...The Engine The engine is a machine that converts chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy. The heat from combustion of a fuel produces power which propels the car. Sometimes the engine is even called the power plant of a car. There are two types of engine 1. Internal combustion engine( combustion of fuel takes place internally) 2.External combustion engine( combustion of fuel takes place externally) In the external combustion engines the power is generated outside the engine cylinder by burning the fuel and it is transferred to the cylinder by means of some working fluid (steam) to do work.The example for an external combustion engine is a steam engine which was used in the locomotives,this is a double acting engine which means the pressure acts on both sides of the piston alternatively making it to reciprocate inside the cylinder. In an Internal combustion engine the power is developed inside the engine cylinder by burning the fuel in the cylinder itself.The heat energy produced during the combustion of fuel is converted into mechanical energy by the expansion of gases against the piston due to which it rotates the crankshaft attached to it by means of a connecting rod (connecting rod is used to connect the piston with the crankshaft to convert the reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft). Types of internal combustion engine Engines can be classified in many different ways: By the engine cycle used, the layout of...
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...Engine Architecture In the preceding chapter several concepts basic to diesel and spark ignition engine were covered. Building on this background, this chapter introduces the steps involved in designing a new engine to meet the needs of particular customers and markets. The chapter begins with a summary of criteria and customer expectations which must be met in the design of an engine. The criteria include both limitations placed on the design by available technology and production costs, and the regulations which must be met in the chosen markets. The engine operating map is then summarized in terms of torque and horsepower versus engine speed. Determining the required engine displacement, and the relationship between displacement and boost is then covered, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of engine configuration, focusing on determining the optimum bore to stroke ratio. 2.1 Product and Technical Profiles The first step in designing a new engine is to develop a clear understanding of the markets to which the engine will be supplied, and the needs and expectations of customers in each market. The relative importance of various engine attributes will vary from one market to another, and unfortunately this often results in compromises when attempting to develop an engine for more than a single market. Attributes important to the customer fall into the two categories of product performance and operational cost. Product performance includes such attributes...
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...Turbine Engines The history of turbine engines date back to nearly a century ago when Frank Whittle was the first to register a patent in 1930; six years later Hans von Ohain registered his independent work (Bellis, 2012). Frank Whittle, as an English aviation engineer and pilot, gained private financial support to start designing and manufacturing his first turbojet in January 1930 (Bellis, 2012). His first engine was a single-stage centrifugal compressor attached to a single-stage turbine was tested in 1937 (Bellis, 2012). The jet engine has become very complex engine based on simple concepts; in simplest terms, the jet engine produces thrust for flight by compressing, combustion, and accelerating air out the exhaust faster than when it came in the inlet. Throughout my career, I have maintained, troubleshot, and repaired several different types of turbine engines, all of which are similar because of this theory of operation. When looking at a jet engine, everyone usually sees the fan blades, but before this component, there is the inlet, or intake, which is the structure in front of the fan. For aircraft that cannot fly supersonically, the inlet is a basic housing that directs air straight into the fan; for much faster aircraft, the inlet is longer and contains a slight curve as it leads to the fan. This is because when the aircraft is flying at supersonic speeds, the air entering the jet engine must be slowed to subsonic speeds (“the jet engine,” n.d.). It is...
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...Herschel Soumahoro 02/04/2014 Game Engine 1. What is a game engine? The concept of a game engine is fairly simple: it exists to abstract the details of doing common game-related tasks, like rendering, physics, and input, so that developers can focus on the details that make their games unique. 2. Why do we need game engines? The developer needs the game engine basically to function and without it the game will not run properly without glitches. 3. What is an API? What is an Application Framework? What are the differences between an API and an Application Framework? APIs are the software interfaces that operating systems, libraries, and services provide so that you can take advantage of their particular features. The Application Framework lets you customize existing applications or build applications from scratch without writing any code. An API is an interface to a (set of) component(s) encapsulating a functionality. For instance, the GoogleMaps API, the DirectX or OpenGL APIs, while a framework is more a set of tools, components aimed at helping the developer to develop his/her project in a given Frame. An API is something code has, not something it is. A framework has an API, but it is not itself an API. 4. Describe the components of a game engine. software component is a software element that conforms to a component model and can be independently deployed and composed without modification according to a composition standard. A component model...
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...Steam engines are external combustion engines,[1] where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler. In general usage, the term steam engine can refer to either the integrated steam plants (including boilers etc.) such as railway steam locomotives and portable engines, or may refer to the piston or turbine machinery alone, as in the beam engine and stationary steam engine. Specialized devices such as steam hammers and steam pile drivers are dependent on the steam pressure supplied from a separate boiler. Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606.[2] In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial...
