5
...A lot of people worked to develop the understanding of electricity that we have today. Humanity had to first discover electrical charge to discover electricity. The Greeks were the first to discover electrical charge. Electrical charge is static electricity, or electricity that does not move. This discovery happened over 2,600 years ago. Among those who studied electricity was Benjamin Franklin. He is famous for his experiments with electricity, but he did not discover it. Franklin's famous experiment in 1752 with the kite, key, and storm simply proved that lightning and tiny electric sparks were the same thing. Franklin understood this fact when a spark jumped from the key on the kite string to his wrist shortly after lightning struck his kite. The first man to discover a steady flow of electrical charge was Alessandro Volta. Around 1800 an Italian doctor named Luigi Galvani had found that a frog's leg twitches when it touched two different kinds of metals. Volta studied Galvani's findings and concluded that a kind of electrical potential between two metals caused electrical charge to flow through the frog's leg and make it twitch. Electricity has been known to exist from thousands of years, because we know from texts that Egyptians knew of shocks from some electric fish. However, the steady production of electricity didn't occur...
Words: 847 - Pages: 4
...Appendix 15 Appendix 1.0 15 Appendix 1.1 16 Appendix 1.2 16 Appendix 1.3 17 Company Background As the major electricity provider serving almost 6 million customers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, SEC is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity throughout the Kingdom. Wholly owned by shareholders, the SEC also sets the price of electricity sold to consumers and industry under rules set by the Saudi government based on the cost of production, distribution and services. On 05/04/2000, Saudi Electricity Company was established as a Saudi joint stock company. This stipulated the merger of all Saudi electricity companies in the Central, Eastern, Western and Southern Regions in addition to the ten small companies operating in the north of the Kingdom as well as all other electricity operations managed by The General Electricity Corporation, into a single joint stock company which is now known as Saudi Electricity Company. It is a Riyadh-based utility, with 80% state-owned and 20% listed shares. Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) is one of the largest utility companies in the GCC, both by market capitalization ($ 12,572M), and in terms of its installed power generation capacity (40.697GW). The company owns 85% generation and 100% transmission, distribution and retail of electricity in region. It generates 37GW of electricity from 45 oil...
Words: 7045 - Pages: 29
...Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles such as electrons either statically as a charge as a current. Electricity has to do with electrons by When these electrons move between the atoms, a current of electricity is created. But since electricity is a natural force that exists in our world, it didn't have to be invented. Most of the people give credit to Benjamin Franklin for discovering electricity, but Benjamin Franklin had one of the greatest scientific minds of his time. “Since electricity is a natural force that exists in our world, it didn't have to be invented. It did, however, have to be discovered and understood. Most people give credit to Benjamin Franklin for discovering electricity”. This...
Words: 335 - Pages: 2
...ENERGY The Eastern European Electricity Market Outlook Country profiles of supply, demand, regulation and infrastructure By Business Insights Copyright © 2005 Business Insights Ltd This Management Report is published by Business Insights Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution of this Management Report in any form for any purpose is expressly prohibited without the prior consent of Business Insights Ltd. The views expressed in this Management Report are those of the publisher, not of Business Insights. Business Insights Ltd accepts no liability for the accuracy or completeness of the information, advice or comment contained in this Management Report nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon. While information, advice or comment is believed to be correct at the time of publication, no responsibility can be accepted by Business Insights Ltd for its completeness or accuracy. ii Table of Contents The Eastern European Electricity Market Outlook Chapter 1 Czech Republic 10 Market summary 10 Supply and demand balance 11 Supply overview 12 Demand overview 13 Regulatory structure 15 Infrastructure 17 Chapter 2 Estonia 22 Market summary 22 Supply and demand balance 23 Supply/Demand overview 23 Regulatory structure 25 Infrastructure 26 Chapter 3 Hungary 30 Market summary 30 Supply and demand balance 31 Supply overview 32 Demand...
Words: 5442 - Pages: 22
...pro-poor benefits are analyzed and discussed, and in the end suitable models are recommended. Here, a business model is taken to mean a setup or arrangement of a business organization with the objective of achieving monetary and other gains after committing investments. The centre of attention in the PACEAA project is power generation by tea factories or companies, and rural electrification involving communities that are target beneficiaries for the generated power. Therefore, the business models that are considered include tea factories and benefiting communities around the tea factories as key players. At the generation level, the tea factories are expected to generate power or have it generated on their behalf, and the bulk of the electricity would be used by the factories. Some of the power available after meeting the factories’ requirements would be taken up by the rural electrification. Thus, the generation business model should be such that it caters for the electrification (social) needs of the communities around the tea factories. Socio-economic gains of the business are also expected to trickle down to the communities through employment of local people and creation of other economic spin-offs from...
