...Relationship among Force, Power, Work and Energy Force, work, energy and power are words used frequently in our everyday lives. What exactly do they mean? To put it simply, force is that which causes an object to move, while work is done when that force causes movement. Energy is the inherent ability of any object to do work, while power is the rate at which that work is done. Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy is stored in an object due to virtue of its motion. Potential energy and kinetic energy are the two types of mechanical energy, and the law of conservation of mechanical energy is associated with the conservation of these two energies in a system. Mechanical energy is basically a combination of potential and kinetic energy. Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy According to the law of conservation of mechanical energy, in an isolated system, that is, in the absence of non-conservative forces like friction, the initial total energy of the system equals to the total energy of the system. Simply stated, the total mechanical energy of a system is always constant (in case of absence of non-conservative forces). For instance, if a ball is rolled down a frictionless roller coaster, the initial and final energies remain constant. Conservative forces are those that don't depend on the path taken by an object. For example, gravity, spring and electrical forces are examples of mechanical energy. Conservation of Mechanical Energy Equation The quantitative...
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...Geothermal energy which is heat energy can be found in almost everywhere on Earth. It is a renewable energy derived from heat deep in the Earth’s crust. The word “geothermal” comes from Greek words meaning “Earth” (geo) and heat (thermal), it means using the nature heat produced inside the Earth. (Davor Habjanec,2008)The use of geothermal energy occurred more than 10,000 years ago with the settlement of Paleo-Indians in hot springs. The technology of geothermal energy improved each year. In 1904, the first geothermal power plant was built in Larderello, Italy. Although geothermal energy's installation is expensive, it is an efficient and reliable energy resource which does not cause significant pollution, it is renewable, and we can predict the output power with remarkable accuracy. Commercial geothermal power projects which is the geothermal power plant, are expensive. The exploration and drilling of new reservoirs come with a steep price tag. Total costs usually end...
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...Pentium 4 Power Consumption John S. Seng Dean M. Tullsen Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0114 jseng,tullsen @cs.ucsd.edu Abstract This paper examines the effect of compiler optimizations on the energy usage and power consumption of the Intel Pentium 4 processor. We measure the effects of different levels of general optimization and specific optimization. We classify general optimizations as those compiler flags which enable a set of compiler optimizations. Specific optimizations are those which can be enabled and disabled individually. The three specific optimizations we study are loop unrolling, loop vectorization, and function inlining. The binaries used in this study are generated using the Intel C++ compiler, which allows fine-grained control over each of these specific optimizations. ¡ 1. Introduction The power consumption of general purpose microprocessors has reached a point where the problem has to be addressed at various levels of system design. Many circuit, architecture, and software algorithm techniques exist to reduce power, but one often overlooked area is the effect of the program code on power consumption. Some research has been done studying the effect of compiler optimizations on power consumption [8, 9]; this work has been generally limited to using architecture-level power models for power estimation. In this work we examine the effect of the compiler on the energy usage and power consumption...
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...Holt Physics—Chapter 5: Work and Energy Price I. Section 5.1—Work A. Definition of work 1. Work does not mean the same thing in Physics as it does in the everyday sense of the word. 2. Work is defined as a force causing a displacement. Work = force x displacement W = Fd 3. Work is NOT done on an object unless the displacement is greater than zero 4. The only forces that are considered to do work are those that are parallel to the displacement. 5. For this reason we use our trigonometric functions to calculate forces applied at an angle. Insert Fig 5-2 6. Note that Θ is the angle between the applied force and the displacement. 7. Work is described in Newtons x meters (force x displacement). The unit of work is the Joule (J) 8. 1 Newton meter = 1 Joule 9. Work is a vector with both direction AND magnitude. This means WORK CAN BE NEGATIVE! 10. Negative work is most commonly used to slow an object down or decrease its velocity. II. Section 5-2: Energy A. Kinetic Energy 1. Kinetic energy is associated with an object in motion. 2. Kinetic energy depends on speed and mass Kinetic Energy = ½mv2 3. Kinetic energy is a scalar and will use Joules as...
