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Behaviorisme opgave
1: Klassiske betingninger er der massevis af i vores hverdag. Jeg har nogle eksempler jeg gerne vil komme med, taget ud fra min hverdag. Eksempelvis med hensyn til om morgenen. Vækkeuret på min telefon ringer, Argh ikke allerede nu tænker jeg i halvt søvne. Udsætter med 5-10 minutter. Dum ide, for jeg føler mig ikke just mere udhvilet på grund af de par minutter ekstra. Dette er en klassisk betingning for mig. Jeg reagerer ( R ) på at mit vækkeur på telefonen ringer, jeg bliver påvirket af det, og udsætter derefter vækkeuret. Mine ydre og indre sanser bliver påvirket ( S ) . Dette er blevet en indgroet vane (desværre). For den gavner mig ikke just. Endnu en klassisk betingning kunne være angående vores kat. Min kæreste og jeg bor sammen, og vi har som sagt en lille kat. Vi syntes at eftersom hun er en indekat, så skal hun alligevel have lov til at komme ud engang i mellem og dufte til den friske natur. Så vi har en snor til hende, og hver gang en af os finder den frem, så er hun straks ved døren, hun ved udmærket godt hvad der skal til at ske. Lige lidt ”viften” med snoren, det er nok til at hun kommer løbende med det samme hun hører os ser snoren. Den lyd snoren giver fra sig og synet af den, er blevet en klassisk betingning for hende. Hun reagerer ved lyden, forbinder den lyd med noget godt der skal til at ske, og hun får påvirket hendes ydre og indre sanser. En klassisk betingning for mig, kan også være i forbindelse med en gyser/horror film. En klassisk betingning bliver fremkaldt med det samme filmen starter. Det dystre uhyggelige musik der bevæger sig ind i mine ører. Musikken er nok til at gøre mig bange eller skræmt i forhold til filmen. Netop fordi jeg associerer med alle de andre gyser film jeg har set, med ligeså uhyggelig musik i de film også. Den form for musik der optræder i den slags film er en klassisk betingning for mig. Og netop dette har jeg et godt eksempel. Jeg er ca. 6 år gammel, min mor og storebror skal til at se IT. Den har min storebror nemlig fået lov til at se fordi han er lidt ældre end mig. Det er jeg rigtig træt af på daværende tidspunkt. Så jeg lister mig ind under spisebordet og begiver mig ud i at se med. Det skulle jeg ALDRIG have gjort. Det skal så lige nævnes at filmen omhandler en meget grim og uhyggelig klovn. Den film er nu skyld i at jeg er så bange for klovne.
2: Der er et rigtig godt eksempel på en uhensigtsmæssig situation, og den er nævnt i det tidligere spørgsmål. Det med klovne. Jeg var så interesseret i og opsat på at jeg skulle da så absolut se den film, hvilket resulterede i en frygt for klovne. Der var en situation hvor det kom op i mig igen. Min kæreste og jeg skulle have vores første overnatning sammen, og det var oppe i hans gamle lejlighed. Vi skulle se en masse film og bare hygge, vi satte IT på, og jeg tænkte ved mig selv åh nej, men nå, jeg havde min kæreste ved min side så det skulle nok gå. Martin (min kæreste) var så træt og han ville ligge sig til at sove, og der gik jeg bare fuldstændig i baglås. ”Du må ikke ligge dig til at sove, vi ser jo IT”. ”Du ved jeg ikke tør se den selv”. Nå, men han ville altså sove, og der gik så vidt jeg husker, ikke særlig lang tid før han var faldet i søvn. Jeg gik næsten helt i panik, jeg ledte fabrilsk efter fjernbetjeningen så jeg bare kunne få slukket for den dumme film og ligge mig til at sove. Og det skal lige tilføjes, jeg er stadig meget bange for klovne.
3: Klassisk betingning i skolelivet. Det er der helt klart. Når jeg for eksempel møder ind mandag morgen i skolen, så skal der lige siges hej til alle dem der allerede er kommet på nuværende tidspunkt. Om mandagen hvor vi starter ud med at have dansk, så finder jeg mine dansk papirer plus bøger frem. Det er en indgroet klassisk betingning for mig. Det samme ved de andre fag. Om der er undervisning der særligt lægger op til indlæring via klassisk betingning. Det kan jeg ikke helt svare på, på nuværende tidspunkt.
4: Ja! Det kan der sagtens, som nævnt længere oppe, med min skræk for klovne, hvordan den opstod, og hvordan jeg har det med gyserfilm. Jeg kan blive meget skræmt over filmene, men det afholder mig ikke fra at se dem. Med hensyn til fobier, jeg er meget bange for edderkopper og kan ikke helt forklare hvorfor. Men er sikker på frygten er opstået ved en træls/dum oplevelse. Jeg kan simpelthen ikke huske det, men sagen er i hvert fald den at jeg ikke kan eller vil se Arachnophobia. Ikke på vilkår. Hvis jeg bladrer igennem et blad, zapper på tvèt, og der lige pludselig kommer en edderkop der popper frem, så får jeg bare et kæmpe chok, jeg kan sidde og være bange længe efter og ryste helt. Det der taler for at man kan udvikle sådan en frygt, er jo eksempelvis Skinner`s forsøg med Albert og rotten. I starten er Albert meget glad for rotten, men senere hen i forløbet forsøger de sig med at banke på et rør samtidig med Albert sidder med rotten. Denne situation som starter ud med at være en god situation for Albert, udvikler sig til at blive skrækkeligt for drengen. Han ender med at udvikle en frygt for rotter, og i det hele taget andre dyr, netop fordi situationen blev en helt anden for ham end hvad den startede med at være. Det blev en utryg situation.