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...FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES INTRODUCTION The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane. THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE The basic principle of the airplane turbine engine is identical to any and all engines that extract energy from chemical fuel. The basic 4 steps for any internal combustion engine are: 1. Intake of air (and possibly fuel). 2. Compression of the air (and possibly fuel). 3. Combustion, where fuel is injected (if it was not drawn in with the intake air) and burned to convert the stored energy. 4. Expansion and exhaust, where the converted energy is put to use. In the case of a piston engine, such as the engine in a car or reciprocating airplane engine, the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust steps occur in the same place (cylinder head) at different times as the piston goes up and down. In the turbine engine, however, these same four steps occur at the same time but in different places. As a result of this fundamental difference, the turbine has engine sections called: 1. 2. 3. 4. The inlet section The compressor section The combustion section (the combustor) The turbine (and exhaust) section. The turbine section of the gas turbine engine has the task of producing usable output shaft power to drive the propeller...
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...The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine) is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber is initiated by the high temperature which a gas achieves when greatly compressed (adiabatic compression). This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. A Diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906 The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburnt fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2] Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed later. In the 1930s...
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...of fuel injection strategies on the performance and Emissions in HCCI engine Name: Institution: Keywords: HCCI engine, Fuel injection strategies, performance, emissions Introduction. Internal combustion (IC) engines have a wide range of application; therefore, reduction of emissions levels is an important design consideration [1]. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is as an attractive alternative that offers various advantages in internal combustion engines including the potential for significant reduction in PM and NOx as well as increased diesel efficiencies [2-4]. The HCCI technique involves the compression of a homogeneous mixture of fuel and air until auto-ignition occurs followed by Combustion that is considerably faster than Spark Ignition (SI) combustion [6]. The HCCI’s engine performance (including brake thermal efficiency, combustion phasing and emissions levels) is commonly predicted using numerical methods. Hairuddin et al [5] discuss the various strategies used in numerical method (such as multi zone and single zone models turbulence model and mixing model) and injection methods of predicting performance among other issues related to the HCCI engine. Various studies have shown that the can improve the thermal efficiency of the engine while simultaneously maintaining low levels of emissions and that HCCI technology can be realized by modifying either CI or SI engines using several fuel combinations [7,8]. In HCCI the fuel/air mixture...
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...Diesel Invention: Diesel Engine Year: 1892 The diesel engine is the most efficient prime mover commonly available today. Diesel engines move a large portion of the world's goods, power much of the world's equipment, and generate electricity more economically than any other device in their size range. However, the diesel is one of the largest contributors to environmental pollution problems worldwide, and will remain so, with large increases expected in vehicle population and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) increasing global emissions. Diesel emissions contribute to the development of cancer; cardiovascular and respiratory health effects; pollution of air, water, and soil; soiling; reductions in visibility; and global climate change. The main changes required to use diesel fuel are driving a different car, locating diesel-fueling stations, and knowing the differences in fuel economy, greenhouse gas emissions, and other aspects that arise from using diesel as a fuel instead of gasoline. While diesel has merit to help an individual save money and prolong the life of his or her vehicle, it also has negative side effects. The regulation requires diesel trucks and buses that operate in California to be upgraded to reduce emissions. Heavier trucks must be retrofitted with PM filters beginning January 1, 2012, and older trucks must be replaced starting January 1, 2015. By January 1, 2023, nearly all trucks and buses will need to have 2010 model year engines or equivalent. I think the...
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...affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. Rudolf Diesel and his invention diesel engine is the object of the paper. The goal of the paper is to analize this invention, talk about Rudolf Diesel and his theory of diesel engine, its advantages and disadvantages, types and working principles. The diesel engines of today are refined and improved versions of Rudolf Diesel's original concept. They are often used in submarines, ships, locomotives, and large trucks and in electric generating plants. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advancedeconomies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Contents INTRODUCTION 4 1. Rudofl Diesel. Biography 5 2. HISTORY 6 3. How diesel engines work 7 3.1. Early fuel injection systems 7 3.2. Mechanical and electronic injection 8 3.3. Direct injection 8 4. Types 9 4.1. Size Groups. 9 4.2. Basic Types of Diesel Engines 9 4.3. Gas generator 10 4.4. Modern High- and Medium-speed Engines 10 5. Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition...
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...AND OPERATION OF TYPICAL SEARCH ENGINE INTRODUCTION Design of information retrival system to find out the stored information on a computer system is known as search engine. It is used to links to documents, web sites, text snippets, images, videos etc. first they have to process hundreds of millions of issues and searches every day and answer to the queries in milliseconds. Search engine is a general class of program. Many key factors and requirement of the user should be taken into account by the search engine secondly the resources on world wide web must be update constantly. Wheather it may continuously add of data, removed or change of data( the overall changing is upto 8% a week). Third the user express should be make use of available syntactic features with limited express power of that language. As we know that search engine is a designed program which help the user to retriev data stored in the computer such as world wide web or from a personal computer. The user can retriev the data with list of references which match the criteria of the user quickly and efficently this can done only by search engine with reguarly updated indexes. In other words search engine is a sophisticated peace of software which can access on a website which allows user to access the web page by entering the queries in the search box. There are two types of search indexes which will be access for the web search directories crawler-based search engine Directories : unlike serach...
