Free Essay

Electronics

In:

Submitted By raku
Words 3533
Pages 15
LABORATORY MANUAL

ECE -208
UNIFIED ELECTRONICS LABORATORY-II

COURSE CONTENTS
S.No. 1. Description Simulation using p-spice for zener diode used as a voltage regulator.

2.

Simulation using p-spice for operational amplifier as summer.

3.

Simulation of network theorem using p-spice.

4.

Design and analyse a differentiator circuit whose minimum frequency is 100KHz

5.

Design and analyse a integrator circuit whose maximum frequency is 100KHz.

6.

To analyze the characteristics of instrumentation amplifier using bread board and PSpice.

7. 8.

To analyze the functionality of triangular wave generator using IC -741 To determine frequency response of cascade amplifier Darlington pair. To determine the frequency response of two stage RC coupled amplifier using complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier

9.

10.

To analyze the functionality of Colpitt oscillator on output frequency using bread board and PSPICE

11. Implement phase shift oscillator using bread board and Pspice. 12. To analyze the functionality of Hartley oscillator on output frequency using bread board and PSPICE

EXPERIMENT 1 Title:- Simulation using P-Spice for Zener diode used as voltage regulator. Software Used- P-Spice Learning Objective: Through this experiment the working of zener diode will be proved. Procedure: The circuit of fig. 1 will be drawn on schematic editor of the software. 1. Use the circuit elements from the components option in P-Spice software. 2. For making the connections between components use the wire option from the tool bar. 3. Use the power supply from the power supply option. 4. Use the zener diode from circuit components.

Observation: Sr. No. Input Voltage Resistance Output Voltage

Result: The voltage across the resistance R2 will be kept constant at the voltage of 5V through the use of zener diode. Cautions: 1. All connection between the circuit elements must be proper.

EXPERIMENT 2 Title- Simulation using PSpice for operational amplifier used as summer. Software Used:- PSpice Software Learning Objective: - How a operational amplifier can be used as a summer of different signals. Procedure: 1. Use the IC-741 . Pin number 3 is grounded . 2. Pin number 3 of IC-741 is connected through three voltage sources through three resistances. 3. For making connection use the wire on the tool bar. 4. Connect a resistance of value R between pin 2 and pin 6. 5. Connect the CRO at the output pin 6 of IC-741 to see the result. Circuit Diagram:

Draw the above circuit in schematic and run the program. Results: The result of the above experiment will be the summation of the three input voltages. Vout = - (V1+V2+V3) Cautions : 1) Make proper connections between all the circuit elements.

EXPERIMENT 3 Title- Simulation of network theorems using PSpice Software Used:- PSpice Software Learning Objective: - Learning of superposition theorem through the use of PSpice software Procedure:

1) For getting the voltage across the R2 first we will find the voltage across the R2 due to only supply voltage B1 . for this the circuit of fig.2 will be drawn. In this circuit except the B1 supply voltage all other supply voltage will be short circuited. 2) Then find the voltage across R2 due to only the B2 supply and draw the circuit of fig.3 .In this circuit all supply voltages except the B2 will be short circuited. 3) After finding the separate voltages due to supply voltage B1 and B2 we will use the superposition theorem and add the two voltages. That will be the final voltage across the R2.

Fig.2

Fig. 3 Observation:Sr. No. Resistance Resistance Resistance Voltage Voltage Total R1 R2 R3 due to B1 due to B2 Voltage

The result: - The resulting voltage across R2 will be the total summation of the voltages due to B1 and B2. Cautions: 1. All connection must be proper.

EXPERIMENT 4 Title: Design and analyse a differentiator circuit whose minimum frequency is 100Hz.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 Apparatus Operational amplifier LM348 Resistor Capacitor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires Specification Quantity 01 Tolerence

2 3 4 5 6

1KΩ, 2KΩ 0.1µF

02 03 01 01 As per requirement

5%

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Rin= 1KΩ, RF= 2KΩ

Procedure 1. Using power supply voltages of ±15 VDC for the op-amp, construct an inverting amplifier circuit with a gain of -3.9 using an input resistor of 1 K Ohms. Install the 0.1 µF capacitor in parallel with the feedback resistor as seen in Fig. 1. Calculate the cutoff frequency (fc) for the circuit using the measured values of the components. It should be around 400 Hz. Add two extra 0.1 µF capacitors to the circuit. One should be connected between the + DC supply(pin 4) and ground the other should be connected between the - DC supply(pin 11) and ground. These capacitors are to help prevent oscillation in the amplifier circuit due to interaction between the circuit and the power supply. They should be placed as close to the Op-Amp itself as physically possible. Make sure that the circuit is correctly connected before turning on the power supply voltages. Failure to do so may cause the op-amp to saturate and in some cases cause permanent damage to the op-amp.

