...CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE: There have been several breakthroughs in this research of saltwater being converted into electricity. The first one presented is an accidental discovery made in the Erie, Pennsylvania, 2007. John Kanzius set on fire a vial with saltwater using a radio frequency generator. Kanzius was experimenting with desalinate seawater. While doing so, he found he could keep the water “burning” as long as it was exposed to the proper frequencies from his machine. Rustum Roy, a professor at Penn State University, tried this experiment in the lab at the university, and, to his surprise, it actually worked. He explained that the salt water wasn’t actually burning. It was, in fact, the radio frequency that helped weaken the bonds holding together the salt water’s constituents. Roy says that he will continue to investigate on this, and he can see the potential applications of this process of burning saltwater as a source of alternative energy. Another recent breakthrough in relation to this topic is the topic on Power Generation. A team of researchers from the US and China have discovered a new desalination process that could produce electricity and clean water. They did this by modifying a microbial fuel cell, which is used to desalinate saltwater into drinkable water. Bruce Logan from Pennsylvania State University says that desalination of saltwater uses a lot of electricity, but by using the microbial desalination cells, one can desalinate saltwater and produce...
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...over salt solution, called brine, is pushed back out into the sea, potentially harming that ecosystem and letting the minerals go to waste. Forward osmosis has great potential, but still encounters set backs due to how new the technique is. In order to go on with the process on a massive scale, funding and research will be needed to explore the possibilities that could improve it and reduce its high energy costs. A third method, electrodialysis reversal, utilizes a membrane, just like reverse osmosis, but instead uses an electric charge in the solution to draw metal ions to the positive plate on one side of the device, and other ions, like salt, to the negative plate on the other side. The charges are periodically reversed to prevent the membrane from becoming too contaminated, as typically found in regular electrodialysis. Ions on both plates can be removed, leaving pure water behind. Newly created membranes reportedly have been chlorine resistant, and generally remove more harmful ions, even beyond just salt, than reverse osmosis. While electrodialysis seems like a good start in the desalination process, it is a very costly method. The upfront cost to create the facility, as well as the energy costs are much higher than other types of desalination. Two types frequently used to desalinate water are multistage flash distillation and multiple-effect distillation. Currently, multistage flash distillation produces the most amount of desalinated water in the world and occurs when...
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...feeling the effects in the form of increased water fee’s and over use penalties. One of the solutions for the water shortfall would be to desalinate ocean water. The 1950s, idea was considered too expensive to implement. However the water shortages has prompted a resurgence into the technology. Desalination uses either thermal which include: multiple-effect distillation (In each stage the feed water is heated by steam in tubes. Some of the water evaporates, and this steam flows into the tubes of the next stage, heating and evaporating more water. Each stage essentially reuses the energy from the previous stage), and multi-stage flash evaporation. Or membrane technologies which include: reverse osmosis, electrodeionisation, and electrodialysis. [pic] [pic] The US has led the membrane market and most active desalination plants are privately owned usually for industrial use. While Saudia Arabia and the United Arab Emirates led the thermal. |[pic]Top 10 countries by total installed capacity since 1945 - DesalData.com | Desalination is expensive, energy-intensive, and can damage marine ecosystems. One aspect to water desalinization would be to use a natural system bioengineered process. Similar to using fish in treating brackish water. Developing nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, may reduce energy costs. Incorporation of both nanomaterials and nanotechnologies along with natural gas, and solar applications...
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...1. Introduction Fresh water supply plays an essential factor in a country, such as development of agriculture, industry and tourism (Khalil, 2001:57). Nevertheless, potable water only constitutes nearly 3% in the world water sources. It means that approximately a quarter of world’s population cannot access a sufficient high quality water including Egypt (Karagiannis and Soldatos, 2008: 448). Egypt suffers from water scarcity due to United Nations (2012) states that water scarcity means less than 1000 m3/year/person, while the figure in Egypt is about 963 m3/year/person. Although, from the geographic perspective，there are adequate water resources in Egypt, such as Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Nile River (CIA, 2012), the Nile water level is decreasing due to the result of evaporation, rainwater supply, hot and dry climate, vast desert and global warming . According to Kashef (1983: 163), comparing with entering water in Nile (35.69 km3/year), the losses are 29.29 km3/year. Thus, Egypt needs to seek some methods to alleviate the problem of water scarcity. Overall, this report offers two alternative measures, desalination and dams respectively. Generally, this report will analyse and compare the feasibility and differences between desalination and dams from three viewpoints: cost, environmental problems and social impact, by this means attempt to find the most effective and economical method to address the dilemma (water scarcity) in Egypt. 2. Background Egypt, an agricultural...
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...SOLAR STILL INTRODUCTION : Solar distillation is a relatively simple treatment of brackish (i.e. contain dissolved salts) water supplies. Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification and can use any heating source. Solar energy is a low tech option. In this process, water is evaporated, using the energy of the sun then the vapour condenses as pure water.This process removes salts and other impurities. Solar distillation is used to produce drinking water or to produce pure water for lead acid batteries, laboratories, hospitals and in producing commercial products such as rose water. It is recommended that drinking water has 100 to 1000 mg/l of salt to maintain electrolyte levels and for taste. Some saline water may need to be added to the distilled water for acceptable drinking water. Solar water distillation is a very old technology. An early large-scale solar still was built in 1872 to supply a mining community in Chile with drinking water. It has been used for emergency situations including the introduction of inflatable stills for life boats by the navy. The cover can be either glass or plastic. Glass is more preferable to plastic because most plastic degrades in the long term due to ultra violet light from sunlight and because it is more difficult for water to condense onto it. Stills with a single sloping cover with the back made from an insulating material do not suffer from a very low angle cover plate at the back reflecting...
