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Engineer

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ÇEVİRİBİLİM ODAKLI YAKLAŞIMLAR VE KURAMLAR
6.1.ÇOĞUL DİZGE KURAMI
Çoğul dizge kuramı,çeviri yazınını ekinsel bir bağlam içinde ele alıp ,erek dizgeye ait yazınsal dizgede ona özel önem veren bir kuramdır.Bu kuram 1970’li yıllarda Even Zohar tarafından öne sürülmüş.Çeviri kuramını devingen bir sistem içerisinde ele alan ilk kuram olması açısından çeviribilimde özel bir yeri vardır.Even Zohar ,diğer yazın tarihçilerinin aksine,çeviri yazının ulusal yazındaki yerini ve işlevsel rolünü yadsımaz.Ona göre ekin,’’yapısallaşmanın’’tetikleyicisi olarak bir yandan toplumda sistemli bir dizge yaratan ,toplumu harekete geçiren bir öğedir.Bir başka deyişle,ekinsel dizelge(repertuvar),durağanlık ve devingenliğin çatışması sonucu ortaya çıkar.Bu dizelge,toplumun ya gerçekten bilinmeyen ya da kasıtlı olarak bildirilmeyen üyeleri tarafından oluşturulduğu gibi ,bilinçli ve açıkça toplumun kurumları tarafından da oluşturulabilir.
Bir dizelgeye giren ürünlerden bir kısmı erek ekin dizelgesiyle bütünleşip ,onun kopmaz bir parçası olur.Aktarma işlemi de, işte böyle bir sürecin sonucunda gerçekleşir.Zohar’ın özellikle ‘’aktarılmış ürünler’’e deyimini kullanması ,dikkati erek dizelgede ‘’kabul görmüş ürünler’’e çeker.Zohar’ın dikkat çektiği başka bir nokta ise çeviri yöntemiyle alakalıdır.Zohar ‘’karşılaştırmalı çözümlemenin ‘’ öneminide vurgulamıştır.
Karşılaştırma,Zohar’ın öne sürdüğü kuram içerisinde çok yönlü olarak yapılır.buna göre ulusal yazını hem kendi içerisinde ,hem de çeviri yazınla ilişkisi bakımından ele alan bu kuram,’’merkez-çevre’’ ‘’saygın görülen edebiyat-saygın görülmeyen edebiyat ‘’ ‘’yüksek edebiyat –aşağı edebiyat’’,birincil edebiyat –ikincil edebiyat ‘’kavramlarını öne sürerek yazın tarihini çelişkilere dayalı devingen bir süreç içerisinde ele almayı başarmıştır
Karşılaştırma yöntemi,sistemin bütünü devingen bir yapı içerisinde görmeye yarar .Tanzimat dönemi bu kuramdan yola çıkarak anlatılacak olursa bu kavramlar daha iyi anlaşılacaktır.
6.1.1 ÇOĞUL DİZGE KURAMI-TANZİMAT DÖNEMİ ÇEVİRİLERİ
Osmanlılarda gözde bir konumda bulunan Divan edebiyatının ,Tanzimat ‘la birlikte durağan bir döneme girdiği ,öte yandan Tanzimat edebiyatının da bütün yazın türlerini üretememesi nedeniyle çevresel ve güçsüz bir konumda kaldığı görülür.Tanzimat döneminde birbirine karşıt iki yazın türü vardır.Birincisi sözlü geleneğin ağır bastığı halk edebiyatı,ikincisi dilsel ve düşünsel olarak yapay bir anlayışının egemen olduğu Divan edebiyatı.Çeviri etkinliğinin başlıca beş işlevinden söz edilebilir.birincisi,Batı dili bilmeyen Arap-Fars kültürü içerisinde yetişmiş okur yazar kitleyi Batı kültürüyle tanıştırmak;ikincisi,seçkin tabakaya özgü bir ayrıcalık düşünülen yabancı yazını halka indirerek onlara okuma alışkanlığı kazandırmak;üçüncüsü ,sözlü kültürden zaman içersinde yazılı kültüre geçiş sağlamak ;dördüncüsü ,sözlü dilin olanaklarını zorlayarak dilin gelişip zenginleşmesine yol açmak;sonuncusuda yeni yazın türlerini Türk edebiyatı kazandırmaktır.1.
Bu işlevleri yerine getirmesiyle ilgili ilk temeller ,Tanzimat döneminde atılmıştır.Örneğin;Ahmet Mithad gibi önde gelen yazar çevirmenlerin çıkarttığı gazeteler ve yabancı yazından olduğu kadar klasik yapıtlardan tefrika halinde yayınlanan çeviriler.
‘’Çoğul dizge’’ kuramı açısından hangi dilden ,ne tür çeviriler yapıldığı sorusunu irdelendiğinde ise,öncelikle hangi ülke yazınının ‘merkez’ya da ‘saygın’konumda olduğunun saptanması gerekir.Fransız edebiyatının Batı ‘da uzun bir süre ‘’yüksek’’ya da ‘’merkez’’edebiyat konumunda bulunması,Tanzimat sonrası çevirmenlerini de ister istemez etkilenmiştir.