2. Set the signal input, vin, to zero. That is replace the signal source, vin, with a short circuit to ground. Carefully measure the DC output voltage. Make sure you record the proper sign, It should be between +50 mV and -50 mV, usually very small. This output with no input is called the output offset voltage. It is an error in the output of the circuit. It can be treated as an equivalent input offset voltage applied to the non-inverting input of the op-amp. The equivalent input offset is calculated by dividing the measured output offset by the gain of the amplifier from the non-inverting input, Av = (1 + Rf /Rin). This offset has no effect on the ac operation of the circuit, but can cause errors in dc measurements of small voltages. 3. Use a signal input voltage, vin, of 0.1 VDC and connect it to the amplifier signal input as Vin. Using a digital Multi-meter, measure and record both Vin and Vout as accurately as possible. Calculate the DC voltage gain both with and without correcting the output voltage by subtracting the output offset voltage measured in step 2 from the measured output voltage. Be sure to use the correct sign on the offset voltage. Repeat this measurement and calculation with Vin = 1.0 VDC. 4. With an oscilloscope connected to both the signal input and the output, apply an A.C. signal such that the output voltage has amplitude between 5V and 10V. Then measure Vin, Vout, T, and t(for phase measurement) at your calculated cutoff frequency and at each of the following frequencies: 20Hz, 50Hz, 100Hz, 200Hz, 500Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz, 5kHz and 10kHz, 20kHz, 50kHz. Print a copy of the waveforms at 20 Hz and 10 kHz, and at your calculated cutoff frequency. As the gain starts to drop increase the input voltage trying to keep the output voltage amplitude between 5V and 10V until you reach the maximum output of the signal generator. Also take these measurements at your calculated cutoff frequency. If the output waveform starts to look like a triangular wave instead of a sine wave your amplifier has reached the slew rate limit and you will have to reduce the input voltage until this effect is eliminated to get accurate gain measurements 5. Calculate the AC voltage gain and phase shift of the circuit at each frequency. 6. Set your signal generator to square wave output at 100 Hz with amplitude of 1 V. With this input observe and record the output waveform. Repeat at a frequency of 500 Hz. CALCULATIONS / GRAPHS: Gain(dB) = 20 log (Vo/Vi) OBSERVATION TABLE S.No. Frequency(Hz) Vi(V) Vo(V) Gain(dB)

OBSERVATION TABLE CONSIDERING ERRORS DUE TO MEASURING EQUIPMENTS: (CRO) S.No Freq.(Hz Freq.(Hz Vo( . )+2% ) -2% V) +2% Vo( Vi(V Gain(dB)m V) - ) in 2% Gain(dB)m ax

Calculations considering component errors: 2) Calculate RFmax=RF±10%, R1min= R1±10%. 3) Calculate Vo min and Vo max Vo Vo min max

= - (RFmin / R1min)Vi min = (1+ RFmax / R1max) V i max

4) Find theoretical avg. gain and practical average gain. 5) Then find %age error = (theoretical gain – practical gain)/theoretical gain. Plot the graph between 1) 2) 3) 4) Min. frequency and min gain Min. frequency and max. gain Max. frequency and min. gain Max. frequency and max. gain

Conclusion:-Drawn from the results of the experiment. Cautions: 1. All connection must be proper. 2. All connections must be tight. 3. Use the correct IC.

EXPERIMENT NO – 5 Title: Design and analyse a integrator circuit whose maximum frequency is 100KHz. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 Apparatus Operational amplifier LM348 Resistor Capacitor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires Specification Quantity 01 Tolerence

2 3 4 5 6

1KΩ, 2KΩ 0.1µF

02 03 01 01 As per requirement

5%

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Rin= 1KΩ, RF= 2KΩ

Procedure: 1. Using power supply voltages of ±15 VDC for the op-amp, construct an inverting amplifier circuit with a gain of -3.9 using an input resistor of 1 K Ohms. Install the 0.1 µF capacitor in parallel with the feedback resistor as seen in Fig. 1. Calculate the cutoff frequency (fc) for the circuit using the measured values of the components. It should be around 400 Hz. Add two extra 0.1 µF capacitors to the circuit. One should be connected between the + DC supply(pin 4) and ground the other should be connected between the - DC supply(pin 11) and ground. These capacitors are to help prevent oscillation in the amplifier circuit due to interaction between the circuit and the power supply. They should be placed as close to the Op-Amp itself as physically

