...Vernacular language is defined as the standard native language of a country or locality. Latin is a vernacular language that had an large impact on the medieval way of life. The Roman Empire spoke Latin and this language became a prominent part of the culture until the 1200 A.D. For years and years to come Latin language dominated the western world and were every the Roman Empire ruled this was the primary language that was used. When the Roman Empire began to fall the Latin language faded away and the countries began to use their vernacular language. These languages would one day be known as Portuguese, French, Spanish, Italian, and etc. The vernacular languages would also be considered as the large family of contemporary “Romance” languages (Matthews, 2011). Before the twelfth century, Latin was the major language that was used by writers. The developments of Latin were influenced by other native languages which included Celtic languages, Greek, and Etruscan (University of Calgary, 1996). Latin was continuously developed because there were significant differences in each period. These differences included those in the literary written language, and also in the differences in the spoken language of the educated and the less educated populace. Between 500 – 100 after the Empire, the peninsula was also using the vernacular language in the form of popular celebrations of religious festivals, improvisational troupes of actors, story-tellers, etc (Matthews...
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...The Ottoman Empire was founded in the year 1299, at this time only a small Anatolian state. However, the country had greater ambitions and sought to bring down the ailing Byzantine Empire. In 1453 they would realise this goal when Ottoman forces stormed the walls of Constantinople, declaring the great city as their new capital. Since then, the country entered a period of relentless conquest and expansion. The country reached its peak in the late 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent, boasting a vast empire that stretched over three continents. However, after the failure of the Ottoman plot to seize the Austrian capital, Vienna, the empire entered a gradual decline. Over the course of 4 centuries, the Ottomans would lose grip over their conquered territories, its borders creeping closer and closer to Constantinople. Nevertheless, the Ottomans remained a force to be reckoned with and an empire of enviable size. Throughout the mid to late 19th century, the Ottoman government would oversee an era of widespread social, political and economic reform known as Tanzimat, Turkish for reorganisation. Some of the key reforms included emancipation of non-Muslims, reorganisation of the military and financial system, the building of rail and telegraph infrastructure and a boom in the size of the Ottoman bureaucracy. In 1876 an Ottoman Constitution was introduced. While...
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...The Byzantine Empire was the successor of the Roman Empire; also known as the eastern Roman Empire. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 410 C.E, Constantine I had created the new capital of the Byzantine Empire named Constantinople in 330. During its existence the empire was composed of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. The empire was using the roman political tradition, Hellenic culture and Christianity as religion. The common language used in the empire was Greek. The byzantine empire was very influencal in Asia specially in russia because The Rus Kiev ‘began as a group of Scandinavian merchants who traveled south through Byzantine through Russian territory. The prosperous trade and luxury goods of Constantinople (and of...
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...THE FATE OF EMPIRES and SEARCH FOR SURVIVAL Sir John Glubb John Bagot Glubb was born in 1897, his father being a regular officer in the Royal Engineers. At the age of four he left England for Mauritius, where his father was posted for a three-year tour of duty. At the age of ten he was sent to school for a year in Switzerland. These youthful travels may have opened his mind to the outside world at an early age. He entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in September 1914, and was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in April 1915. He served throughout the first World War in France and Belgium, being wounded three times and awarded the Military Cross. In 1920 he volunteered for service in Iraq, as a regular officer, but in 1926 resigned his commission and accepted an administrative post under the Iraq Government. In 1930, however, he signed a contract to serve the Transjordan Government (now Jordan). From 1939 to 1956 he commanded the famous Jordan Arab Legion, which was in reality the Jordan Army. Since his retirement he has published seventeen books, chiefly on the Middle East, and has lectured widely in Britain, the United States and Europe. William Blackwood & Sons Ltd 32 Thistle Street Edinburgh EH1 1HA Scotland © J. B. G. Ltd, 1976, 1977 ISBN 0 85158 127 7 Printed at the Press of the Publisher Introduction As we pass through life, we learn by experience. We look back on our behaviour when we were young and think how foolish we were. In the same way our family...
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...“The Rise and Fall Of Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires” In the past, there have been many dominant and weak empires that have risen and fallen. The major three, which this applies to is the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. These empires were vigorous and had its high and low points. Something that they all have in common is that they come from Turkic origin. They also had a strong influence of Persian traditions in their military and families. On the other hand, the way their kings ruled, meaning what religion they allowed to be practiced, how women were treated and other things were different. Because of this, there were positive and negative effects of these empires falling. To begin, the Ottoman Empire began in the late 1200’s...