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...would happen to our world if our energy unexpectedly disappeared? Fossil fuels are very important to our world because they provide an overwhelming majority of our world energy. So, what happens when they run out? As the world enters a new century, new source of energy such as wind power need to be used more to help the world keep running on all cylinders. According to the American Wind Energy Association, “Wind power captures the natural wind in our atmosphere and converts it into mechanical energy then electricity. People started using wind power centuries ago with windmills, which pumped water, ground grain, and did other work. Today's wind turbine is a highly evolved version of a windmill. Modern wind turbines harness wind's kinetic energy and convert it into electricity.” Although wind turbines are always reliable, we should invest is wind energy because it creates safer jobs, it does not pollute, and will get more than your investment back. If you invest properly in wind power today and take advantage of any grants and tax incentives, even if your electric rates do not go up as they are forecast too, you will get your money back over time, well within the lifetime of the equipment, and sooner if there is a rate increase in the future. There are also environmental benefits. At one time there was an argument that a wind turbine will never produce as much power as was used to manufacture it. First of all, this is not correct. The, "Embodied Energy," in a turbine is earned back...
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...Chapter 2 ENERGY CONVERSION AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS W hether we realize it or not, energy is an important part of most aspects of daily life. The quality of life, and even its sustenance, depends on the availability of energy. Therefore, it is important to have a good understanding of the sources of energy, the conversion of energy from one form to another, and the ramifications of these conversions. Energy exists in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, electric, chemical, and nuclear. Even mass can be considered a form of energy. Energy can be transferred to or from a closed system (a fixed mass) in two distinct forms: heat and work. For control volumes, energy can also be transferred by mass flow. An energy transfer to or from a closed system is heat if it is caused by a temperature difference. Otherwise it is work, and it is caused by a force acting through a distance. We start this chapter with a discussion of various forms of energy and energy transfer by heat. We then introduce various forms of work and discuss energy transfer by work. We continue with developing a general intuitive expression for the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of energy principle, which is one of the most fundamental principles in nature, and we then demonstrate its use. Finally, we discuss the efficiencies of some familiar energy conversion processes, and examine the impact on energy conversion on the environment. Detailed treatments...
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...SUBMISSION To be affixed to all assessed work ------------------------------------------------- Name | Mohamad Idkhil | Student Number | 4982812 | Class and Literacy Tutor | Newton 1 | Project Number | 1 | Title | Discuss The role of technology in your subject area and examine how this role could change or develop in the future | Word Count | 960 | Academic Course after Pre-sessional | Electrical and Electronic engineering | Academic Course (tick) | /□ PG | Coventry University Pre-Sessional Programme ------------------------------------------------- PLAGIARISM DECLARATION To be affixed to all assessed work ------------------------------------------------- For an extensive account of what constitutes cheating and plagiarism, see Appendix 1 of the University’s General Regulations, which may be found on the Faculty’s Web. 4. Definition of cheating 4.1 Cheating is defined as a) […] b) any attempt to gain an unfair advantage in an assessment (including examinations). This includes (but is not confined to): i. copying from other candidates; ii. collusion; iii. impersonation; iv. plagiarism i.e. presenting the work of others as if it is one’s own (this includes buying or acquiring work/effort/programming code from another party (in full or in part) for the completion of an Assessment); v. the unacknowledged or un-referenced re-presentation of one’s own work (the submission of work presented previously or simultaneously...
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...strategies, customer base, and strengths and weaknesses. The success of a company depends upon these factors and if they format their business strategy to work within the different types of markets, if they can build upon their strengths and minimize their weaknesses, and provide the consumers with what they want. Market structures change depending on the condition of the market and the competition, in order for an organization to be successful, it has to be able to transform it business strategy to conform to market demands. Business strategies are decided after analyzing the market the company will compete in, competitors within that market and the consumer base. The organization that I chose to discuss is NV Energy. I will discuss the type of market that NV Energy operates in, why this market was chosen, How this company might work with other competitors in this market, and competitive strategies that could be used. NV Energy Nv Energy is the local power company established in Las Vegas Nevada. The type of market structure that Nv Energy operates in is called a Monopoly,in the case of NV Energy it is a public utility which is overseen by the government and allowed to operate as a monopoly. In a monopoly market structure a single company owns all or the majority of a market. In this case Nv Energy is a utility company which provides power to all of Nevada. In a monopoly market structure there is little to no competition, Because there is little to no competition the company can control...