possible. Make sure that the circuit is correctly connected before turning on the power supply voltages. Failure to do so may cause the op-amp to saturate and in some cases cause permanent damage to the op-amp. 2. Set the signal input, vin, to zero. That is replace the signal source, vin, with a short circuit to ground. Carefully measure the DC output voltage. Make sure you record the proper sign, It should be between +50 mV and -50 mV, usually very small. This output with no input is called the output offset voltage. It is an error in the output of the circuit. It can be treated as an equivalent input offset voltage applied to the non-inverting input of the op-amp. The equivalent input offset is calculated by dividing the measured output offset by the gain of the amplifier from the non-inverting input, Av = (1 + Rf /Rin). This offset has no effect on the ac operation of the circuit, but can cause errors in dc measurements of small voltages. 3. Use a signal input voltage, vin, of 0.1 VDC and connect it to the amplifier signal input as Vin. Using a digital Multi-meter, measure and record both Vin and Vout as accurately as possible. Calculate the DC voltage gain both with and without correcting the output voltage by subtracting the output offset voltage measured in step 2 from the measured output voltage. Be sure to use the correct sign on the offset voltage. Repeat this measurement and calculation with Vin = 1.0 VDC. 4. With an oscilloscope connected to both the signal input and the output, apply an A.C. signal such that the output voltage has amplitude between 5V and 10V. Then measure Vin, Vout, T, and t(for phase measurement) at your calculated cutoff frequency and at each of the following frequencies: 20Hz, 50Hz, 100Hz, 200Hz, 500Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz, 5kHz and 10kHz, 20kHz, 50kHz. Print a copy of the waveforms at 20 Hz and 10 kHz, and at your calculated cutoff frequency. As the gain starts to drop increase the input voltage trying to keep the output voltage amplitude between 5V and 10V until you reach the maximum output of the signal generator. Also take these measurements at your calculated cutoff frequency. If the output waveform starts to look like a triangular wave instead of a sine wave your amplifier has reached the slew rate limit and you will have to reduce the input voltage until this effect is eliminated to get accurate gain measurements Calculate the AC voltage gain and phase shift of the circuit at each frequency. 6. Set your signal generator to square wave output at 100 Hz with amplitude of 1 V. With this input observe and record the output waveform. Repeat at a frequency of 500 Hz. CALCULATIONS / GRAPHS: Gain(dB) = 20 log (Vo/Vi) OBSERVATION TABLE S.No. Frequency(Hz) Vi(V) Vo(V) Gain(dB)

5.

OBSERVATION TABLE CONSIDERING ERRORS DUE TO MEASURING EQUIPMENTS: (CRO) S.No Freq.(Hz Freq.(Hz Vo( . )+2% ) -2% V) +2% Vo( Vi(V Gain(dB)m V) - ) in 2% Gain(dB)m ax

Calculations considering component errors: 6) Calculate RFmax=RF±10%, R1min= R1±10%. 7) Calculate Vo min and Vo max Vo Vo min max

= - (RFmin / R1min)Vi min = (1+ RFmax / R1max) V i max

8) Find theoretical avg. gain and practical average gain. 9) Then find %age error = (theoretical gain – practical gain)/theoretical gain. Plot the graph between 5) 6) 7) 8) Min. frequency and min gain Min. frequency and max. gain Max. frequency and min. gain Max. frequency and max. gain

Conclusion:-Drawn from the results of the experiment. Cautions: 1. All connection must be proper. 2. All connections must be tight. 3. Use the correct IC.

Experiment 6 Title: To analyze the characteristics of instrumentation amplifier using bread board and PSpice.. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 Apparatus Op amps Resistor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires Specification 741 100 KΩ Quantity 02 04 01 01 As per requirement Tolerence 5%

Theory:
An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances. Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short- and long-term are required.

