...Management The Dynamics of Market Entry and Expansion Strategy in Emerging Markets: The Case of Wal-Mart in Latin America Dino Ovcina Author: Dino Ovcina Supervisor: Dr. Jeremy A Head Institution: Sheffield Business School at Sheffield Hallam University Program: MSc International Business and Management Module: Dissertation Date of Submission: 21 April, 2010 Abstract This research investigates the internationalization process and potential issues related to market entry and expansion strategies. It focuses on Wal-Mart's entry and expansion strategies into the Emerging Markets of Latin America, and discusses the different entry and expansion decisions being made by the company. Furthermore, the research critically evaluates the dynamic challenges facing developed country firms in their market entry and expansion strategies in emerging markets. Its contribution to the existing literature is its focus on the dynamics of entry modes in emerging markets. The research, based on an inductive approach, has been conducted as a case study by the use of secondary data. Wal-Mart began its internationalization by entering the two geographically nearest markets, namely Mexico and Canada. The entry into Mexico, which occurred 1991, was the first strategic move aiming at reaching the company’s overall goal of becoming the leading player in Latin America. Mexico together with Brazil are the two main emerging markets of Latin America characterized by a high growth potential on...
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...Global Division of Labour Embossed on the back of every Macbook, Iphone and Ipad reads: “Designed by Apple in California. Assembled in China.” “Why has Apple outsourced virtually all of its manufacturing overseas?” wonders President Obama (Rawson,2012). Why can’t more US-based consumer electronics and computer companies do their manufacturing work domestically, helping to create American jobs and boost the struggling economy? In the States the infrastructure and labour force does not exist at the levels necessary to support Apple’s operations, but is the answer really that simple? In this essay we will concentrate on global division of labour and determine what it is by examining theories of uneven devolopment of labour. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages it brings to society. Concrete examples will be given to review its complex and apparently contradictory social implications. Division of labour is cooperative labour divided into an enormous number of different specialized occupations (Giddens,1993:493). Looking at theories of uneven development will give us a better understanding of global division of labour. Two theories stand for uneven development. The first being the world system theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. Wallerstein argues that world order was created by capitalism and not nation states. This theory refers to inter-regional and transnational division of labour. It divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries and the...
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...6. References Executive Summary As Prahlad and Hat point out, the economies of vastly populated countries such as China, India,and the former Soviet Union present a profusion of consumers and immense growth potential for multinational corporations. The trick is for senior management to fully understand that this market possibility exists and that tapping into it may require a radical departure from the traditional, developed-economy mindset. As Nike’s financial record indicates, market saturation and intense competition in Tier One economies has squelched Nike’s growth trajectory. While the Swoosh continues to penetrate typical Western markets, tapping into the increasing numbers of “middle and lower class” consumers in emerging markets could offer a phenomenal expansion opportunity if the firm can create the right business model. In addition, beyond the potential economic benefits from this venture, Nike’s World Shoe Project also offers a credible response to the labor issues that have buffeted the company, and leverages their efforts to minimize the environmental impact of their production activities. • Introduction/Background of the study The words “Just make me the shoe!” echoed down the boardroom table to Tom Hartage a 17 – year veteran of the running shoe company, Nike Inc. Tom Clarke, president of the company in 1998, had attended the meetings, seen the presentations and reviewed the numbers related to the market potential of China a rough...
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...The disadvantages of globalization 1. “The general complaint about globalization is that it has made the rich richer while making the non-rich poorer. It is wonderful for managers and investors, but hell on workers and nature.”1 2. Multinational corporations are accused of social injustice, unfair working conditions (including slave labor wages and poor living and working conditions), as well as a lack of concern for the environment, mismanagement of natural resources, and ecological damage. 3. Multinational corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions. Many think there is a threat of corporations ruling the world because they are gaining power due to globalization. 4. Opponents say globalization makes it easier for rich companies to act with less accountability. They also claim that countries’ individual cultures are becoming overpowered by Americanization. 5. Anti-globalists also claim that globalization is not working for the majority of the world. During the most recent period of rapid growth in global trade and investment, 1960 to 1998, inequality worsened both internationally and within countries. The UN Development Program reports that the richest 20 percent of the world's population consume 86 percent of the world's resources, while the poorest 80 percent consume just 14 percent. 6. Some experts think that globalization is also leading to the incursion of communicable diseases. Deadly diseases...