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...origin) takes power. In order to defend the empire and peacefully resolve the issue of the transfer of power, he imagines the system of tetrarchy (four people sharing power). But the system does not work after the resignation of Diocletian...
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...Many cultures are important in history, but the Abbadids were a major importance in history. They grew dramatically throughout the years that they ruled. With the years that the Abbasids ruled, many things happened. The Abbasids became one of the longest ruling and most impactful empires in history. Also, their empire’s rise was quick, their golden age was long lasting, and their fall was slow. These three things are the most important topics for a culture to focus on. Firstly, the Abbasids rise was fast. The Umayyads ruled before them. Factions, or opposing groups, grew angry with the way the Umayyads were ruling. Abu Muslim led the Abbasids to battle to overthrow the Umayyad rule in 750 A.D. He was a powerful general who supported the Abbasids as they overthrew the Umayyads and gained control over their people. Baghdad grew to become the new capital instead of Damascus because the Abbasids wanted to support the Malawi or non-Arab Muslims. Under their new ruler, Al-Mansur, the Umayyads past culture would continue....
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...Kadir Has University History of Turkish Republic 4/9/2015 Shah Basit Hussain Qureshi 1- In your view, what were the reasons for the Ottoman Empire’s demise? How did competing internal and external factors play into the weakening of the empire? There were few vital reasons for the downfall of Ottoman Empire’s, linked with some of internal and external factors which played a important role to weaken the Ottoman’s empire. I will take this opportunity to write on this significant historical downfall factors of Ottomans Empire and I will write try to accomplish those major points from which this downfall led to Ottoman Empire. It was the second Egyptian crisis which manifested tensions in the Middle East. The elementary problems of the empire, caused by rising pressure between the different nationalities and communities, which the central government was not capable to get to the bottom of or control. Nevertheless for about 15 years they did not express to large-scale interference on the part of the enormous powers of Europe. The most aggressive internal conflict of these years was fought in the Lebanon. The tough man of the region was the Emir Bashir II, who belonged to the miniature religious group of the people of Druzes 3, but he was converted to Christianity and he ruled the Lebanon from his stronghold in the Shuf Mountains for almost 50 years. He had associated his providence strongly to the Egyptian professional forces, and when the concluding...
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...Mongolian Empire: Globalization and the Silk Road The Mongolian Empire was one of the largest empires in history, engulfing a large majority of the Asian and Middle Eastern regions. The Empire was most prominent during the 13th and 14th century being ruled by Genghis Khan and his successors. During this time, the Mongolian Empire acquired large amounts of territory and was able to keep a sustainable rule under what is known as "Pax Mongolica". Pax Mongolica was the era of Mongolian peace where trade routes were established "making it possible for travelers and traders to cross back and forth within Eurasia" (Safavi-Abbasi, 2007). The Mongolian Empire was the start of a new era of transportation and trade as they provided, through migration, many new ideas and cultures, creating an early notion of globalization. Through the innovations set in place by the Mongolian Empire, greater emporia's were able to follow suit, expanding on the new ideas brought into action by the Mongols. "The presence of the Mongol states was essential for shaping the emporia’s local strategies of survival and development, in their role as components of a commercial as well as political mechanism that connected the Mediterranean markets to the great landmass of Eurasia beyond the Black Sea" (Di Cosmo, 2010). What made the Mongolian Empire so special was the opening of what is known as "Silk Road". The Silk Road was a trade network that connected the eastern territories to the Western territories...
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...Roman Empire The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Population: 56.8 million (25 BC) Capitals: Rome, Constantinople, Ravenna Area: 1.062 million sq miles Founded: 27 BC Continent: Europe Government: Autocracy, Stratocracy The Founding of Rome The Founding of Rome is very much embroiled in myth. Traces found by archaeologists of early settlements of the Palatine Hill date back to ca 750 BC. This ties in very closely to the established legend that Rome was founded on 21 April 753 BC, which was traditionally celebrated in Rome with the festival of Parilia. Two founding legends exist - Romulus and Remus and Aeneas. Rather than contradict each other, the tale of Aeneas adds to that of Romulus and Remus. King Numitor of Alba Longa was ejected by his younger brother Amulius. To do away with any further possible pretenders to his usurped throne, Amulius murdered Numitor's sons and forced Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, to become a vestal virgin. However Mars, the god of war became enchanted by her beauty and had his way with Rhea Silvia while she slept. As a result of this Rhea Silvia bore twins, Romulus and Remus. An enraged Amulius had Rhea Silvia thrown into the river Tiber where she was caught beneath the waves by the river god who married her. The twins were set adrift...
