...Bisphensol A and It’s Side Effects to the Nervous and Endocrine System Anatomy and Physiology 201 November 7, 2012 Abstract Bisphensol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound that is used to produce plastics. This chemical has been used to make plastics since the 1950’s. BPA is made from chemicals that mimic the sex hormone “Estradiol.” Estradiol is a sex hormone found in both female and male. Therefore, BPA is known to be an endocrine disruptor; it is a compound that exits everywhere in the environment and also in the human body. There have been many meetings with the discussion of studies about BPA causing numerous diseases to the human body. These meetings were held with a diverse collection of researchers which include: wildlife biologists, endocrinologists, reproductive physiologists, and toxicologists. The endocrine system is one of the organ systems dedicated to maintaining internal coordination of the human body, which communicates by means of chemical messenger or hormones secreted into the blood. New research has been exposed to show that a low dose of BPA has an association to adverse health effects, which include reproductive abnormalities, obesity, neurobehavioral problems, prostate and breast cancer. Bisphensol A and The Nervous and Endocrine System Bisphensol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical that is used to produce plastics. This chemical has been used to make plastics since the 1950’s. BPA is made from chemicals that mimic the sex hormone estradiol...
Words: 2245 - Pages: 9
...Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome commonly known as PCOS have never piqued my interest until late 2006 when my daughter was diagnosed with the disease. My daughter have always been obese growing up and I attributed it to her genetic make-up. At age nine, I have noticed physical changes that accompanied her obesity like skin tags, dark patches of skin on groin, armpits and neck, and excessive facial hair growth. As migrants who just settled in the United States, with little knowledge of healthcare resources, my first resort was over the counter remedy like topical creams to lighten dark spots which did nothing at all. It never entered my mind that my daughter's physical manifestations could be a sign of a more serious health condition until her school nurse brought it to my attention. A week before our appointment with a pediatric endocrinologist, my daughter had to undergo an emergency surgery that resulted to removal of her left fallopian tube because of a ten-centimeter twisting ovarian cyst. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder in women with a prevalence of 10% in women of childbearing age (Kumar, Anantharayanan, and Rajendiran, 2014), and higher reports in some groups such as indigenous and Asian women (Garad, Teede, and Moran, 2011). Although cause is unknown, condition is linked to excess insulin, which contributes to excess production of androgen by the ovaries; low – grade inflammation (often shown by PCOS women) that stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce...
Words: 548 - Pages: 3
...Name____________________________________________ Date ____________________ Period _______ “Poisoned Waters” Video Questions 1. What is a dead zone, and what causes one to form? (9) - an area in coastal waters where there’s no oxygen -- fertilizers from farmland end up in coastal waters; grow algae up which sucks up the oxygen when they die; areas are growing; Gulf of Mexico has one size of state of Massachusetts 2. What was the largest public demonstration in American history? -- Earth Day; ~10% of country’s population participated (20 million) 3. When was the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formed? What events prompted its formation? -- 1970; in response to concerns raised at Earth Day and congressional pressure. (skip to 23:00)-- industrial waste flowing into the Chesapeake Bay (could be pig farms in NC) 4. Why does the investigator say “these rivers are delivery systems” to the bay? -- waste seeps into ground or routed by pipes into local streams/rivers and goes right into the bay 5. How do Perdue and other large chicken producers arrange to grow chickens for consumers? (~33) Why don't they raise the chickens themselves? -- contract with farmers; Purdue owns the chickens and feed and everything EXCEPT the waste 6. What is the difference in opinion about chicken manure between Perdue and other large chicken producers and the chicken farmers (represented in the film by Carole Morison)? -- Carole Morison = "a mess" -- it’s a negative, purdue should take responsibility;...