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...of Strategy Tripod In this perspective paper, Peng, Wang & Jiang (2008) state that the success of a MNE is based, especially in emerging markets, on a strategic tripod, whose three legs are the industry-based view, the resource-based view and the institution-based view. According the paper, the institution-based view complement the other two more traditional views and represent a critical element in the definition of the firms’ international business strategy. Basically, MNE’s strategic choices are not only driven by industry conditions and firm capabilities, but are also a reflection of the formal and informal constraints of a particular institutional framework that managers confront (Peng, Wang & Jiang, 2008). The institutional-based view focuses on nation’s political, regulatory and social aspects and their impact on the business environment MNEs interact with. These aspects significantly shape the strategy and performance of the firms – both domestic and foreign – in developing countries, where typically the rules of the game are changing or not completely known (Peng, Wang & Jiang, 2008) To support the strategy tripod framework, the authors outline four different cases, grounded in the context of emerging economies: antidumping as entry barriers, competing in and out of India, growing the firm in China, and governing the corporation in emerging economies. Regarding antidumping as entry barriers, the example discussed is related to a steel producer who enters into a new...
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...and our present expectations or projections. These risks include, but are not limited to, obesity and other health concerns; scarcity and quality of water; changes in the nonalcoholic beverages business environment, including changes in consumer preferences based on health and nutrition considerations and obesity concerns; shifting consumer tastes and needs, changes in lifestyles and competitive product and pricing pressures; risks related to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition, as well as the integration, of Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc.'s former North American business; continuing uncertainty in the credit and equity market conditions; increased competition; our ability to expand our operations in developing and emerging markets; foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; increases in interest rates; our ability to maintain good relationships with our bottling partners; the financial condition of our bottling partners; increases in income tax rates or changes in income tax laws; increases in indirect taxes or new indirect taxes; our ability and the ability of our bottling partners to maintain good labor relations, including the ability to renew collective bargaining agreements on satisfactory terms...
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...main characteristics of emerging markets? In contemporary society, emerging Markets (EM) are increasingly becoming the most important strength that could promote the development of the world economy. Broadly speaking, the term "emerging market" has been used mainly to refer to the developing world in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. (Mody，2004). Narrowly speaking, EM refers to the stock markets of developing countries. The purpose of this article is to further analyze the characteristics of emerging markets, I am going to focus on the broad economic aspect of EM, which refers to some developing countries like Brazil, Russia, India, China. (BRICs). I would like to separate this article into three different parts. In the first part, I discuss the implications of emerging markets and why people choose to invest in them. The second part is the central theme of the article. In this part, I focus on the main characteristics of EM. After examining all the characteristics, I make a conclusion about the whole paper and put forward several suggestions for ways governments and investment companies can cooperate together to make contributions to making the markets more mature. Emerging market countries mainly contain dozens of developing countries, which are widely distributed in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe; especially the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China) Bruner et al (2003) classify the world economy in the following way: developed markets, emerging markets, frontier markets...
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...Do you think that Tata Motors will be a successful player in the global automotive market? If so why and if not why? How critical is Nano to Tata Motors? We most certainly believe that Tata Motors will be a successful player in the global automotive market because (1.) of the skillfulness in contrivance in the concept stage to produce a vehicle well within its intended budget. The price of the vehicle has placed it in the mid-low target market which is where the economies of scale exist in emerging markets. It is a market not only in developing countries, but possibly for a low-cost car in developed markets; (2.) Tata Motors planned to export an upgraded variant of the Nano from India to other markets and build it locally. The primary targets for expansion beyond India were other emerging economies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America where safety and emissions standards were similar to India; (3). Tata Motors knows for the U.S., they need to produce a car that will have a larger engine, with additional crash tests, and modifications. They prepared themselves for the mission; and (4.) the aim was to create a ‘Nano Universe’. According to the 2007 growth estimates based on sales of regular low cost cars and ultra-low cost cars in the range of $3,100.00 to $7,800.00, vehicles sold per year, regular and ULCC, will rise from 5.4 million in 2013 to 17.5 million by year 2020. This estimate includes China, India, the rest of Asia, South America, Africa, and the rest of the...