Circuit Diagram

Frequency Input voltage Input (v1) 1 K Hz voltage
(v2 )

Ooutput 20log(vo/vi ) voltage Vo

EXPERIMENT 7 Title- To analyse the functionality of triangular wave generator using IC 741 Equipments Used : S.No. 1 Apparatus Operational amplifier LM348 Resistor Capacitor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires Specification Quantity 02 Tolerence

2 3 4 5 6

1KΩ, 2KΩ 0.1µF

03 01 01 01 As per requirement

5%

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure: 1) connect the pin 2 of the operational amplifier IC 741 (i) with a nd resistance r1 and pin 6 of the operational amplifier IC 2 . st. 2) Connect a capacitor C1 between pin 2 and pin 6 of the op-amp IC 1 st nd 3) Connect the pin 6 of op-amp 1 to the oin 2 of op-amp 2 through a resistance R2. st nd 4) Connect a resistance R3 between pin 2 of op-amp 1 and pin 6 of op-amp 2 . st 5) Connect the pin 3 of op-amp IC 1 to ground. nd 6) Connect the pin 3 of op-amp IC 2 to ground. st 7) The output pin 6 of op-amp 1 will generate the triangular wave. Observation: Sr. No. R1 C1 Time Constant

Result: - The output of the first op-amp will be triangular wave .

Precautions: 4. All connections must be correct. 5. Use correct IC .

Experiment 8 Title: To determine the frequency response of cascade amplifier Darlington pair using bread board and PSPICE APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Theory:
In electronics, the Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is a compound structure consisting of two bipolar transistors (either integrated or separated devices) connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one. This configuration gives a much higher current gain than each transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated devices, can take less space than two individual transistors because they can use a shared collector. Integrated Darlington pairs come packaged singly in transistor-like packages or as an array of devices (usually eight) in an integrated circuit.

Apparatus Transistor Resistor Capacitor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires

Specification
Bc 547(q1), bc557(q2)

40µF 20V

Quantity 02/2 Ckt Reqt 02 01 01

Tolerence 5%

Circuit Diagram:

OBSERVATION TABLE Frequency Output voltage (f) kHz (vo) Input voltage
(vi )

Gain
(vo/vi )

20log(vo/vi )

Result and Conclusion:-Draw the frequency response.

EXPERIMENT NO. 9 Title: To determine the frequency response of two stage RC coupled amplifier using complementary symmetry push pull amplifier APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Apparatus Transistor Diodes Resistor Capacitor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires Specification 1KΩ, 2KΩ 0.1µF Quantity 05 02 08 02 01 01 As per requirement Tolerance

5%

Circuit Diagram:

OBSERVATION TABLE Frequency Output voltage (f) (vo) Input voltage
(vi )

Gain
(vo/vi )

20log(vo/vi )

Result and Conclusion:-Draw the frequency response.

The expected frequency response will be

Cautions: 1. All connection must be proper. 2. All connections must be tight. 3. Use the correct IC.

Experiment 10 Title: To implement phase shift oscillator using bread board and PSPICE APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Apparatus Transistor Resistor Capacitor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires Specification
Bc547

1KΩ, 2KΩ 0.1µF

Quantity 01 07 04 01 01 As per requirement

Tolerence 5%

Theory:
A phase-shift oscillator is a simple electronic oscillator. It contains an inverting amplifier, and a feedback filter which 'shifts' the phase of the amplifier output by 180 degrees at a specific oscillation frequency.The filter produces a phase shift that increases with frequency. It must have a maximum phase shift of considerably greater than 180° at high frequencies, so that the phase shift at the desired oscillation frequency is 180°.The most common way of achieving this kind of filter is using three identical cascaded resistor-capacitor filters, which together produce a phase shift of zero at low frequencies, and 270 degrees at high frequencies. At the oscillation frequency each filter produces a phase shift of 60 degrees and the whole filter circuit produces a phase shift of 180 degrees.

Circuit Diagram:

OBSERVATION TABLE
Change the value of R Value of C is constant Frequency Calculated Frequency Observed % error in frequenfy

Change the value of C

Value of R is constant

Frequency Calculated

Frequency Observed

% error in frequenfy

Experiment 11 Title: To analyze the functionality of Hartley oscillator on output frequency using bread board and PSPICE APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Apparatus Transistor Inductance Resistor Capacitor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires Specification 1KΩ, 2KΩ 0.1µF Quantity 01 02 03 04 01 01 As per requirement Tolerence

5%

Theory:
The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses an inductor and a capacitor in parallel to determine the frequency. Invented in 1915 by American engineer Ralph Hartley, the distinguishing feature of the Hartley circuit is that the feedback needed for oscillation is taken from a tap on the coil, or the junction of two coils in series. A Hartley oscillator is essentially any configuration that uses two series-connected coils and a single capacitor. Although there is no requirement for there to be mutual coupling between the two coil segments

Circuit Diagram:

OBSERVATION TABLE
Change the value of L1

Value of L2 is constant

Frequency Calculated

Frequency Observed

% error in frequenfy

Change the value of L2

Value of L1 is constant

Frequency Calculated

Frequency Observed

% error in frequenfy

Experiment 12 Title: To analyze the functionality of Colpitt oscillator on output frequency using bread board and PSPICE APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Apparatus Transistor Diodes Resistor Capacitor Bread Board Power Supply Connecting wires Specification 1KΩ, 2KΩ 0.1µF Quantity 05 02 08 02 01 01 As per requirement Tolerence

5%

Theory:
A Colpitts oscillator, invented in 1920 by American engineer Edwin H. Colpitts, is one of a number of designs for electronic oscillator circuits using the combination of an inductance (L) with a capacitor (C) for frequency determination, thus also called LC oscillator. The distinguishing feature of the Colpitts circuit is that the feedback signal is taken from a voltage divider made by two capacitors in series. One of the advantages of this circuit is its simplicity; it needs only a single inductor.

Circuit Diagram

OBSERVATION TABLE
Change the value of C1

Value of C2 is constant

Frequency Calculated

Frequency Observed

% error in frequenfy

Change the value of C2

Value of C1 is constant

Frequency Calculated

Frequency Observed

% error in frequenfy

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Electronics

...To Use Electronics during School Electronic devices, including cell phones, are very helpful resources during school hours. Emergencies always happen and in case of emergency cell phones come in handy. Students are required to pay attention in class, yet no one said anything about having to pay attention during lunch or passing periods. There should be no worries about students being distracted during lunch, or passing periods because class hasn`t started. Electronic devices should be allowed during school hours. Parents always want to keep in touch with their children to see how they are doing during school. When there is an accident, there’s really no way to communicate with others because of this rule. Because of this rule, you don’t get any help because of the fact that you cannot use cell phones. Plus you don’t want to get in trouble, but you need to help the person who is hurt. Phones can be silenced during class or study periods and active only in appropriate places. Like if you were after school and you have to silence it for athletic sports, stay after to get help from a teacher, in a library and etc. Because of a small mistake, students get punished. A teacher can assume that you’re texting because your phone went off, but they don’t have actual proof. Students need a stand for this because accidents always happen. The other thing is that other electronic devices like cameras and IPods don’t make any disruptions unless they’re being used during school. Cameras are...

Words: 384 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Nanotechnology In Electronics

...Nanotechnology in Electronics: The application of nanotechnology can be very well extended to the field of electronics. This nanotechnology gives a promising technology when this is combined with conventional approach in electronics. The main advantage of nano electronics is increasing the capabilities of electronic devices. The screen displays on electronic devices can be effectively improved by applying the nanotechnology. This approach considerably reduces the power consumption and also reducing the weight and the thickness of the screen. Another application of nanotechnology is reducing the size of transistors which are generally applied in integrated circuits. There are lot of researches are being done in this field of nanoelectronics....

Words: 842 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Electronics Waste

...Electronics Waste Electronic waste, also called e-waste, is noted as discarded electronics such as TV sets, batteries, cell mobile phones, and computers. E-waste has turned into real problem, where 8 percent of the global municipal is e-waste. The increasing rate of e-waste can be linked to the increase in the developments in technology and as older technology becomes outdated they are discarded, mass consumer styles, and products approaching their end all add to the rapidly increasing rate. Many customers, reseller and manufacturers have been slow to identify the problem that e-waste presents. The attention is to focus on the use of restore and recycling techniques, thereby avoiding e-waste from coming into the waste flow and increasing the lifespan of the various devices. Telling customers the correct methods to get rid of their undesirable electronics is seen as a key method in the successful management of e-waste. E-waste can cause a problems not only for consumers but also businesses. The actual volume of e-waste will increase significantly, with new technological innovation regularly changing. Companies can find themselves provided with huge stockpiles of out-of-date and undesirable electronic waste. The safe, moral, and cost-effective disposal of e-waste can be challenging if not applied or supervised effectively. The e-waste problems requires an international solution, and although many countries are giving answers to the problems by presenting regulation for e-waste...

