...the Bible is the central religious authority, countering the corrupt Papal authority at this time, and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith-not by their deeds as Catholics heavily preached Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany 1517 Divided the Catholic Church, the 95 Theses were the key spark to the Protestant Reformation. As Protestantism emerged, a religion framed after Luther’s ideas expressed in the 95 Theses, his doctrines greatly influenced religion and culture for years to come. ACT OF SUCCESSION Made during Henry VIII's reign passed by the Parliament...
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...Assess the significance of religion as a factor in bringing about change in the nature of royal authority between 1540 – 1642 Between 1540 and 1642 England saw six different rulers; an examination into the religious changes, personality and relationship with parliament will bring about an answer in to the change of nature of royal authority. During 1540-1642 religious change led to rebellions and conflict proved highly embarrassing and potentially fatal to the monarchy ‘The church acted as a bedrock of authority. It had been a source of authority in late medieval society’ says Nicholas Fellows. After the reformation of the church Edward VI had to deal with situation of confusion left from his father. Edward was a firm supporter of the religious reforms and by 1549 England had made a caution step towards Protestantism. The western rebellion 1547 illustrated a strong sense of religious conservatism. The complaints that caused the rebellion were the changes that were thought to have taken place in the baptism and confirmation and the rebels wanted the restoration of many of the old religious practices. Article two’s call for the restoration of the six articles undermined all the work of the Edwardian reformation, they also had a strong desire for the ceremony and ritual of catholism. The rebels attacks communion and both kinds of the new prayer book which were symbolic of the new religion, clearly most of the demands was an attack of Protestantism and furthermore an attack...
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...Mocarski 2 Queen Elizabeth I A Queen With the Heart of a King One whom is to be considered, by many, as the greatest monarch in history would be Queen Elizabeth I. She is considered to be one of the important reigns in the world. Although she was a success, Elizabeth was not always viewed as a strong and capable woman. Many questioned if she would be able to overcome the problems that were essential in becoming the queen of England. Queen Elizabeth I is the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (his second wife). She was born at the Greenwich Palace on September 7, 1533. To King Henry VIII, Elizabeth was his second daughter. His first born daughter was Mary, she was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon. King Henry VIII was not too thrilled...
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...Devon and Cornwall where very traditional and therefore strongly against reformation to a protestant england. They rose up in arms against the reintroduction of a new protestant prayer book that was in english as well as soughting to have Henry VII’s six articles that had been abolished by Edward VI since his crowning in 1547. On the other side of the country in the same year Kett’s rebellion had major religious causes behind it as they weren't as traditional as Cornwall and Devon had accepted the new protestant faith. They were only calling for a “more active and involved clergy” [2] to do take part in the community and offer services such as educating the poor.In 1553 after the death of Edward VI religion played a part in causing the succession Crisis. The death of the protestant King saw an opportunity for England to return to Catholicism. When the choice was given to the population of who to support out of a Catholic Mary or the protestant Lady Jane...
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...wardship and purveyance, in exchange for a fixed sum per annum to be raised in taxation. They offered him £200,000 after a lot of argument. They didn’t want to give him too much money because he wouldn’t need to call parliament. James didn’t like this idea as he thought that £200,000 wouldn’t be enough. The contract was finally sunk when James made a demand for another £200,000 lump sum. The House of Commons refused this outright so James dismissed Parliament without any solution to the crown’s financial problem in sight. James’ second parliament was also known was the ‘addled’ parliament. It lasted only a few weeks and was only called so he could ask for money to cover the costs of Henry’s (his eldest son) funeral, and the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth. No...
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...was a crisis occurring in the mid-Tudor period which may have had an adverse effect on Royal authority. The view was that there was a crisis in face of combination of weak rulers, number of financial and economic problems, a series of rebellions, religious reformations, foreign policy failures and the fact that Edward to be too young for rule and Mary was a woman. Henry VI had survived as king as a minor; a council of competing nobles ruled on his behalf from the time he succeeded to the throne, aged eight months, in 1422. Therefore Edwards young age was not really an issue, also Castile of Spain and Mary of Guise were both strong female rulers therefore these problems were not a major issue and did not lead to a decline in royal authority. I believe that royal authority was not in decline due to the fact that the rebellions failed, the religious reformations were accepted, and England endured. During the reign of Edward VI, Edward Seymour the Duke of Somerset and uncle of King Edward VI was the ruler of England until Edward came of age. There were many rebellions happening during the reign of Somerset, 25 counties were rebelling, the 1549 Ketts and Western rebellions were the major ones that occurred. The Western rebellion involved a force of 16,000 rebels and they took over Norwich, the second biggest city in England and close to London. The Ketts rebellion occurred due to the Economic and social policies of Somerset. The Western rebellion started in East Anglia and Cornwall and...