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...outskirts in the east. Through its vassal condition of the Khanate of the Crimea, Ottoman power likewise reached out into the Ukraine and southern Russia. It gets its name from its founder in 1300CE, the Turkish Muslim warrior, Osman, who set up the line which governed over the empire all through its history.(Britannica, 2010) The Ottoman Empire was the one of the biggest and longest enduring Empires ever. It was a state propelled and maintained by Islam, and Islamic...
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...The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire is the eastern Greek portion of the Roman Empire, sometimes termed the Later or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine Greeks presented themselves as Romans and their Empire as the Roman Empire. They perceived themselves as the prolongation of the Roman Empire and on no account utilized the term "Byzantine" to present themselves (Frucht, 2004). For the reason of administration, Diocletian (who ruled about 284-305) segmented the dominion of the empire among four emperors. He administered the eastern part of the empire (McMeans & Teacher Created Resources, 2010). The Empire was reunified in 324 when, conquered all his foes, and became the dominant authority of the entire empire. The Byzantine Empire may then be dated to Constantine's development of a second capital; that he modelled on Rome, at Byzantium (Frucht, 2004). So from the establishment of this city as a second Rome, the division of east from west was developed, and the east soon came out as the prevailing half. In 330, Constantine the Great relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople. There were a few reasons for that; one was that the city was a splendid defensive position. Secondly it approached the wealthy Eastern cities of the Empire and was close to the Military outposts edge with the Empire's principal rival, Persia (Frucht, 2004). Constantine also endorsed the initiation of Christianity from Constantinople. The eastern section of the Empire talked Greek as...
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...The Roman Empire The Roman Empire was one of the strongest empires in all of mankind. The Roman Empire has such a rich history and shows how power and strategic tactics can run an empire efficiently. The Roman Empire was characterized by an autocratic form of government which meant the top leaders made all the important decisions. They had a large territorial area around the Mediterranean which went into present day Europe, Africa, and Asia. Rome history starts at the time it was know as Rome Republic and was ran by royal Rome. There Imperium was in command and are represented by consuls and the senate and assembly. Rome in their Republic they started their conquest as they fought Carthage in three Punic Wars. Carthage main advantage was their navy and Hannibal was leading Carthage to victory over Rome and take over. But Rome had its own power in Scipio Africanus and he ended Hannibals victory run and they were able to hold Carthage back and became the the power of the west with a great strategic army. The fall of the Republic started with Julius Caesar he mid wife of the Roman Empire and was more of a dictator figure. Julius Caesar was part of the first triumvirate of the new Roman Empire. He was ulitmately betrayed at the end of his term. Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, would take over after Caesars untimely end. He lead Rome to its second triumvirate and was the first empire of Rome. After Emperor Augustus took over and was a very low profile ruler and...
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...Falling of an Empire Roberto Hernandez History 107 6980 Classical Foundations Professor Pennington October 8, 2014 Introduction Thesis: The striking historical similarities between the Western Roman Empire and the United States of America are undeniable and can ultimately lead to the falling of the United States Empire. Section A: Dominant Superpower • Territories • Contributions to Civilization • Military Presence Section B: Similarities in Government • Laws • Republic • Senate Section C: Cultural and Economical Similarities • Entertainment • Welfare • Unemployment The Falling of an Empire The Roman Empire and its reign lasted for almost a thousand years (ca. 500 B.C.E.- 500 C.E.), with the largest agglomeration of land c.a. 120 C.E. (2.2Million sq. miles). Many have discussed what the reasons may have been for the Roman collapse in 476 C.E. Was the collapse due to barbarians, greed, corruption or the lack of moral values by the people and politicians? Maybe an overextended military in foreign land? Could it have been fiscal irresponsibility by their government that may have lead to the Roman Empires demise? Could it be all the above? Isaac Newton once said, “ what goes up must come down,” even largest superpower, Britain, that has ruled the most territory in history over a century ago, is no more. Both the Roman Empire and the United...
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...Throughout the course of history, the main goal of many empires was to first survive in the harsh word, and then gain power in the world against fellow empires. For empires of the 15th and 16th century, that goal for survival and power was achieved, but not after a long and hard struggle, as neighboring empires where always a threat, and deadly outbreaks such as the Black Death decimated populations throughout Europe and surrounding areas. During this time, the Malian, French, and Aztec nation states used trade and conquest to survive, while establishing or reviving monarchal rule, with a degree of local government, to remain in political power. One of the nation-states that flourished into an empire long before the Atlantic trade world was...
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