Words: 258 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Dependent on Electronics

...American Children to Dependent on Electronics Children today know more about electronics then the average adult. They begin to use electronics before they can even speak well. Children begin to use electronics at home before they attend school; however, when starting Kindergarten they are taught how to use electronics. This raises the question have American children become to dependent on the luxuries of electronics. Most children are born into homes that have at least one parent owning electronics. As small children the light of a phone intrigues a child to try and figure out what this amazing device does. Then, after mastering the cell phone lock they begin to realize that they want games that are like daddies cell phone. After this realization they begin to ask for electronics. Sales of electronic games are projected at $4 billion this year, stated by the New York Times. In today’s world so many children are spending hours on a computer or cell phone that “children under the age of five had the highest injury rate of all age groups” stated by The Canadian Press. These injuries range from migraines, due to the harsh light let of by the computer, all the way up to carpool tunnel. Parents think that because there child figured out a cell phone, after watching a sibling use one, they are intelligent. The simple fact is that a parent and or siblings world revolves around electronics causing the youngest family member to become to dependent on electronics. Page 2 In the school...

Words: 587 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Electronic Cigarettes

...Electronic Cigarettes I. INTRODUCTION (4 min). NOTE: Show slide 1. A. Opening Statement: How many people here smoke or use tobacco products? You really can’t take out a cigarette and smoke anywhere anymore. You can’t smoke in the bar anymore, and that was once a sacred ritual. You can’t go to your favorite coffee shop and enjoy a couple of cigarettes with your favorite brew. And when you are working and you want to have a smoke, you will have to go outside and smoke a cigarette, no matter the weather. It really has become a pain to be a smoker. Also, let’s not forget that it has become so expensive to smoke as well, with the price of cigarettes increasing every year it seems. Did you know there is a healthier alterative to smoking? And the fact of the matter is that this is not a new thing at all. It’s been around for a lot longer than you would think. Electronic Cigarettes are not only affordable but a lot healthier for you. But you can use them anywhere; there is no law that states you cannot use them in public places. Today I will discuss with you the history of the Electronic Cigarettes. After today’s class I’ll come back for a question and answer session about the topics we are about to discuss. B. Objectives. NOTE: Show slides 2-4. 1. Terminal Learning Objective: Brief the history of the Electronic Cigarette IAW www.modernvapor.com, www.howstuffworks.com, www.electroniccigarettesbase.com, and American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2....

Words: 1953 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Electronic Cigarettes

...Electronic Cigarettes; The New, Legal Way to Pollute the Body Over the last 10 years, a new craze has taken effect over the world. Electronic cigarettes or E-Cigs, have become popular among all generations. The question for the reader is simple. Is this alternative form of nicotine dependence healthy, or is society setting itself up for a big health shock in the upcoming years? “Many anti-smoking advocates have argued that electronic cigarettes don’t help smokers quit but merely prolong their addiction to nicotine. In other words, the hundreds of thousands of electronic cigarette users in the United States are smokers who, if only they stopped using e-cigarettes, would successfully quit smoking” (Siegel, 2013). Although the issue of E-Cigs is not a burning issue at this moment, imagine what happens in five to ten years if users of E-Cigs are told that the activity they have been participating in is causing many of the ailments that could arise due to the use of E-Cigs in their infancy. The makers of E-Cigs will be sued, the Federal Government will impose fines, and the cool factor will take a big hit. It is almost insulting to societies intelligence to use the description “cool factor.” Moreover, if the reader is fortunate enough to remember the time when regular cigarettes were sold by actors and cartoon characters among other notable figures, then “cool factor” description definitely makes sense. This is a statement from...

Words: 881 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Sumsang Electronics

...Strategic Management Case Analysis: Samsung Electronics Memory chips were further classified into DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory), SRAM (Static RAM), and Flash memory. Flash memory, which was the hot-growth area, was used heavily in digital cameras and mobile phones. While DRAMs lost data when power was turned off, Flash memory could continue to store data in the absence of a power source. Considering the fact above, the flash memory market in the future will be very attractive. Along with the technology development there will be so many electronic devices using flash memory. Samsung started to create the advantage in Flash memory that it enjoyed in DRAM. Started in 1999, Samsung was seeking to move some of its production capacity from DRAMs to flash memory. Nowadays, people are always looking handy electronics device with multifunction ability and able to store huge data. Therefore, if Samsung makes investment in Flash memory technology, then it would be their advantage in the future. Foundry companies, whose sole business is manufacturing, have recently come to the fore, providing attractive outsourcing options. In addition to foundries, the ranks of increasingly specialized designers and chip testers are starting to swell. Chip companies are emerging leaner and more efficient. Four main product categories: Memory: Memory chips serve as temporary storehouses of data and pass information to and from computer devices' brains. Companies: Toshiba, Samsung and NEC ...