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...INFORMATION SYSTEMS A PAPER ON Web search engine SUBMITTED TO: MD MOQBUL HOSSAIN BHUIYA PROFESSOR DEPT. OF MIS UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA SUBMITTED BY: Sanjida Sharmin ROLL# MIS 06-83 UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA A paper on Web search engine ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to our course instructor MD MOQBUL HOSSAIN BHUIYA for inspiring me to know about INFORMATION TECHONOLOGY and then prepare an assignment on web search engine. This is the way I want to know the INFORMATION TECHONOLOGY and I feel myself sufficient now. Although, it is little about the topic, however I must cite that he gave me the apt direction and showed me the accurate way to complete the assignment in a creative way. TABLE OF CONTENTS Index Page General information 5 1. History 5-7 2. How it works 8-9 3. List of search engine 10-13 4. Market share 14 5. Bias 14 6. Facilities 14 7. Why I choose this topic??? 14 8. Reference 15 General information A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers...
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...are 2-seat, high-wing monoplane composite aircraft of monocoque construction. They are equipped with fixed tricycle landing gear of composite construction. The steerable nose gear is a welded metal, trailing link assembly with rubber springs.The aircraft is equipped with JABIRU, 4 cylinder, 4 stroke engines driving a wooden fixed pitch propeller. Engine Models The Jabiru 2200J Engine is certified to the CS-22 Subpart H Design Standard by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority of Australia. The CASA Type Certificate Number for the 2200J Engine is 160-2. Specifications of the engine are available on the Type Certificate Data Sheet attached to the Type Certificate. Aircraft specification History The company was formed in 1988 by Rodney Stiff and Phil Ainsworth to manufacture affordable light aircraft in kit and certified forms. In October 1991, the first aircraft (Jabiru LSA 55/2k), was certified by the Australian Civil Aviation Authority. Due to the original engine manufacturer ceasing production of aero engines, the company started development of its own engines, and by 1995 the Jabiru 2200, a horizontally-opposed four-cylinder aircooled aviation engine, was available for delivery. Since then the six-cylinder Jabiru 3300 and eight-cylinder Jabiru 5100 have been added to the range. Also in 1995, it was decided to offer the aircraft range as amateur-build or experimental self-build kits. The microlight version of the Jabiru two-seater aircraft, the Jabiru...
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...Search Engine Industry History of search engine The need for search services grew with the expanding reach and magnitude of the World Wide Web. One of the earliest search services, Yahoo!, was a directory of sites selected and organized into categories by human editors. The Web soon grew too large for directory-based search. AltaVista invented technology that automated search, relying on software “spiders” that created a searchable index of page contents and on algorithms that ranked page relevance based on the frequency of keyword references. Yahoo! added AltaVista’s algorithmic search engine, but in 1998 replaced AltaVista with Inktomi, which used parallel-processing networks to offer faster processing and a larger index. As website developers exploited search algorithms by repeating keywords on their pages, searches increasingly returned irrelevant listings—”spam”—that frustrated users. In 1998, Sergey Brin and Larry Page tackled this problem as graduate students at Stanford. Their PageRank algorithm reliably delivered more relevant searches by favoring pages that were referenced—”linked to”—by other pages. These links were called “votes,” because they signaled that another page’s webmaster had decided that the focal page deserved attention. The focal page’s importance was determined by counting the number of votes it received, weighting votes more heavily when they were cast by pages that Google had previously deemed to be important. This approach required PageRank to...
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...com/intl/en/about/corporate/company/>. This is a searching engine called Google, when someone write a blog post, tweet, update a site, or otherwise add content to the web. Google bots crawl the web come across the post, once it crawled, the page is indexed within seconds, and Google estimates the domain and page’s overall authority based on links, it is very easy to be use, only if the wire is available. Google provide nearly everything about the world, regardless of questions, Google will solve any problems. In my opinion, Google is the best way to this method, because it is the biggest searching engine in the world. It contains the whole resources from every corner of the world. Bibliography bing.com. 14 December 2011. <http://www.bing.com/>. This is a searching engine called Bing, The main goal of Microsoft's Bing is to make search results easier for users to navigate. Bing's approach consists of several innovative features. For example: This tool helps you sort through search results. It also contains a search history and recommends alternative searches based on your keywords. Bing produces a lot of instant answers; this feature displays the most relevant bits of information about your search, such as sports scores and flight numbers. Type the keywords to Bing.com. It will come out a lot of resources people can use. Bibliography fundooweb.com. 4 April 1998. <http://fundooweb.com/>. This is a searching engine called Yahoo; the results which someone searches...
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