...Cheaper Electrodes Having Higher Efficiency Using Salt Water And Salt Vinegar Electrolytes S. Ramakanth Electrical And Electronics Engineering,Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Visakhapatnam Abstract: This paper gives how salt water and salt vinegar is used as a renewable energy source. Working of salt water and salt vinegarelectrolytes and both the combination of electrolytes, comparison of different electrodes used in the electrolytes. And choosing which is the best pair of electrodes.applications of it in many fields. Keywords: Electro-chemicalreaction,Electrolyte,Vinegar,corrosion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 310 www.ijird.com October, 2012 Vol 1 Issue 8 1. Introduction We know that our earth covered with 70% of water and 30% of land. So water occupies more space than land but 97% is the salt water and 3% is the fresh drinking water. Many technologies are developed to use salt water for producing electrical energy. The energy produced in this way is renewable energy source. Ex: salt water battery, salt water generators etc. The modern battery is found in high-tech applications ranging from hearing aids and pace-makers to pocket calculators, personal stereos, radios and mobile phones. They are everywhere and completely invaluable. The origin of the power behind the battery is chemical. In the following paper I explain the how the electrolysis occur and what are the different reaction...
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...Vanadium redox batteries, upgraded electrolyte and R2 catalyst. The VRB energy is stored chemically in different ionic forms of vanadium in a dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte. This creates a current that is collected by electrodes and made available to an external circuit. The reaction is reversible allowing the battery to be charged, discharged and recharged. This technology is one of the only socially responsible energy storage options in existence. As a "green" technology, the VRB is characterized by the lowest ecological impact of all energy storage technologies and is unlike most other conventional energy storage systems that rely on toxic substances such as lead, zinc or cadmium. The electrolyte is a solution of vanadium mixed with a dilute sulfuric acid, with about the same acidity as in a conventional lead-acid battery. Unlike lead acid systems however the VRB electrolyte has an indefinite life span and is reusable. The electrolyte in vanadium reflux batteries is known as an "Aqueous Solution of Sulphates of Vanadium". It is made up of sulfuric acid, and emulsified vanadium particles. The electrolyte is pumped from separate storage tanks into flow cells across a proton exchange membrane (PEM) where one form of electrolyte is electrochemically oxidized and the other is electrochemically reduced. Sulphuric acid is manufactured through the catalytic action of vanadium pentoxide. V5 looses oxygen to oxidize the sulfur giving sulphur trioxide and V4. Some vanadium ions remain...
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...Meaningful Use for Nurses The goal of meaningful use is to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, access and continuity of healthcare. This paper will provide an overview of the Meaningful Use program. An analysis of Meaningful Use implications for nurses, nursing, national health policy, patient outcomes and population health associated with the collection of core criteria will also be discussed. Recommendations for additional core criteria will also be presented. Overview of Meaningful Use NANDA International (NANDA-I) was developed to identify and classify health problems within nursing, increase the visibility of nursing, organize nursing data and allow for accurate reimbursement for nursing care (Thede & Schwirian, 2015). NANDA-I states that it’s diagnoses are intended to communicate the professional judgements that nurses make every day to patients, other healthcare professional and the public (NANDA International, 2015). NANDA-I diagnoses relevant to the patient scenario given are 1) fluid volume deficit related to increased fluid loss and insufficient fluid intake 2) electrolyte imbalance related to increased fluid loss and insufficient fluid intake 3) knowledge deficit. The Center for Nursing Classification and Clinical Effectiveness, CNC (2015) defines the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) as a comprehensive, research-based, standardized classification of nursing interventions. “The Classification includes the interventions that nurses do on behalf of patients...
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...In this project combination of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide is used as electrolytic solution. 1. Caustic soda (NaOH) It is also known as sodium hydroxide, having caustic metallic base. It is hygroscopic readily absorb water as presented in air, so it should be stored in a container. Caustic soda is soluble in water with the liberation of heat along with also dissolves in ethanol and methanol, although it shows lower solubility in these solvents than potassium hydroxide. Molten sodium hydroxide is also a strong base, however high temperature is required to limits applications. Sodium hydroxide solution will leave a yellow stain on fabric in addition to paper. It is used in several industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the produce of pulp and paper, textile, drinking water, soaps plus detergents in addition to a drain cleaner. Unpolluted sodium hydroxide is a white solid obtainable in the form of pallets; flake granules furthermore as a 50% saturated solution. Properties of sodium hydroxide...
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...screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the use of childhood immunizations. Many parents voice concerns regarding the safety of vaccinations. What is your opinion on the current use of vaccinations? How would you educate parents regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations? Defend your answers with evidence-based research. Week 3: Question 1= Share a case study of an electrolyte imbalance from your practice or from the...