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...Introduction What is Alternative Energy? Alternative energy can be defined as any source of energy used to interchange fuel resources without harming the environment or energy derived from other sources without the use of natural resources: burning fossil fuels such as carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming. There are several types of alternative energy such as: wind power (focus of this report), solar power, geothermal energy, hydroelectric energy, alcohol and many more available for use. What is Wind Power? Wind power, a reliable source of electricity, can be defined as producing energy from the wind. Wind power is simply converting wind energy into a usable form of energy. Wind power is actually a form of solar power as wind comes from the sun. When air moves, generating wind, it has a kinetic energy: the energy created when mass in motion. The wind’s kinetic energy can be caught and transformed to other customs of energy such as electricity or mechanical power which are examples of wind power. Some examples that utilize wind power to some extent are: wind turbines which are used to make electricity, wind mills, a form mostly used, are used for mechanical power or wind pumps for pumping water. Wind was one of the earliest forms of energy harnessed to do work, one of which is sails which propel ships. Wind is an entirely renewable resource hence the reason why it is considered a pure and clean form of energy. They are different types of wind...
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...Abstract Years to come, coal will not always be the main source of energy. It will soon run out and other ways to produce energy will be needed. There are different ways to produce this type of energy, such as solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power. If corrected and created now, then ways to get energy other than coal in the far future will be one less thing to worry about. Alternative Source of Energy Source of Energy A big discussion today is what humans can turn to now and in the future for energy. Everyone knows that coal will not last forever and in the meantime it is crucial to find an alternative to produce the amount of energy the world needs to survive. The faster our nation starts on alternative sources of energy and understands that fossil fuel hurts the nation and makes the country weaker, the better chance our nation will have in the time to come. There are different ideas of how to produce this energy such as solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power. Solar power is the energy used from the sun and is turned into thermal and electrical power (Winteringham, 1992). It is a very reliable source that can be used to produce energy. The sun has been around for a very long time and it is a source of energy that people can rely on in many places around the world. There are many advantages to solar energy. The main motive for most people is that solar power is free. Unlike coal, supplies for it are unlimited to use. Solar is efficient...
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...ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN COMMUNICATION A Summary of Green Radio: Radio Techniques to Enable Energy Efficient Wireless Networks Adeel Akhtar, MSIT (Cont.), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Salman Fayyaz Khan, MSIT (Cont.), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Syeda Tahira Bano, MSIT (Cont.), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ABSTRACT This draft contains the overview of project “Green Radio”, to make the wireless communication efficient in terms of energy consumptions. Concurrent document describes the technical background of the project, some initiatives before publish this article and the current state of the art developments in this project. It includes also some research directions to which significant energy consumption can be achieved. INTRODUCTION There is an urge on environmental grounds to decrease the energy requirements of radio access networks as there is a vast increase in the number of mobile subscribers, the progress to higher-datarate mobile broadband, and the significant addition of information technology to the overall energy loss of the world. In the Information Technology Industry mobile phone communication contributes to a major proportion of the total energy consumed. The main reasons for the Mobile VCE Green Radio Program are to reduce to expenditure costs and carbon emissions for wireless cellular network. The Green Radio program aims to achieve a hundred times reduction in power consumption...