6.1.2. DEĞERLENDİRME
Bu kuram,çeviribilimin açısından kendinden sonra gelenlere üç noktada ışık tutmuştur.Birincisi ,sistemi tanımak açısından betimleyici incelemelere ilgi artmıştır,ikincisi çevirilerin sistemdeki rolünü anlamak açısından çeviribilimin inceleme gerecinin odağı ,kaynak ekin ve kaynak metinden erek ekin ve çevirilere doğru kaymıştır;üçüncü,çeviribilim araştırmalarının devingen bir sistem içerisinde ele alınarak bu disiplinin durağanlıktan kurtulup dinginlik kazanmasına aracı olmuştur.Even Zohar’ın çeviribilime en önemli katkısı bu disipline ‘’sistem’’kavramını sokarak onun ‘’genel kuram ‘’olması yolunda ilk adımı atmış olmasıdır.
6.2.BETİMLEYİCİ KURAMLARA GİRİŞ
Holmes’un araştırmalarda kuram ve uygulama arasında sürekli köprü kurulması gerektiği görüşü haklı olmakla birlikte,kuramsal alanda uygulama alanındaki yöntemlerin kullanılması bu bilim dalındaki kuramsal çalışmaları çıkmaza sokabilir.
Toury’nin çeviribilim incelemelerini kuramsal alandan başlatması,bu tehlikenin önüne geçme düşüncesinden kaynaklanmıştır.Toury ile birlikte ,kuramsal alanı uygulama alanı yönlendirmekten çıkmış,uygulama alanının isterse kuramsal alandaki bilgiden yararlanabileceği görüşü egemen olmaya başlamıştır.
6.2.1.EREK ODAKLI KURAM
Gideon Toury’nin ‘’Erek Odaklı Kuram’’ı ,çevirilerin erek ekin ürünü olduğu önselinden yola çıkar.Çeviriyi başlatanın ,kaynak ekin değil ,erek ekin olduğu düşünülecek olursa,erek ekin kendi dizgesinde gördüğü bir eksikliği çeviri yoluyla kapatma ya da yenilik getirme kararını kendisi verdiği anlaşılır.Toury’nin kuramına ‘’erek odaklı’’denmesi ,erek ekinde çeviriler arasında varolan ilişkileri betimlemesinden kaynaklanır,Toury’nin bulgulandırmadaki temel amacı,erek ekindeki çeviri anlayışını ortaya çıkartmaktır.
6.2.2.ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMİ
Toury kuramında betimleyici ve açıklayıcı olmak üzere temel iki yöntem kullanılmıştır.Betimlemeye ‘’çeviriler erek ekin ürünüdür’’önseliyle başlaması ,onun tümdengelimi yöntem kullandığını gösterir.Bununla birlikte kurama bütünsel olarak bakıldığında ,özellikle önseli bulgulandırma ve gerekçelendirme sürecinde ‘’tümevarımlı’’yöntem kullanıldığı görülür.Bu iki yöntemin bir arada kullanılması araştırmanın tek yönlü değil,iki yönlü bir akış izlediğini ortaya çıkar.Toury ayrıca ,akılcı bir yönteme dayandırmak, kaynak metin belitini gündeme getiren,aktarım belitini de gündeme getiren kişidir,daha bunlar arasındaki ilişkiden ‘’ilişki belitine’’yol açar.Toury’nin ‘’kara kutu’’ olarak adlandırdığı zihinsel (anlıksal)süreçlerde geriye dönük olarak gerekçelendirilmiş olur.
Toury ,’’betimleyici ve açıklayıcı’’yöntemi kullanarak bir yandan kuramına bilimsel açıdan sağlamlık kazandırırken ,öte yandan da ,onun öteki kuramlarla karşılaştırıldığında ‘’bütünlüklü ‘’ve ‘’genel’’bir kuram olmasına ön ayak olur.Toury çeviri gibi karmaşık ilişkiler sergileyen görüngülerde insanın algılama yetisini de göz önünde bulundurarak ‘’karşılaştırmalı çözümlemenin’’genel olmayacağını ,’’sorun +çözüm’’çifti arasındaki ilişkilerin bütünce ya da vaka çalışması üzerinde kısmi olarak araştırılabileceği savını savunur.
6.2.3 KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ÇÖZÜMLEME
Holmes’un çeviribilimin öteki bilim dalları arasında yer alabilmesi konusunda kuramsal alanda öne sürdüğü betimleyici inceleme varolan ilişkileri inceleme anlamına gelir.Bu bakış açısına göre,betimleyici inceleme ‘’kısmi’’olup ,başvurulan yöntem genellikle’’karşılaştırmalı çözümleme’’dir.Bu ise,betimleyici araştırmanın hiçbir zaman genel ve doğrudan olmayıp,kısmi ve dolaylı olacağına işaret eder.Toury ‘nin kuramında karşılaştırmalı çözümleme yönteminin benzerlik veya karşıtlıkları ortaya çıkartmak üzere kullanılmadığını ,aksine bu yöntemin benzerlik ya da karşıtlıklar arasındaki ilişkileri incelemede kullanıldığı vurgulanır.
6.2.4.EŞDEĞERLİK:YETERLİK VE KABUL EDİLEBİLİRLİK
Betimleyici kuramda

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