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...camera and otherwise are using battery to make it to function. In order to improve the efficiency the batteries, several methods are discussed in this paper. INTRODUCTION In this advanced technology era, batteries have been commonly used by the consumers. We use them in different fields like cars, mobile phone, laptop and other else. (Hiroki Kitamura, 2012).Batteries is divided into two main groups which are primary and secondary batteries. (Clean Up Australia, 2009) Primary batteries are the batteries that normally use in dairy life such as remote control, clock but for this kind of batteries is a non rechargeable battery which means that we only can use it for one time and will be throw away after used. This kind of batteries is actually converting the chemical energy to electrical energy and they are normally known as the alkaline batteries. Secondary batteries are batteries that can be rechargeable and recycle after it cannot be recharge. This batteries mostly use for our mobile phone, laptop and other. Although these two kinds of batteries have it own advantages and disadvantages but consumers still using them. As we know that the materials inside the batteries is harmful and toxicity. Therefore, consumers started to require more advance batteries which have long life span and more environmental friendly. An electrolyte is a medium that allow the ions to flow in between the cathode and anode....
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...vegetables. Will these everyday materials such as apples, bananas, oranges, lemons and potatoes conduct electricity? Well, let’s see about that. C. Hypothesis A circuit is made up of a path, a source and a load. We believe that we should connect them with a (+) and a (-) wire so that the flow will be even with no reverse polarity. The load we thought of using was a battery- operated clock, one of the most common materials found in almost everyone’s household. We believe that it would work because the organic materials we will use have electrolytes that flow freely on its own. Thus, it will flow into conductors to make a decent circuit. Our thoughts on which will be the best conductor were different. Some said that the lemon is the best conductor due to its acidity. Some say it’s the banana due to its efficiency. Yet some also say it’s the orange due to its fame as a fruit. D. Significance of the Study Our main reason for making this research is not only to make a variation on the commercial DC...
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...everyday materials such as apples, bananas, oranges, lemons and potatoes conduct electricity? Well, let’s see about that. C. Hypothesis A circuit is made up of a path, a source and a load. We believe that we should connect them with a (+) and a (-) wire so that the flow will be even with no reverse polarity. The load we thought of using was a battery- operated clock, one of the most common materials found in almost everyone’s household. We believe that it would work because the organic materials we will use have electrolytes that flow freely on its own. Thus, it will flow into conductors to make a decent circuit. Our thoughts on which will be the best conductor were different. Some said that the lemon is the best conductor due to its acidity. Some say it’s the banana due to its efficiency. Yet some also say it’s the orange due to its fame as a fruit. D. Significance of the Study Our main reason for making this research is...
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...The effect of temperature stress on dairy cows J. Praks When environmental temperatures move out of the thermoneutral zone (or comfort zone) dairy cattle begin to experience either heat stress or cold stress. Either stress requires the cow to increase the amount of energy used to maintain the body temperature and there is less energy available to produce milk. Thermoneutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures where normal body temperature is maintained and heat production is at the basal level. The ranges of thermoneutral zone are from lower critical temperature (LCT) to upper critical temperature (UCT). LCT is the environmental temperature at which an animal needs to increase metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature. UCT is the environmental temperature at which the animal increases heat production as a consequence of a rise in body temperature resulting for inadequate evaporative heat loss (Yousef, 1985). Thermoneutral zone depends on the age, breed, feed intake, diet composition, previous state of temperature acclimatization, production, housing and stall conditions, tissue (fat, skin) insulation and external (coat) insulation, and the behaviour of the animal. UCT is given as 25-26 ºC , LCT as a range from -16 to -37 ºC for dairy cows (Berman et al., 1985; Hamada, 1971). LCT for newborn calves is 10 ºC in dry and draught-free environment. LCT decreases to 0 ºC by the time the calf is 1 month old. Temperature-humidity index (THI) could be...
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...In this research paper, I am going to investigate on how the concentration of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution affects the volume of the gases (Oxygen gas and Chlorine gas) at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. In my previous chemistry classes, I have learnt that concentration affects the majority of the gas produced at the anode. This made me wonder, how does the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode vary at the electrodes. This made me formulate the research question: How does the concentration of Sodium Chloride solution affect the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode during the electrolysis of Sodium Chloride solution? This area specifically interests me because it is still...
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...Holy Cross of Mintal Inc. Mintal, Davao City S.Y.2013-2014 SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT PROPOSAL “Vinegar, as an alternative battery for calculators and LED Bulbs” Submitted by: Group #6 Members: Eno, Bea Badilla, Baby Love Pepe, Era Garsuta, Allan John Peralta, Roman Gr.8 – St. Joseph Submitted to: Ms. Agnes Jane Nudalo Science 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We, the group six, would like to take this moment to thank our dear parents, who have assisted us in our project proposal especially in our financial needs and we thank them for striving the best that they can to help us succeed in this proposal. To our friends, who have given us the inspiration in managing to finish immediately our papers with their helping hand. To my fellow groupmates, who have been so cooperative since the first day we started working on our project proposal. To our subject teacher, Ms. Agnes Jane Nudalo, who whole-heartedly taught us the things that will help us to broaden our horizons as an eighth grader. Above all, we thank God the almighty who didn’t bring us down in giving us the things we would need. Praise his name! We devotionally honor him and his plans of us humankind which serves as a sign to love, serve, and be a shepherd to one another. ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was generally conducted to determine the importance of conserving electricity with the use of using the available materials located in our surroundings. Whether we like it...