Words: 2391 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

In Electronics, Japan Still Matters

...In Electronics, Japan Still Matters Posted by: Bruce Einhorn on March 17, 2011 In the global technology industry's pecking order, Japanese consumer electronics companies long ago surrendered their top spot to more nimble competitors like Samsung Electronics andApple. Many of the country's chipmakers also struggled as competitors in Korea and Taiwan thrived. Meanwhile, marketing executives at major multinationals turned their attention to China and India, the world's new economic powers. For many, Japan was largely an afterthought, a declining power with an aging population. The turmoil following the March 11 earthquake has provided a rude reminder that, when it comes to the global electronics industry's supply chain, Japan still matters. The country's factories produce about one-fifth of the world's semiconductors and 40 percent of electronic components. Japan's Mitsubishi Gas Chemical and Hitachi Chemical combined make almost all of the world's BT Resin, a raw material used in chip packaging, and Hitachi Chemical has 70 percent market share for a type of chemical slurry used by semiconductor producers for polishing chips. Tech executives and investors therefore should be worrying about a prolonged shutdown of production in Japan, where many factories are closed and there's no clear sign of how much damage they suffered or when they might reopen. Typically, big chipmakers likeTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. keep between four to six weeks of supply, so uncertainty about...

Words: 451 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Electronics and Proofessional Life

...How Electronics Will Fit Into My Professional Life How will electronics fit into my professional life? As I move on after college into my professional career I will be using electronics daily. Even before I move into my professional career everyone including myself will be using electronics. Electronics are used by everyone on a daily basis. Programming with python is a little more difficult than programming with scratch. They both differ in the way the code is written. Python can be easy to pick up whether you're a first time programmer or you're experienced with other language. So whether you’re a beginner or expert python can be used by anyone regardless of experience in coding languages. Python you physically have to write the code out to make it work. The python coding language can be used for quite a bit such as web and internet development, database access, desktop GUIs, scientific and numeric, education, network programming and software and game development. With Scratch you can program your own interactive stories, games, and animations. Scratch helps young people learn to think creatively, reason systematically, and work collaboratively. Unlike python scratch uses a drag and drop coding system. All the pieces in scratch fit together like a puzzle. In python you must physically write out the code and if one little part is wrong nothing will work at all. One thing you can do with both scratch and python is to create a game such as pong or classic breakout....

Words: 1150 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

The Electronic Cigarette

...The Electronic Cigarette, a healthy alternative Tacita Elliott English composition II National American University Abstract The Electronic Cigarette has become a popular in the recent years as a healthy alternative to the tobacco smoker. The newer vapor style electronic cigarettes allow the normal tobacco smoker to have a healthier alternative to smoking cigarettes when trying to acquire their nicotine. Being the newer product out on the market in the refined versions of vapor liquid you can find today, there are many health questions that linger in people’s mind, some of which include but are not limited to, what do the doctors say? Is this FDA approved? How does this compare to the tobacco that is in an everyday cigarette? Is this lifestyle choice a change that I want to do? In this paper you can read several answers to these questions and having that knowledge you can go forward to understand more about how the electronic cigarette can affect you in positive and negative ways. There is a new discovery that is sweeping the nation in the recent years; the healthy substitute for cigarettes, the electronic cigarette. The electronic cigarette or the “e-cigarette” is becoming more and more known throughout the smoker community as a healthier substitute for one who is addicted to nicotine. The electronic cigarette takes out the harmful tar and other harmful aspects of tobacco and delivers the nicotine though a vapor to the smoker. Though smoking in general is bad for your...

Words: 1762 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Electronic Business

...based on the internet, one of which is electronic business. There are many advantages and disadvantages of doing business online, some of which include but are not limited to security, e-crime, e-money. A lot of recourses that are available online are able to provide people with help and support on how to start their own electronic business. In order to start e-business, a person needs to have an idea of what he may be interested in, as well as financial security. Also, good organization skills are important, as they allow the person to carry on all the way through, without giving up on the idea. Electronic business has a few subdivisions that are very important to know about when dealing with electronic industry. These subdivisions are electronic retailing and mobile commerce. Being familiar with E-retailing and M-commerce in detail will allow for a successful future in electronic-business. Electronic Business is any type of business that is performed over the Internet. Electronic transactions have three forms: business-to-business, business-to-consumer, or transactions within the company itself. Electronic business includes communication with business partners and clients through e-mails. Electronic business also offers a variety of different ways to trade and advertise different types of products and services online. E-business has different subdivisions one of which is Electronic Commerce - also known as E-Commerce, EC, and electronic sales transactions over the internet...