Words: 574 - Pages: 3
...Polycystic Ovary Syndrome or (PCOS) is a common condition in women of reproductive ages. Up to 70% of women with PCOS remain undiagnosed. Infertility is the most common symptom of PCOS. Polycystic ovary syndrome causes irregular menstrual cycles excessive body or facial hair and polycystic ovaries as the main symptom. Women with PCOS produce higher amounts of a male hormones known as androgen which contribute to some of the symptoms of the condition. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a constellation of symptoms rather then a specific disease and the cause or causes are not completely understood. Interestingly the ovaries may develop cysts but that is not necessary for the diagnosis polycystic ovary syndrome. Many females that suffer from PCOS are over weight or obese and it is one of the most common hormonal problems in young women. Polycystic ovary syndrome or so called (PCOS) is in imbalance of the female sex hormones, the ovaries are apart of the female reproductive system along with the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. Your ovaries contain a womens life time supply of eggs. These eggs are immature and are stored in tiny fluid filled structures called follicles. Your pituitary gland located at the base of the brain produces hormones that direct the function of your ovaries. Each month the hypothalamus (Brain) makes the hormone GnRh which is released into a special circulation feeding to the pituitary gland. Then the pituitary releases its follicle stimulating hormones...
Words: 924 - Pages: 4
...Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome What does infertility, mainly hair growth, and obesity all have in common? These are all symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, the most common endocrine disorder. This endocrine disorder, is now the leading cause of infertility, and is now just starting to becoming more acknowledged. This disorder comes along with many different health risk, that just increase as you get older. According to the Center of Young Women's Health, the disorder is a hormone imbalance in the brain, and in the ovaries. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome affects one in ten women, ten percent, more than three million women in the world (“Center”). The most common endocrine disorder, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, is overlooked, under addressed, and is unknown by far too many doctors. When Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome was first identified around 80 years ago it was because “Grace Ecclestone was painfully aware that she was “‘not like other girls’” (McCullough). She was very persistent to find what out was wrong with her and when she reached the age of 24, she found a diagnosis in a book, and presented it to her doctors with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (McCullough). Ecclestone, like many girls with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome knows that there is something unusual about them. The symptoms that come along with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome are very abnormal. The symptoms include irregular periods, extra body hair on face, belly, and chest, acne, deep voice, decreasing breast...
Words: 1633 - Pages: 7
...Heredity and Hormones Page 1 Heredity and Hormones By 09/22/2010 Axia College Heredity and Hormones Page 2 Both heredity and hormones can and do affect human behavior. I personally feel that they each play as large a par as the other. There was a time in which scientists thought that hormones were the sole driving force behind human behavior. For example, people that have higher or lower testosterone levels can at times affect their levels of aggression. As time progressed, we have learned that heredity is indeed a factor to consider. Hormones can influence behavior but there are other forces at work. Heredity is like the beginning. We all start at ground zero with a blank slate. Heredity can nudge us north or east but it is up to us if we head in one direction or the other. Heredity is the potential for action. Hormones influence you further and changes throughout your life; but again, these are forces that are influences – not rules. The endocrine system plays a huge part in hormonal change. Interestingly enough, the endocrine system has not ducts to supply hormones. Because of this, all the hormones supplied by this system are inserted directly into the bloodstream. This system is also key in the fact that it is responsible for supplying thirty hormones to the body. The reason though for me to bring this system up in this setting is to address...
Words: 424 - Pages: 2
...Hypogonadism is a medical term which describes a diminished functional activity of the gonads – the testes and ovaries in males and females, respectively – that may result in diminished sex hormone biosynthesis and impaired gamete production and/or regulation. Low androgen (e.g., testosterone) levels are referred to as hypoandrogenism and low estrogen (e.g., estradiol) as hypoestrogenism, and may occur as symptoms of hypogonadism in both sexes, but are generally only diagnosed in males and females respectively. Other hormones produced by the gonads which may be decreased by hypogonadism include progesterone, DHEA, anti-Müllerian hormone, activin, and inhibin. Spermatogenesis and ovulation in males and females, respectively, may be impaired by hypogonadism, which, depending on the degree of severity, may result in partial or complete infertility. Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Affected system 1.2 Primary or secondary 1.3 Congenital vs. acquired 1.4 Hormones vs. fertility 2 Symptoms 2.1 In both sexes 2.2 Exclusively in men 2.3 Exclusively in women 3 Diagnosis 3.1 In men 3.2 In women 4 Treatment 5 Testosterone and longevity 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classification Main article: Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism Main article: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Main article: Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Deficiency of sex hormones can result...