5: Den måde jeg lærte at tegne på, var med prøve-fejle metoden (Trial and Error). Jeg har altid godt kunne lide at tegne, men jeg var jo ikke så god i starten. Jeg prøvede og prøvede, og jeg fejlede selvfølgelig imens, men jeg blev jo gradvist bedre og bedre. Øvelse gør mester som man siger. Jeg vil ikke mene at decideret straf er særlig hensigtsmæssig i forhold til indlæring af forskellige ting. Det er slet ikke nødvendigt, det kan bare gøre en person så usikker, og ender ud i at man giver op. Skinner`s teori står jeg inde for, jeg går ikke ind for straf, hellere positiv forstærkning.
6: Straf ville være meget problematisk i forhold til børneopdragelse syntes jeg. At få en straf for noget man måske ikke kan finde ud af som barn, er bare en hjælp til at gøre dem usikre på sig selv. De kan som Skinner siger, ende ud i at de bliver bange for den enkelte omsorgsperson der straffer, og miste tillid til omverdenen, og få dårlig selvtillid. Så hellere Trial and Error metoden. De fejler til at starte ud med, men de for lov til at fejle, lige indtil det sidder på rygraden. Og undervejs får de stille og roligt bygget en selvtillid op omkring dem selv, og får tanken : ”Jeg kan godt!”. Straf er simpelthen en dårlig cocktail at blande ind i børneopdragelse. Det nytter ikke noget at straffe det enkelte barn, midt i en læringsproces. Det fremmer bestemt ikke deres udvikling.
7: Som nævnt tidligere, ja. Skinner gik jo ind for at der ikke skulle være straf indblandet i børneopdragelsen. Jeg mener bestemt ikke at straf er en nødvendighed i børneopdragelse. Straffen ville bare bidrage til at man eksempelvis udvikler en klassisk betinget frygt for opdrageren, og hele situationen.
8: Jeg vil helt klart foretrække en tidsbestemt/månedslønnet stilling. Jeg har arbejdet i børnehaver og vuggestuer, og der har jeg haft fast løn hver måned, altså en tidsbestemt stilling. Det er simpelthen det der virker bedst for mig. Jeg kan godt lide det er faste rammer jeg er i, og ville nødigt have et job hvor jeg var fx provisionslønnet.
9: ¨Skinner mener at det er langt mere hensigtsmæssig rigtigt at belønne i stedet for at straffe i forhold til at kontrollere og forme en adfærd. Derfor er det positivt.
10: Ja det gør der overalt. Undervisningsmaskiner, dvs. computere osv. Det kan være en bestemt fordel, hvis man skal have undersøgt noget meget hurtigt, så kan man lige gå en tur på nettet, men sådan klassemæssigt set, så syntes jeg ikke det er en absolut nødvendighed. Der vil jeg hellere at læreren har forberedt sig inden han kommer og skal undervise, og har sit stof klar, og får det fremført mundtligt for klassen. Det foretrækker jeg helt klart, men hjemme er det jo rart man lige kan suse forbi internettet og finde oplysninger, men det kan man jo ligeså vel også i de bøger man har fået udleveret.
11: Selve symptomet er en sygdom i adfærdsterapi. Det menes med at symptomerne er et udryk for uhensigtsmæssig adfærd ud fra en fejlet indlæring. Målet med terapien er at få vendt det uhensigtsmæssige adfærd, til en mere hensigtsmæssig adfærd.
12: En psykoanalytisk terapeut ville nok mene at man skulle kigge mere ind i sig selv, end for eksempel at der ville blive sat spørgsmålstegn i forhold til ens adfærd.
13: Hans eksperiment har vist sig at være rigtig vigtig. Det fortæller meget om mennesket og hvad et menneske er i stand til ud fra Stimulis ( S ) og reaktion ( R ). Tænkning og de intellektuelle funktioner er dem der er med til at danne vores adfærd og med til at skabe mening i det der sker i omverdenen, og bearbejdning af dette.
14: Risikoen er der vil jeg mene, eftersom jeg har hørt om en ung fyr i USA, der gik amok på en skole med en motorsav, efter han havde set The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. Så ja alt er relativt.
15: Imitation er en vigtig indlæringsform blandt mennesker og især på skoler, fordi det er med til at give/skabe en bedre indlæring. Det med at se hvad andre gør, også prøve selv kan være en hjælp, men også bare det med at hjælpe andre til at lære. Det giver en selv selvtillid, men også dem man hjælper. Imitation er en meget vigtig form for læring.