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...Part Five GLOBAL STRATEGY, STRUCTURE, AND IMPLEMENTATION Chapter Eleven The Strategy of International Business OBJECTIVES • To identify how managers develop strategy • To examine industry structure, firm strategy, and value creation • To profile the features and functions of the value chain framework • To assess how managers configure and coordinate a value chain • To explain global integration and local responsiveness • To profile the types of strategies firms use in international business Chapter Overview Chapter Eleven presents tools and concepts used in analyzing and formulating international business strategy. First, the relationship between industry structure and competition in global industries is examined. Next, value chain analysis is used to identify the internal capabilities of the firm that can be leveraged to create competitive advantage. Effective international strategy depends greatly on the proper configuration and management of a company’s global value chain. The sometimes conflicting demands of global integration versus local responsiveness are examined. Finally, a typology of strategic alternatives including multidomestic, international, global, and transnational strategies is presented. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: Value Creation in the Global Apparel Industry [See Fig 11.1 and Map 11.1.] Zara, a large clothing retailer headquartered in northwest Spain, has used an innovative...
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...the world is really becoming a seamless world factory where every country works in cooperation along this supply chain. Meanwhile, globalization is bringing a set of globalized values to every corner of the world. Indeed, the world seems like a truly fair playing ground. However, in my view, the world is just far from being flat. The world is in a huge imbalance. Due to the comparative advantage of labor between developing countries and developed countries, the world capital is flowing from the US and European countries which have high labor cost to emerging economies like China and India where there are abundant supply of cheap and skilled labor. On one hand, China and the other emerging economies are accelerating their integration into the interdependence world factory. Gaps in living standards, wage and technology are quickly shrinking. The benefits of economic boom are spreading from those advanced economies to emerging economies. On the other hand, this economic model results in huge trade imbalance and further solidifies the dominance of the developed economies on the upper end of the value chain. To sustain the high annual growth rate, China has to rely on its export-oriented economic model, which caused huge trade surplus and over-supply of currency. Such...
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...This is a result of the WTO reaching a period of impasse. Moreover, new rising powers such as Brazil, China, and India must maintain a careful balance as they negotiate their way to the top (Narlikar, 2010). This analysis seeks to answer the following question: will rising powers integrate into today’s world trade order? This analysis will begin by discussing how the emergence of the developing world within the WTO has affected the institution, followed by a discussion on the resistance shown by developed nations in welcoming emerging economies into the international arena. The emergence of developing economies has had positive and negative impacts on the effectiveness of the WTO. The positive impact, as Narlikar explains, is the WTOs ability to distribute power on a more equal scale to its members. Conversely, a multipolar system with several leading positions is one of the primary reasons why the Doha Round is currently in deadlock. By including emerging economies - namely, Brazil, India, and China - in core decision-making processes, we see a greater diversification of ideas. We are also provided with insight on countries that are in different stages of development that have their own distinctive negotiating cultures. These negotiating cultures can present a roadblock, hindering the WTO’s efficiency. Even if the WTO were to implement institutional mechanisms to help overcome the current impasse with the Doha Round, we would still observe no change. In other words, rising...