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...ec5.4 Health & Safety The addition of electric drive and large battery packs introduces several new potential hazards to the transit bus workplace. These hazards include electric shock, chemical burn, and explosion due to hydrogen build-up. All three hazards can be managed through a variety of design, monitoring, operational and maintenance procedures. Standards have been developed through National Electric Code (NEC), Federal Transit Authority (FTA), National Highway Safety Transportation Administration (NHSTA), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and others. Committees are working on several areas where holes exist in the standards.2 5.4.1 Electrical Shock There is a danger of electrical shock with any motor vehicle should a mechanic or passenger come into contact with a live circuit under normal or fault conditions. With hybrid-electric buses, contact can come from electricity during battery charging (AC current) or discharging (DC current). If contact is made, the extent of injury will depend on the size, duration, frequency, and wave shape of the current. Conventional diesel buses make use of 12/24vDC and 220/240vAC. Hybrid drive buses operate at levels of power up to 400vDC and 600 amps. However, the risk of electrical shock can be mitigated through proper engineering, labelling, and safe maintenance practices. SAE standards have been developed to minimize electrical hazards associated with the design and manufacture of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles....
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer Fruit Batteries Science Fair Project tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas Project Guidebook dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc © 2009 Supercharged Science By Aurora Lipper © 2009 Supercharged Science www.AwesomeScienceProjects.com Page 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................2 How to Use This Book: ................................................................................................................3 Materials List...............................................................................................................................5 Create a Science Fair Project with Fruit & Veggies .......................................................................6 Sample Data Sheet ....................................................................................................................10 Sample Report ................................................................
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...Gatorade | Marketing and Channel Distribution: Dr. Sean D. JassoJorge Serafio 861080548 | TA Connie Kuo | Discussion 21June 11, 2013 | Abstract: Gatorade is the single most popular sports drink in the world. This paper will examine Gatorade’s current marketing strategy and discuss the channels of distribution exploring the company’s production, supply chain management, vendor purchasing and sales. It is my goal that after reading this paper you will have an in depth understanding of how the Gatorade company operates and is continually working to expand their market share while maintaining their brand image and building their brand equity. Gatorade, is it in you? | | Table of Contents FINANCIAL COMPANY OVERVIEW 2 FINANCIAL SUMMARY 2 CURRENT MARKETING SITUATION 2 MARKET DESCRIPTION 3 PRODUCT REVIEW 3 COMPETITIVE REVIEW 4 CHANNELS AND LOGISTICS REVIEW 5 SWOT ANALYSIS 6 OBJECTIVES AND ISSUES 9 MARKETING STRATEGY 10 ACTION PROGRAMS 13 BUDGETS 14 WORKS CITED 16 FINANCIAL COMPANY OVERVIEW (End) Year | Revenue | Profit | Profit Margin | Growth Rate | Stock Price | EPS | Dec ‘12 | $65.49B | $6.17B | .94% | -1.52% | $68.43 | $3.92 | Dec ‘11 | $66.5B | $6.44B | .97% | 14.98% | $66.35 | $4.03 | Dec ‘10 | $57.84B | $6.32B | 1.09% | 33.79% | $65.33 | $3.91 | Dec ‘09 | $43.23B | $5.95B | 1.38% | -.04% | $60.80 | $3.77 | Dec ‘08 | $43.25B | $5.14B | 1.18% | - | $54.77 | $3.21 | FINANCIAL SUMMARY Over the course of the last five...
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...Year Eleven Chemistry Rust prevention in coating. Introduction/Abstract. The context of ships rusting at sea. Steel has many properties that make it a useful and essential building material in boats. Its strength and durability make it a great choice for structures exposed to high amounts of stress, such as weather, heat, large amounts of applied force and constant usage and is also a viable option for the sea although it can still be bettered. Steel is better protected by; galvanisation, waterproof paint or a sacrificial anode to better the corrosion protection for boats in the water compared to just bare steel framework (Corrosion methods, Corrosion-doctors.com;) these methods in theory protect the steel from the chlorides and salts to further the durability and life of the framework of a boat and hence allow them to endure more, and with corrosion costing $2.7 billion to just ships alone it’s easy to see why corrosion must be prevented. (The cost to the world because of corrosion with ships at $2.7 billion.) The chemistry of rust. Rust is caused by a few factors; moisture is the leading cause of rust along with water and salt, all making boats the most common victims of rust. (4 Fe+ 3O2 + 6 H2O= 4 Fe(OH)3,) Both water and oxygen must be present for rust to start and with water and oxygen on its own enough for rust to start destroying the structure of a boat, but along with salt to the water, it’ll become evident quickly that rust can be a big problem for many boat...
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