Marie Falk Jensen M2

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...Indholdsfortegnelse Engelsk Grammatik 3 Bindeord engelsk 3 Biord engelsk 4 Ejefald engelsk 5 Bestemt artikel og ubestemt artikel engelsk 7 Dato på engelsk 8 Forholdsord engelsk 10 Forkortelser på engelsk 11 Navneord engelsk 13 Ordstilling engelsk 15 Omvendt ordstilling engelsk 15 Ligefrem ordstilling engelsk 16 Stedord engelsk 18 Henførende stedord engelsk 20 Spørgende stedord engelsk 21 Tillægsord engelsk 22 Udsagnsord engelsk 24 Uregelmæssige udsagnsord engelsk 27 Mådeudsagnsord engelsk 29 Førnutid engelsk 30 Engelsk grammatik øvelser 31 Udvidet tid engelsk 32 Datid engelsk 33 Førdatid engelsk 34 Fremtid engelsk 35 Tegnsætning engelsk 36 Komma på engelsk 38 2 / 31 Engelsk Grammatik Bliv bedre til engelsk grammatik og scor højere karakterer i engelsk med vores guide! Der er mange ting at være opmærksom på i skriftlig engelsk. Stavning er én ting, men særligt opmærksom skal man være, når det gælder engelsk grammatik. Hvordan bøjer man fx uregelmæssige verber, og hvad er forskellen på artiklerne ’a’ og ’an’? Denne guide til engelsk grammatik giver dig en oversigt over de vigtigste grammatikregler, så du på en let og overskuelig måde får hjælp til at skrive en grammatisk korrekt engelsk tekst. Guiden fokuserer på de områder inden for engelsk grammatik, som danske skoleelever har størst problemer med. Komp...