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...CHAPTER 2a ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT, WORK & MASS CONTENTS Forms of Energy Energy Transfer by Heat Energy Transfer by Work Mechanical Forms of Work The First Law of Thermodynamics Energy Balance for close system Energy Conversion Efficiencies FORMS OF ENERGY • Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total energy, E of a system. Thermodynamics deals only with the change of the total energy. Macroscopic forms of energy: Those a system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies. Microscopic forms of energy: Those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity. Internal energy, U: The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy. Kinetic energy, KE: The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some reference frame. Potential energy, PE: The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational field. The macroscopic energy of an object changes with velocity and elevation. • • • • • • ENERGY EQUESIONS Kinetic energy Kinetic energy per unit mass Potential energy Most of the closed system remains stationary, so for that system; KE = PE = 0 Potential energy per unit mass Total energy of a system Energy of a system per unit mass Total energy per unit mass PROBLEM Determined the mass...
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...Turbines Most Energy Efficient How does a wind turbine’s output vary with wind pressure (height of water), the flow rate, size of the motor, and type of blade? Introduction There are many types of energy used today: Fossil fuels, coal, nuclear energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, hydroelectric energy, wind energy, and biofuels and biomass. Non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels and coal are diminishing since it cannot be recycled, unlike wind energy (renewable). Also, use of non-renewable energy like coal causes environmental issues. It can be dangerous to retrieve and also heavily pollutes the environment from use of it. The more we use non-renewable energy, the less there is, meaning the prices go up. Oil spills from off shore drilling such as the BP oil spill the Gulf of Mexico polluted sea water. Although nuclear energy is a renewable energy, it could cause a disaster to human beings if the nuclear energy plant is damaged, such as the Japan nuclear power plant disaster. It is desirable to use and develop renewable, clean and safe energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, and hydrogen energy to decrease and prevent any risk of casualties or complications. Washington State produces the energy in the nation, and producing for itself 70 percent of electricity that is consumed. On a slightly bigger scale, 75 percent of America relies on water energy to power our homes and other facilities. Globally, hydroelectric power provides...
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...DANIERE How to produce electricity with solar energy? Renewable energy If our energy for the future only depended from the sun How to produce electricity with solar energy? -1- How to produce electricity with solar energy? Summary INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 I) CURRENT SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) TECHNOLOGIES (by Sui CHEN) a) b) c) d) e) Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Solar energy map ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4 The cell basic construction………………………………………………………………………. 5 Material of photovoltaic cell ………………………………………………………………….... 6 Array design and sun tracking………………………………………………………………….. 7 II) SOLAR PANEL FOR BUILDING (by Rahul KAPADIA) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Preface…………………………………………………………………………………......................... 9 Overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Why are solar panels important……………………………………………………………….. 9 Solar panel arrays…………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 Account of daily producing power......................................................................... 10 Solar panel installation……………………………………………………………………………… 11 Precautions………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11 Battery system for solar panel……………………………………………………………………. 11 How many solar panels to recharge the battery…………………………………………... 12 III) APPLICATION OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING (by Geeta PANDE) a) Application of solar energy for rural electrification……………………………….….. 13 b)...
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...Tidal Power What is tidal energy? * Tidal Energy is the utilization of the variations in sea level cause primarily by the gravitational effects of the moon, combined with the rotation of the Earth. * Tidal power is a way to generate electricity by taking energy from the sea. * Tidal power generation works differently to hydro-electricity, and wave power. * The tides contain energy that can be harnessed to produce electricity Some Tidal Plant’s are: * Tidal Fences are fences that block any channels that forces water to go through it and turn it’s turbines to generate electricity. * Barrage Tidal plants are the most common type of tidal plant. A dam or a barrage is installed usually when there is a narrow water channel with gates and turbines at certain points * Tidal Turbines work like an underwater wind turbine, using the tides to turn blades and generate electricity. How does it work? * Tidal Energy works more like hydro-electric scheme, except the dam is much more bigger. * A huge dam called a “barrage” is built across a rive estuary, and when the tide goes in and out, the water flow’s through tunnels in the dam. Advantages: * Once you’ve built it, tidal power is free * It produces no greenhouse gases or other water * It needs no fuel * It produces electricity reliably * It is not expensive to maintain * Tides are totally predictable * Offshore turbines and vertical-axis turbines are not really expensive...
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