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Emails and Telephones

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Cultura si civilizatie greaca

Prima mare civilizatie europeana a fost cea greaca. Localizata in sudul Europei,la Marea Mediterana ,pentru greci ,saracia a fost scoala cea mai buna la care auinvatat elenii ( grecii)''. Cu un relief pietros, arid, cu putine paduri in parteacontinentala si o multime de insule in Marea Egee , Grecia a atins un grad decivilizatie unic in acea perioada (2500-1000 i.Hr) in Europa.Saracia tinutului muntos i-a determinat sa devina buni navigatori. Au cutreieratMarea Mediterana in lung si-n lat, facand comert. Au iesit cu corabiile lor si inAtlantic,fiind mentionati pe tarmurile Angliei,de unde aduceau cositor. Princomertul intens acopereau lipsurile din tara lor. Importau lemn din Tracia, grau dinDobrogea si Crimeea, uleiuri aromate si mirodenii din Egipt. In schimb ei dadeauuntdelemn (ulei), masline, vin, vase din ceramica pictata.Grecia era impartita in regiuni mai mici, numite state, conduse de catre un oras(,,polis''). In mijlocul orasului erau pietele publice, numite ,,agora''. In aceste pietese discutau problemele statului si se tineau discursuri. Sistemul de conducere alstatului se numea sistem democratic. Oamenii simpli (numiti demos) alegeauconducatorul prin vot. Cultura si stiinta erau foarte dezvoltate. Se tineau spectacolela teatre in aer liber numite ,,amfiteatre". Iubeau muzica , poezia si cantecele. Suntcunoscute si astazi celebrele legende despre zeii din Olimp, epopeile lui Homer,Iliada si Odiseea sau discursurile marilor filozofi : Socrate, Sofocle, Euripide,Platon si Aristotel. Grecii au pus bazele filosofiei ca stiinta.Aveau un adevarat cult pentru pastrarea conditiei fizice. Se organizau din 4 in 4ani intreceri sportive in orasul Olimpia din Campia Tesaliei (de aici denumirea de jocuri olimpice). Gustul pentru frumos si admiratia pentru perfectionarea corpuluiuman se vede si din multimea sculpturilor descoperite, reprezentand omul in diferite ipostaze. Pregatirea militara se facea in unele state inca de la o varstafrageda. Este renumit modelul spartan al luptatorilor, formati in adevarate scoli sitabere militare. Grecii au imprumutat si altor civilizatii din cultura si obiceiurilelor avand si colonii pe teritoriile straine: pe tarmurile Italiei, ale Frantei ( Marsiliade astazi) sau la Marea Neagra cu Bizantion ( Constantinopolul- Istambulul deastazi), Histria , Tomis (Constanta), Callatis (Mangalia) s.a.Dar grecii au fost si cuceritori de noi tinuturi. In perioada lui AlexandruMacedon, pornit din nordul Greciei, teritoriile sub ocupatie greceasca se intind dinEgipt pana la nordul Iudeii. Se spune ca in acea perioada Imperiul ajunsese lamarimea unui stat comparabil cu suprafata S.U.A de astazi.In Creta, epoca metalelor incepe cam in acela şi timp cu Troia si cu Cicladele,dar intrucît va mai devreme decît in Grecia continentală. Formele sale timpurii au,desigur, un caracter regional de necontestat, dar, in ansamblu, el nu poate ficonsiderat decat o varianta a acelui vast fenomen de civilizatie care cuprindeintregul spatiu egeean.

In aceeasi epoca, vasele incep a fi ornamentate plastic cu argila fina, maleabila,aplicata cu cornetul. Ornamentatia poate fi si pictata. Podoabele de aur gasite ininteriorul mormintelor nu se por asemui in bogatie cu tezaurele de la Troia. Inschimb, ele capata un avans fata de acestea din urma datorita preferintei pentrumotivele vegetale, care se manifesta si in ceramica. De pandantive atarna lantisoarefine reprezentand frunze, din aur, iar podoabele de pus in par reprezinta adeseorimotive florale. Mai gasim si spirale de aur, iar sudura este, de asemenea, prezenta.Folosirea sigiliilor sa capete o dezvoltare uimitoare. Ele devin semnele derecunoastere ale apartenentei unui bun, fiind, de buna seama, folosite si lainchiderea vaselor sau la delimitarea unui spatiu. Toti oamenii liberi aveau cate unsigigiliu personal, pe care-l purtau la gat sau la incheietura mainii, atarnat de osfoara sau de un lantisor; sigiliul isi insotea stapanul pana in mormant. La inceput,erau facute toate fie din steatite, fie din os, dar mai tarziu ele apar mai intotdeaunaconfectionate din pietre semipretioase: cristal de roca, agata, matostat, cornalinasau ametist. Forma cea mai obisnuita este cea de stampila, aprentata putand aveaun character figurative. Asadar, lumea cretana din epoca timpurie a bronzului poate fi cuprinsa inaceeasi mare grupa constituita de civilizatia din vestul Asiei Mici, de cea eladicatimpurie si de cea a Cicladelor. Este epoca in care, datorita cretanilor, securitateaexterna si pacificarea interna a Egeii devenisera, probabil, fapte. Am putea vedeain aceasta una dintre consecintele caderii Troiei II, 2200 i.e.n. Nu putem sti dacaevenimentul se datoreaza unei initiative a cretanilor; in schimb se poate spune intoate linistea ca ei au stiut sa traga toate foloasele de pe urma lui.Concluzia care se impune este ca, in insulele Marii Egee, metalele si civilizatialor n-au fost aduse de la rasarit de o populatie migratoare, in drumul ei spre Grecia.

In lumea egeeana avem si acum a face cu aceeasi populatie preindoeuropeana cucare ne-am intalnit in Elada neolitica. Vestigiile de limba preelenica, care ni s-autransmis prin intermediul numelor geografice, apartin, de buna seama, unor atarepopoare.

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