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...Mary Queen of Scots or Mary I of Scotland. Mary was born on the 8th of February 1542 in Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow. Mary was the Queen of Scotland from the 14th December 1542 till the 24th of July 1562. She was crowned Queen Consort of France from 10th July 1559to 5th December 1560. Mary was the only child of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She was only six days old when her father died and she was next in line to the throne. Mary became Queen of Scots ix days after her birth on the 14th of December. She was baptized at a nearby church in Linlithgow, Church of St Michael few days after she was born. Once Mary’s marriage agreement was secure, the five year old Mary was once again sent back to France to spend the next thirteen years of her life at the French court. Mary was a favourite with everyone at the French court. She was taught French, Latin, Italian, Spanish and Greek and also learned to play the lute and virginal. Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, round, oval shaped face a long and elongated neck, bright red and auburn hair, dark arched eyebrows, smooth light skin, high forehead, dark hazel brown eyes and firm features. The French and Scottish considered Mary as a pretty child and later on in her womanhood found her strikingly attractive. Mary was...
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...1. Introduction "I am called the Virgin Queen. Unmarried, I have no master. Childless, I am mother to my people. I am the queen, I am myself." This quote from the movie “Elizabeth: The Golden Age“ describes the fascination about Elizabeth I of England in few sentences. A woman, who could prevail in a male-dominated society. A woman, who waived her own fortune for the sake of her subjects. A woman, who influences the national pride of the English even today. So it is not surprising that there is plenty of literature, opera and movies about Elizabeth I. The following term paper examines three movies, where Elizabeth I is the protagonist. “Elizabeth“, with Cate Blanchett in the leading role, is about the days of her youth. The 1998 movie shows the development of a young princess, who was crowned after the death of her half sister Maria. The first years of her reign are very turbulent, because the creation of a Protestant Church by her father Henry VIII and the return to Catholicism under Maria split the nation. The inexperienced Elizabeth has to determine which religion should be the official one in order to prevent a civil war. Meanwhile her consultants give her advice to keep the line of succession by marriage. But to whom shall she entrust her heart and kingdom? At the end of the movie all problems are solved and Elizabeth creates the icon of the “virgin queen“. Nine years later, the sequel of the movie from 1998, “Elizabeth: The Golden Age“ was released. She is in her 26th...
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...Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes- a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANCIENT P H I L O S O P H Y Julia Annas THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ARTTHEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY Geraldine Pinch...
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...The consolidation of Elizabeth’s rule, 1558-71: Succession and Settlement The establishment of Elizabeth’s authority 17 November: Nicholas Heath announced Mary’s death to parliament and proclaimed Elizabeth’s succession → showed the political elite collectively assented to Elizabeth’s accession 20 November: Appointed Sir William Cecil as Principal Secretary → established partnership Thomas Parry was appointed Comptroller of the Household Robert Dudley was appointed Master of the Horse 23 November: Elizabeth left Hatfield for London 28 November: Took up residence at the Tower of London 15 January: Coronation led by Marian bishop Owen Oglethorpe, Bishop of Carlisle 25 January: First Parliament The ideas and policies of Elizabeth I • Elizabeth believed she was entitled to rule the kingdom and it was clear she was in charge • Spanish ambassador, Count of Feria: Elizabeth was more feared than her sister had been and gave orders ‘as absolutely as her father did’ • No desire to involve herself in the details of government in the same way as Henry VII • She took an informed interest in decision-making processes • She was determined to preserve the prerogative powers of the Crown → she wanted to make the most important decisions • She had to overcome the prejudice against female rulers and the inferior woman stereotype The Role of Key Personalities • Most important person: Sir William...
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...F961A3: Henry VIII to Mary I, 1509-1558 A: What were Henry VIII's aims as king from 1509-1529? Henry VIII's personality and role in government ▪ Henry VIII was a confident and energetic monarch. He had a much stronger claim to the throne than his father and there were no threats to his throne from pretenders. ▪ Henry VIII wanted to achieve glory for himself, his Court and for England. He would attempt to achieve this mainly through his foreign policy. ▪ Henry VIII was not, unlike his father, interested in the day to day administration of English government. ▪ He played a very important role at Court and he had the final say in all matters, but the running of the government and administration, he left to Wolsey - his chief minister from 1514-1529. ▪ Henry VIII was always the centre of attention but he hated writing and debating. Instead he preferred the thrill of hunting and sportsmanship and the excitement of diplomacy. ▪ Although Henry and Wolsey had their disagreements in the period up to 1527, none was serious enough to cause serious problems. ▪ Wolsey was brilliant at managing Henry's overdeveloped ego and Henry may have seen Wolsey as a surrogate father. ▪ After 1527, Henry VIII's energies were focused on the gravest crisis of his reign, the attempt by Henry to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. This problem would lead eventually to Wolsey's fall from power. Henry VIII and foreign policy Introduction ▪ Henry...