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...seawater. “The oceans, which cover more than 70 % of the earth's surface and contain 97 % of the earth's water, have salt water.” (Alon) Ocean water has an endless supply. Seawater desalination will provide enough water to populations who are close enough to the coast or near bodies of waters. This benefits the people of the city, the farmer’s cattle and the crops that they grow. It is essential for the crops to receive enough water in order to grow efficiently. Although the main purpose of building these desalination plants is to stop the worlds water crisis. There are too many people who do not have access to clean drinkable water. Desalination is the answer. Three methods of desalination are: electrical, thermal, and pressure. “Electrodialysis sends an electric charge through the solution to draw metal ions to the positive plate on one side, and other ions (like salt) to the negative plate on the other.” (Alon) The electrical charges are often reversed to avoid getting the membrane contaminated. The ions are both located on plates, which can be removed, leaving pure water behind. “Recently developed membranes reportedly have been chlorine resistant, and generally remove more harmful ions (not just salt) than reverse osmosis.”(Justin) Thermal desalination produces clean water with thermal energy. It can occur in many different ways and steps. Generally thermal desalination is the process of warming seawater. Once the seawater is heated, it starts to collect water vapor...
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...significantly reduced through the coupling of heat and power generation. Although the consumption of water and the generation of waste water has been reduced over the past years, it has not been decreased sufficiently. Until now, in the overwhelming majority of process units, end-of-pipe technologies have been preferably applied to protect natural systems against inputs of contaminants, while, on the contrary, the number of studies referring to a more modern process design is rather limited. For a more advanced processing of substances in the dairy industry, there are many potential applications for membrane processes. The different membrane processes include reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane reactions (MR). Various improvements have been achieved by utilizing...
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...Economics of Water Abstract Government regulation is needed in today’s industry. While this paper will look at the governance of the economics of water it will start with a brief introduction of the reasons why government regulation is something that the shareholders’ of a corporation should embrace and should ignore the hype from management, media, and academia about why governance is wrong. They tend to mistakenly call all decisions as opportunistic behavior whether it is ethical or not. Regulation should be regarded as a tool to address basic public ends (Dent, 2008). Management should see regulation as a benefit to society. It should engrave a sense of duty to their decision making. There are two types of governance that this paper is going to consider. The first is necessity of internal governance of public corporations. The second is specific industry governance specific to the economics of water. In addressing the internal governance of public corporations, this paper will address a short history of why internal control is regulated by government, some objections to government regulation of internal control, and why these criticisms are unwarranted. By July of 2002 Americans had been plagued by a flood of corporate scandal. The names: Enron, World Com, Adelphia and Arthur Anderson will forever be burned into our history books as those infamous corporations that ruined the lives of millions of people. Their jobs were lost, their pensions disappeared...
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...desalination; however, if seawater containing high salinity is converted to fresh water by desalination, it consumes large amounts of energy. Therefore, it is important to find suitable alternative energy resources for the desalination technology due to conventional fossil fuels crisis and environmental pollution. Renewable energy is commonly alternative energy sources considered for desalination, including solar thermal energy, solar photovoltaics, wind energy, hybrid solar PV-wind energy and geothermal. Renewable energy can power the desalination systems comprising comprise the phase change processes, which include the multistage flash, multiple effect boiling and vapour compression and membrane processes, which include reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. Finally, the paper will discuss the best renewable energy powered desalination systems. Keywords: Desalination; Renewable energy; Solar thermal energy; Solar PV energy; Wind energy; Geothermal energy 1. Introduce Water is one of the most plenty of resources in the earth surface, covering about 70%. However, it is estimated that only about 3% (approximate 36 million km3) of that is fresh water and the other about 97% is salt water in the oceans. 70% of the total fresh water is inaccessible in the form of polar ice, and 30% is reserved in the deep underground. To make things worse, only about 0.25% of...
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...------------------------------------------------- Water purification From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about large scale, municipal water purification. For portable/emergency water purification, see portable water purification. For industrial water purification, see deionized water. For distilled water, see distilled water. For the treatment of sewage see sewage treatment Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration,sedimentation, and distillation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria,algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that water may have made contact with after falling as rain. The standards for drinking water quality are typically...
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...NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water Micro & NaNo TechNologies series editor: Jeremy ramsden Professor of Nanotechnology Microsystems and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Materials Cranfield University, United Kingdom the aim of this book series is to disseminate the latest developments in small scale technologies with a particular emphasis on accessible and practical content. these books will appeal to engineers from industry, academia and government sectors. for more information about the book series and new book proposals please contact the publisher, Dr. Nigel hollingworth at nhollingworth@williamandrew.com. http://www.williamandrew.com/MNt NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water edited by Nora savage Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and (in alphabetical order) Mamadou Diallo Materials and process simulation center, Division of chemistry and chemical engineering, california institute of technology Jeremiah Duncan Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison anita street Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign richard sustich N o r w i c h , N Y, U S A copyright © 2009 by William andrew inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying...
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