Words: 460 - Pages: 2
...The Endocrine System BIO / 101 The Endocrine System The endocrine system is defined as any system within an animal that regulates the functioning of the organism or is used in the production of hormones. These systems can range anywhere from a simple center in the nervous system to a more intricate collection of glands that are in the human endocrine system. Qualified endocrinologists have been analyzing the advancement of the endocrine systems and the roles that they play in an animals’ adaptive behavior in an environment as well as their production of offspring. It is surprising to find that the research of endocrinology in mammals has been advanced by research in non-mammal animals. For example, the mechanisms in the body that control salt and water content were discovered in fishes first, this led to the discovery of comparable functions in mammals. The understanding in how the endocrine system is structured in non-mammals offers critical information into understanding how the human endocrine system functions. The most basic endocrine system deals with the secretion and storage of hormones within nervous tissue or neurohemal organs. These hormones can be secreted directly into circulation of the body or stored into organs that have direct contact with the blood vessels that allow the hormones to be put into circulation. There are cells located within the endocrine glands that stem from various nerve cells that have traveled during the evolutionary process to different...
Words: 423 - Pages: 2
...Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a problem in which a woman's hormones are out of balance. It can cause problems with your periods and make it difficult to get pregnant. In PCOS, small cysts form in the ovaries which affect the hormones and disrupt the normal menstrual cycle. PCOS also may cause unwanted changes in the way you look. If it is left untreated, it can lead to serious health issues. There are various symptoms of PCOS such as: irregular periods, acne, weight gain, extra hair on the body and face and trouble in getting pregnant. Diagnosis can be made on the basis of the symptoms and lab tests. When the patient is diagnosed with the PCOS it is then important to get the treatment done in order to get rid of the disease. When it comes to the treatment then the patient can go for the two spectrums of the treatment that is the medicinal treatment in which doctors prescribe birth control pills to reduce the symptoms, Metformin to get the regular periods and fertility treatment for those who are trying to get pregnant. The other spectrum is the lifestyle change in which you can follow the strict nutritional diet, regular exercise and yoga regime. The relaxing and rejuvenating power of yoga helps a lot in tackling the symptoms and problems caused by PCOS. BENEFITS OF YOGA IN PCOS: Yoga needs no introduction, how useful it is for overall health and wellbeing. It reduces the stress, weight and relaxes the body. It can also be practiced as a supplemental exercise for women suffering...
Words: 429 - Pages: 2
...Hormone function a.) Describe how agonists and antagonists act to disrupt normal hormone function. Use examples and describe the resulting disease states that may result Humans are exposed to thousands of chemicals during their lifetime, through the air, food, and water. A significant number of these chemicals can be toxic since they can disrupt the endocrine system. Over the past decade, the list of chemicals with endocrine disrupting activity has dramatically increased. Natural hormones are themselves agonists and, in many cases, more than one distinct hormone binds to the same receptor. For a given receptor, different agonists can have dramatically different potencies. Antagonists are molecules that bind the receptor and block binding of the agonist, but fail to trigger intracellular signalling events. Receptors can be activated or inactivated by either endogenous (such as hormones and neurotransmitters) or exogenous (such as drugs) agonists and antagonists, resulting in the stimulation or inhibition of a biological response. A physiological agonist is a substance that creates the same bodily responses but does not bind to the same receptor. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial compound and a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic activity. The widespread exposure of individuals to BPA is suspected to affect a variety of physiological functions, including reproduction, development, and metabolism. Many known obesogens are Endocrine disrupting chemicals...
Words: 1473 - Pages: 6
...Poisoned Waters Viewing worksheet After viewing the film clips on chicken farming and endocrine disruptors, respond to the following questions in a different type of font: 1. How do Perdue and other large chicken producers arrange to grow chickens for consumers? contract with farmers 2. Why don't they raise the chickens themselves? Purdue owns the chickens and feed and everything except the waste 3. What is the difference in opinion about chicken manure between Perdue and other large chicken producers and the chicken farmers (represented in the film by Carole Morison)? Carole Morison = "a mess" it’s a negative, purdue should take responsibility; Purdue = “a resource” farmers should consider it a valuable resource 4. Do you agree with Perdue or Carole Morison? I agree with Carole Morison 5. Why? the farmers should not be directly held accountable for the runoff pollution that the manure causes 6. What do you understand to be the effect of endocrine disruptors? eggs in the testes (feminization of male fish) interrupt normal body functions, such as thyroid, hormones, sex characteristics, multiple (or missing) legs on frogs 7. Which part of the segment on endocrine disruptors did you find most interesting or disturbing? the intersex with the fish 8. Why? (Cite details.) they couldn’t tell what the sex of the fish were 9. Based on the information in the documentary, do you believe...