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...J Hofman Men, Women and Society Final Paper Professor White Elizabeth I was undoubtedly England’s greatest Queen. Like her father before her, her court was a place where the arts and European culture were welcomed. She was a formidable woman in a man’s world. She also fostered travel to distant shores to begin a time of globalization, hence Sir Walter Raliegh’s discovery of Virginia and naming it (with her permission) after the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth. One of her greatest achievements was the prosperity of the Elizabethan age, keeping peace in her kingdom and her subjects from war, with the exception of the Spanish Armada. Born in 1533 to Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, the long awaited birth of the heir to the throne, turned out to be a big disappointment to king and country. In a time when androcentrism ruled and only a male could inherit, to be born a woman was no advantage. Elizabeth I’s life began under a dark cloud because she was not born a male. Elizabeth had to be born possessing a sense of agency because from her earliest age until the end of her reign, her life was fraught with danger and peril. Throughout her life she learned how to circumnavigate situations to her own benefit. She was at times a political pawn, an illegitimate bastard, or an eligible princess. For to be born a female in 14th century England was to born a second class citizen. Around the tender age of 3 years old, her father had her mother executed with a specially ordered sword from France...
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...Mary’s reign Mary was Queen of England from 1553-1558.Her reign has divided historians-some say her reign was a complete disaster, whilst others say she succeeded as Queen. She did many terrible things, but also did some good. Anna Whitelock says that ‘In many ways Mary…triumphed as queen. She achieved much of what she set out to do. She won her rightful throne, married her Spanish prince, and restored Roman Catholicism. She defeated rebels. She was a woman who lived by her conscience and was prepared to die for her faith. And she expected the same of others. As the first Queen regnant of England, Mary was the Tudor trailblazer’. Many of Anna Whitelock’s claims can be supported, as Mary triumphed as Queen in many ways. She achieved many things that she set out to do. Firstly, ‘Mary’s reconstruction of Catholicism was a success. The evidence from the parishes is of considerable and continuing support for traditional services and celebrations’ (Christopher Haigh). Mary managed to restore Catholicism within the short 5 years of her being Queen. This was popular amongst many people as Edward Vl and her father, Henry Vlll had made England Protestant during his reign. Mary restored the Catholic Mass and banned Holy Communion. All priests had to be Catholic; the basic furniture in the Protestant churches was replaced with the colourful furniture and paintings of the Catholic Church. Services were held in Latin and Cranmer’s English prayer book was banned. Mary also made the pope...
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...Scotland England joins Spain in an alliance against France 1513: Wolsey organises Henry VIII’s successful expedition to France, and appointed Bishop of Tournai (France) Emperor Maximilian (Germany) joins Ferdinand (Spain, Catherine of Aragon’s Father), Henry, and the Papacy against France. August: Battle of the Spurs, capture of Tournai (France) September: Earl of Surrey leads Battle of Flodden, victory over the Scots 1514: Wolsey appointed Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of York Henry makes peace with France 1515: Wolsey made a Cardinal by Pope Leo X and Lord Chancellor by Henry VIII Francis I accession to French throne 1516: Princess Mary born 1518: Wolsey Appointed Legate a Latere and Bishop of Bath and Wells Treaty of London signed, marking the centrepiece of Wolsey’s peace-making 1520: May: Henry meets Charles V in England June: Henry and Francis I meet at the Field of Cloth of Gold- no...
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...Henry 8th The year is 1563, after the bloodshed of Mary’s reign, England is unified and united under the reign of Elizabeth I.1 With Protestantism taking hold, the English had truly embraced their religion, incorporating it as part of their national image. However, the High Church of England had a rough history. In the beginning it was never truly sure of its position or role in relation to Catholicism and other protestant faiths. It took nearly 40 years and 4 monarchs to solidify its stance and finalize the church doctrine. The reason for this instability was caused in part by the true nature of the schism. Unlike the reformations of the continent, the English Reformation was caused by political motives rather than differences in theology and clerical practices. It was all started off by Henry’s desire to marry Anne Boleyn, followed by the English courts desire to access the power and wealth of the church. Cementing the fact that the reformation was political, was how closely the High Church’s doctrine mimicked that of the Catholic Church. Henry had been married for 21 years to Catherine of Aragon and she had not been able to produce a male heir. Not only had they not conceived a male, they had struggled to conceive at all. ‘During their marriage, Catherine had given birth to 6 children. 2 were stillborn, 3 did not survive the first year and Mary, the only one to make it to adulthood, was frail and sickly.’2 In Henry’s mind it was integral to the continuation of the Tudor...
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