Words: 2592 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Lg Electronics

...Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1874391/ LG Electronics Inc.: Company Profile and SWOT Analysis Description: Synopsis ICD Research's "LG Electronics Inc.: Company Profile and SWOT Analysis" contains in depth information and data about the company and its operations. The profile contains a company overview, business description, financial ratios, competitor benchmarking data, SWOT analysis, key facts, information on products and services, details of locations and subsidiaries, plus information on key news events affecting the company. Summary This SWOT analysis and company profile is a crucial resource for industry executives and anyone looking to gain a better understanding of the company's business. ICD Research's "LG Electronics Inc.: Company Profile and SWOT Analysis" report utilizes a wide range of primary and secondary sources, which are analyzed and presented in a consistent and easily accessible format. ICD Research strictly follows a standardized research methodology to ensure high levels of data quality and these characteristics guarantee a unique report. Scope - Examines and identifies key information and issues about LG Electronics Inc. for business intelligence requirements - Studies and presents the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities (growth potential) and threats (competition). Strategic and operational business information is objectively reported - Provides analysis on financial ratios...

Words: 1009 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Electronic Piano

...Electronic Piano Objective: The objective of this report is to go over the construction of the electronic piano, tools and materials. Introduction: This is a simple toy piano using a 555 timer IC and a few basic components to create tones that that is sound thru the speaker. An electronic piano consist of several electric components that produce a voltage signal with a varying frequency. • Tools: 1. Soldering iron A hand tool that is used in the soldering process it supplies heat to melt the solder so that it can flow into the joint between two work pieces. 2. Diagonal pliers Used in trimming the excess leads closely as possible to the PCB. 3. Solder A fusible metal alloy used to join together metal work pieces and having a melting point below that of the work piece. 4. Soldering iron holder and cleaning sponge A standing iron holder is a tool that holds the soldering iron when it’s not in use. The holder also house the cleaning sponge which is used to clean off excess solder from the iron • Materials: 1. Printed circuit board Mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. 2. NE555P integrated circuit An integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. 3. IC socket A socket for...

Words: 331 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Electronics

...Katherine Bailey CET 3010 Course Project Professor Yousef By Katherine Bailey CET 3010 Course Project Professor Yousef By Better Your Small Business Today Better Your Small Business Today Contents Introduction: 1 Current Business Process: 1 Patient Arrival 1 Check in Process: 1 Wait in waiting room 2 Urine Sample 2 Wait in waiting room for nurse 2 Nurse takes/records vitals on paper 2 Wait to see Doctor 2 See Doctor 2 Check Out: 2 Data Collection and Analysis: 3 Type of data collected: 3 Recommendation for collecting proper data using information technology: 3 Recommendation: 3 Digitized Form 4 Data and System Security 4 Ethical Issues: 5 Guidelines: 5 System Requirement’s: 6 System: 6 Other Requirments: 6 Conversion 7 Direct Data Entry 7 Idea: 7 References 8 introduction: I have been called to one of the Atlantic Urological Associates offices to provide recommendations for an efficient information system that will help with the following: * Minimize patient waiting time * Decrease paper work between the office and other healthcare entities * Increase quality of patient care * Optimize the billing and coding process Upon arriving at the doctor’s office I notice the waiting room is full and there is a line of people waiting to check in. Behind the desk is an overstressed receptionist who is trying to manage checking everyone in, answering the phones, and filing/completing paper work. When...

Words: 2672 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

Electronic Paper

...Electronic Paper For a thin and bendable display, Fabric PCs will rely on a cutting-edge technology called e-paper, or electronic paper. The technology behind e-paper was pioneered in the 1970s by Nick Sheridan at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and has continued to evolve since that time. Today there are several different implementations of the basic e-paper concept. One example of e-paper technology is called E ink, made by the E ink Corporation. We'll very briefly touch here on how E Ink technology works, but to learn much more about it, read How Electronic Ink Works. Basically, this form of e-paper is created by sandwiching millions of tiny plastic wells between two sheets of flexible plastic. Each well contains both white and black particles, suspended within a clear fluid. The key to this technology is that the white and black particles have opposite charges, so when an electric voltage is applied to individual wells -- through circuitry embedded underneath -- the black and white particles can be separated to opposite sides. In this way, the face-up side of each well can be set to appear either as black or white as seen through the top layer of clear plastic. Each well functions as a separate pixel on the E ink display. E-paper, based on this type of design, can be curled or even folded like a sheet of laminated paper, and because of its light weight and flexibility it's also much less fragile than traditional displays. Fujitsu's Fabric PC concept designs take...

Words: 439 - Pages: 2