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...c+ritical review of the article by nathaniel boso, vicky m. story and john w. cadogen: entrepreneurial orientation, market orientAtion, network ties and performance: study of entrePRENEURIAL FIRMS IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY, JOURNAL OF BUSINESS VENTURING 28(2013) Page 708-727 ADISA AFOLARIN O, PRID 1303094 BE 951, MASTER OF FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………1.O MOTIVATION OF THE RESEARCH………………………………………......1.1 RESEARCH QUESTION………………………………………………………..2.0 THEORETICAL APPROACH…………………………………………………...2.1 EMPIRICAL APPROACH……………………………………………………….3.1 APPROPRIATENESS OF EMPIRICAL METHOD…………………………...3.2 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION………………………………………………..4.0 FURTHER RESEARCH PROJECTS…………………………………………..4.1 MAIN CONTRIBUTION………………………………………………………….4.2 1.0 INTRODUCTION. This research studies how entrepreneurial firms evaluate performance benefit by simultaneously aligning high level of both entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and manager orientation (MO). It is relevant for firms operating in a developing economy context where these potentials are enhanced for business with strong social and business network ties. Entrepreneurial orientation refers to firms procluivity to explore new market opportunities and as such it manifest itself through a firms tendency to accept innovation, risk-taking, pro-activeness, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996). Market orientation is defined as the implementation of...
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... LG Electronics: Global strategy in emerging markets Suggested case discussion questions Q1 Explain how LG’s experience within its domestic market (South Korea) influenced how it expanded into the BRIC emerging economies All MNCs are shaped, to some degree, by their domestic markets. In LG’s case, its emergence in Korea during the decades following the Second World War strongly affected its ability to expand into the BRIC economies. The domestic Korean market was highly competitive, which helped hone its ability to enact “come from behind” approaches in other locations as it was used to having to fight its way to the top. The Korean Government placed strong emphasis on R&D within LG’s home economy, which had a double-effect on it. First, the importance of high quality R&D enabling quick and effective localization of products and services was always central to its approach to expanding its presence within the emerging economies – this runs counter to much perceived wisdom that suggests emerging economies do not have infrastructure to support such a policy. Second, it built on its experience of working with governments, which it then displayed most effectively in Brazil. The Korean Government encouraged foreign direct investment which saw LG partner with Hitachi of Japan, again, allowing it to develop valuable partnership experience that would be brought to bear on joint ventures within emerging economies. Lastly, emerging within an economically disadvantaged...
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...Introduction This is a culminating module in which students are expected to integrate, apply, extend and critique the knowledge gained within core modules of the Business & Management Single Honours. It is conceptualised as a retrospective, integrative and reflective academic experience. It aims to help students develop an appreciation of how key pieces of the business and management curriculum come together (synoptic capacity), and expects them to demonstrate in-depth understanding and application of integrated business management concepts, intellectual and research skills. Alongside its integration mandate, the module aims to foster independent learning through conditions conducive to the development of a proficient learner, master of his or her own learning strategy. The module, therefore, requires students to show initiative and personal responsibility. It is worth emphasising that this is a unique and innovative module in that it is a non-taught module! Some guidance, however, will be provided by the tutor during the four workshops (so it is really essential you attend and participate to these workshops!). Additionally, the tutor will be available at pre-specified times for one-to-one or small group tutorials. By successfully completing this module, students will have demonstrated the ability to exercise initiative and personal responsibility, and the possession of the following Graduate Attributes: (i) ability to work independently within a relevant ethos; (ii)...
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...How has the global economic environment changed in the last year? Following two years of weak and uneven recovery from the global financial crisis, the world economy is teetering on the brink of another major downturn. Output growth has already slowed considerably during 2011, especially in the developed countries. The baseline forecast foresees continued a pale growth during 2012 and 2013. Such growth is far from sufficient to deal with the continued jobs crises in most developed economies and will drag down income growth in developing countries. In this paper I will be speaking about the global economy, but first, I will elaborate and concentrate on the strongest economy in the world, the US. In the past year, the most important issue in the United States was employment. All of this year we have seen the employment rate change from 8.1% 8.3% which is a very narrow range, but still means that 12.8 million people are out of jobs, which is extremely bad, but on the other hand, if you wanted to compare it to the rate in 2008, where the economy was falling apart, things seem optimistic. It’s not the government isn’t creating jobs, because it is. The problem is that it’s not creating enough jobs to soak up all the people who were laid off. On average, the country has been adding 150,000 each month, which is good, but not fast enough for people who have been laid of for a while to return to the job market. Another problem is the housing market. In comparison...
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