Words: 285 - Pages: 2
...BIO483 Exam #4 Review Comprehensive and/or early Weeks Know all conditions that cause splenomegaly All associated diseases with EBV Week 1 Mechanisms of Cellular Adaptation Types of necrosis and pathology where most likely found. Apply the definitions of Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Week 2 Pain Throughout Organ Systems General anatomy of kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, male and female reproductive organs. Costochondritis vs Angina Pectoris vs Myocardial Infarctions. Rheumatoid arthritis Gout lab findings Week 3 Fluid Balance and Edema Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers ...
Words: 1128 - Pages: 5
...Discovered in 1935 by gynecologists Irving F. Stein and Michael L. Leventhal, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome was named the “Stein-Leventhal syndrome” for many years thereafter (Adi & Tank, 122). The ovulation disorder of the ovaries in women, with a common symptom of infertility, is known today as a condition called Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, or PCOS. It is the result of an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. As a result, the imbalance produces the growth of benign masses or ovarian cysts. In addition, PCOS can cause irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, overproduction of insulin, and weight gain. PCOS affects approximately five million women in the United States between the ages of 15 and 44 (womenshealth.gov). Diagnosed through pelvic exams and blood tests, doctors visually or electronically (ultrasound) perform an examination of the reproductive organs for abnormalities in masses or growths. Blood tests measure the level of several hormones to omit the causes of abnormal menstrual cycles and excessive androgen production, similar to PCOS. Although many genetic variations have revealed an association to PCOS, no particular gene has emerged as a substantial genetic marker yet. However, genetics are believed to be a factor of PCOS, because it can be passed down from both parents. Surrounding the diagnosis of PCOS, women may experience symptoms such as acne, excess hair growth on the face, weight gain, thinning hair, irregular periods, depression...
Words: 656 - Pages: 3
...The Ashley Treatment has been, and still remains, controversial. A statement written by Ashley’s mom and dad stated that “Ashley had a normal birth, but her mental and motor faculties did not develop. Over the years, neurologists, geneticists, and other specialists conducted every known traditional and experimental test, but still could not determine a diagnosis or a cause. Doctor’s call her condition ‘static encephalopathy of unknown etiology’, which means an insult to the brain of unknown origin or cause, and one that will not improve.” The “The Ashley Treatment” is now a generic phrase coined in the health profession that refers to growth-stunting procedures for children with severe disabilities. This name was given in reference to a collection of medical procedures done for the improvement of Ashley’s quality of life. The treatment includes growth attenuation through high-dose estrogen therapy, hysterectomy to eliminate the menstrual cycle and associated discomfort to Ashley, and breast bud removal to avoid the development of large breasts and the associated discomfort to Ashley. The combination of the surgery and the estrogen therapy attracted a ton of public attention and ethical analysis in early 2007, both supportive and judging. The parents state that they sought such treatment for the best interests of their daughter, namely, to enable them to personally continue constant care for her at home; to maximize her inclusion in family activities; to avoid the cramps and...
Words: 1021 - Pages: 5
...ETHICAL DILEMMA ON MEDICAL RESEARCH (HUMANS AS SUBJECTS) I am in favor of the medical research on humans/infants that could save or benefit future generations. For as long as the researcher would strictly adhere to three principles to ethically conduct a research on human subjects it would always be fine for me. The first principle is, the researcher must believe that the human subject in the experiment has at least the same chance of doing as well as a patient in standard therapy. Second, human subjects must be selected equitably in the sense that the researcher must avoid vulnerable populations, such as the very sick and the poor. I believe that using money as an inducement is unethical. Third, a researcher still has to have informed consent or to have a document and a process where he/she explains the procedure, the risks and the benefits to the subject – to the guardian given the subject is infant. The researcher must understand that the informed consent document does not evidence either that the participant is informed or that he/she consents. There is an ethical duty on the researcher to make sure that the subject understands the process and risks and is not coerced into giving consent. I definitely condemn medical researcher who believes that his/her work is so important that it justifies compromising the human subject. The abovementioned principles must be upheld at all times within such kind of research. Researchers for thousand years have abused human subjects to obtain...
Words: 286 - Pages: 2