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Engelsk Grammatik

...1. delprøve - Engelsk B Opgave A 1. Its high time to deal with the problem. - It´s high time to deal with the problem. 2. Smoking has became less acceptably in society. - Smoking has become less acceptable in society. 3. You cant be too careful when you travel abroad this days. - You cannot be too careful when you travel abroad these days. 4. They shaked their head when they heard the news. - They shake their heads when they heard the news. 5. They gone to see the latest Harry Potter film, but it was very disappointment. - They went to see the latest Harry Potter film, but it was very disappointing. 6. All the islanders greets us very enthusiastic. - All the islanders greet us very enthusiastically. 7. This is the building there has a monument at the front. - This is the building that has a monument in the front. 8. The baby cry constantly and will not be comfortet. - The baby cries constantly and will not be comforted. 9. Who’s side are you on? - Who is the side are you on? 10. Northern Lights is a popular book who where written by Philip Pullman. - Northern Lights is a popular book that was written by Philip Pullman. Opgave B 11. He asked me if I could come. (om) 12. It rains a lot because the temperatures are rising globally. (fordi) 13. If you do your homework, you are sure to get good grades. (hvis) 14. We used to watch TV while my brother was cleaning the house. (mens) 15. My uncle hates spending...

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Engelsk Essay

...There are several tales of love and lust told throughout many generations in Greek mythology, but none can quite compare to the dark, tempting, and unwanted love story of Hades and Persephone.Legend has it; Hades fell in love with Persephone the minute he laid his beady, dark eyes on her. Persephone was relaxing in her place of sanctuary; a glade at the base of a tall mountain while Hades was taking his weekly venture on the living ground. It was then that Hades saw Persephone and he immediately loved her. He loved her for her beauty, her alluring voice, and determined spirit. Hades had heard of Persephone before, but he never knew how beautiful she truly was.

Now, Hades knew her mother Demeter, goddess of the harvest, and he knew that she would never hand over Persephone’s hand in marriage. Still, the thought of returning to the Underworld without the beloved Persephone made his heart ache. So, he resolved to take her by force.
When Persephone saw Hades lingering amongst the trees, she wasn’t frightened, she was more curious than anything. She didn’t recognize him, but she knew he wasn’t mortal, but he didn’t look like the other gods on Mount Olympus. When they locked gazes and his red eyes fell on hers, she shivered.
Persephone went on to ask Hades his name and he replied, announcing his reign over the Underworld. As they conversed back and forth, curious about one another, Hades finally admitted that he loved Persephone with all his heart and he wouldn’t dare leave without...

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Engelsk Essay

...Section A -Focus on attitudes to race in Obama’s America 1. Give an outline of the different attitudes to the situation of African Americans presented in text 1, 2 and 3. Yolanda Young’s text (text 1 - “Black is being seen in a whole new light”) is about her own experience. She writes about that nearly 20 years ago, she could walk down the street and not being noticed at all, as if she was invisible. But since Obama got elected she now gets noticed and she becomes overwhelmed with compliments. Yolanda Young is stating the fact that, in the modern world, there are many black stars “Of course there have always been black women who were embraced as beautiful: super-models Tyra Banks and Naomi Campbell come to mind”. Also a test was made with a couple of black children. The children was handed over a white and a black doll and was asked which of the dolls were the best and the prettiest. Almost half of them said that it was the white doll. Eric Holder’s text (text 2 - “Black History Month”) is about a speech which he is making. His attitude against the black people in the US is very positive. He thinks that it is really important that everyone is treated equally, and that everyone, no matter race, is feeling welcome in the country. “As a nation we have done a pretty good job in melding the races in the workplace”. People have to talk honest and openly about the racial problems in order create a gathered nation. Walter Backstrom’s text (text 3 - “The obsession over race continues”)...

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