Words: 1063 - Pages: 5
...Regulated Electricity Utility Industry The electric utility industry generates, transmits and delivers electrical power to consumers, businesses and governments. Today there are three primary business structures in the regulated electrical utility industry—public companies owned by shareholders, municipally owned companies, and those owned and operated by the federal government. Shareholder owned companies are the largest group, providing half of all electricity in the United States. Burning fossil fuels to power steam turbines produces over half of electricity consumed today.1 Other generation methods include harvesting the power of nuclear reactions to power turbines and, increasingly, renewable methods such as wind or water-powered generation. Unlike most manufactured products electricity cannot be stored, so a complex and delicate fabric of transmission systems (know as the power grid) exists to deliver power when and where it is needed. Many firms involved in the generation of power are also involved in its transmission and sale to end-users, making vertical integration commonplace within the industry. This end-to-end integration, as well as end users’ dependence on electricity, has led to historically strict government control of the industry. The most significant piece of regulation in the last century was known as the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 also known as PUHCA. The act had a profound effect on the regulated electrical industry. First, and most...
Words: 1719 - Pages: 7
...the world's base load generating capacity. The electricity generation process is described in detail in the section about steam turbines. This page considers issues concerning the fuel. Fuels Fossil fuelled plants use either coal (60%), oil (10%)or gas (30%) in purpose designed combustion chambers to raise steam. These are all non-renewable resources whose supply will ultimately be exhausted. The energy content of these fuels and their variants is shown on the Energy Resources page Oil is probably the most convenient fuel and thirty years ago it accounted for 30% of the consumption but it has mostly been replaced by coal as oil prices have risen faster than the price of coal due to insecurities of supply. At the same time, the premium value of oil for transportation and chemical uses, rather than for just burning it to extract its calorific value, has also been recognised. Coal is the least convenient. Its calorific content, on average, is less than half that of the other two fuels. Handling and transporting it is more difficult and it produces large quantities of residues, ash and greenhouse gases, some of which are toxic, depending on the quality of the coal. Alternatives to using fossil fuels for raising steam are discussed in the section about steam turbines. Electricity Generating Plant Drax Power Station As a benchmark for comparison, in the UK, one power station, Drax, produces 7% of all the country's electricity. It burns 13 million tons of coal a year in 6 X...
Words: 779 - Pages: 4
...NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN ELECTRICITY & ENERGY DEPARTMENT A CASE STUDY It was an “Initiation” management committee meeting for Jack Simons, the newly appointed General Manager (GM) for the Electricity & Energy Department at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. He was recruited from Eskom just over three months ago. He was replacing Piet Volsoo who opted for an early retirement after 17 years with the Municipality. Management committee meetings are known for heated exchanges between various divisional heads, GMs, city manager and the mayoral committee members. Having worked for a corporate giant as Eskom, the challenges at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) were not insurmountable he thought to himself. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality came into existence after 2000. It is the amalgamation of the Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage and Dispatch Municipalities. It supplies electricity to an area of 1959,9 square kilometres. It receives its supply at the Chatty main 132kV intake substation from Eskom and distributes it at primarily 22kV, 11kV and 400 V to 225 large industrial customers, 41 081 medium businesses and 155 758 domestic consumers. The Electricity department has also initiated a major drive to electrify the informal areas within the Metropole. This was a “strategic priority” according to the recently approved Integrated Development Plan of the Metropole for 2002 – 2006. It has electrified 62 600 erven at a cost of R63 million since 1995...
Words: 5421 - Pages: 22
...Publications (E) Energy 1-1-2010 The Role of energy storage with renewable electricity generation P. Denholm E. Ela B. Kirby M. Milligan Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/renew_pubs Part of the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons, Power and Energy Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Repository Citation Denholm, P.; Ela, E.; Kirby, B.; and Milligan, M., "The Role of energy storage with renewable electricity generation" (2010). Publications (E). Paper 5. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/renew_pubs/5 This Technical Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Energy at Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications (E) by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact marianne.buehler@unlv.edu. The Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation Paul Denholm, Erik Ela, Brendan Kirby, and Michael Milligan Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-47187 January 2010 The Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation Paul Denholm, Erik Ela, Brendan Kirby, and Michael Milligan Prepared under Task No. WER8.5005 NREL/TP-6A2-47187 January 2010 Technical Report National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance...
Words: 22113 - Pages: 89
