...can be seen as insignificant in challenging royal authority because it didn’t remove Cromwell, it lacked credible leadership, and Henry VIII was able to manipulate through his tactics. Yet, it can be reasoned that although the Pilgrimage was unsuccessful in its aims it still was able to significantly challenge royal authority by pressuring the government to agree to demands, a few of which were not achieved. This essay explores the question in more detail. The pilgrimage epitomized the greatest threat that Henry VIII faced during his long and hectic reign. An indirect challenge to royal authority came from the large-scale dissatisfaction with Thomas Cromwell, as both Cromwell and Henry had similar thoughts on change....
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...born on August 29, 1632, in Warington, a village in Somerset, England. In 1646 he went to Westminster school, and in 1652 to Christ Church in Oxford. In 1659 he was elected to a senior studentship, and tutored at the college for a number of years. Still, contrary to the curriculum, he complained that he would rather be studying Descartes than Aristotle. In 1666 he declined an offer of preferment, although he thought at one time of taking up clerical work. In 1668 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1674 he finally graduated as a bachelor of medicine. In 1675 he was appointed to a medical studentship at the college. He owned a home in Oxford until 1684, until his studentship was taken from him by royal mandate. Locke's mentor was Robert Boyle, the leader of the Oxford scientific group. Boyle's mechanical philosophy saw the world as reducible to matter in motion. Locke learned about atomism and took the terms "primary and secondary qualities" from Boyle. Both Boyle and Locke, along with Newton, were members of the English Royal Society. Locke became friends with Newton in 1688 after he had studied Newton's Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis. It was Locke's work with the Oxford scientists that gave him a critical perspective when reading Descartes. Locke admired Descartes as an alternative to the Aristotelianism dominant at Oxford. Descartes' "way of ideas" was a major influence on Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke studied medicine with...
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...financial foundation. He served in the army under George Washington’s command. 4. Federalists- Supported a strong central government that was superior of state governments. They say that the nation’s economy was in bad shape and wanted to do business with England. 5. Republicans- Believe that states should hold the power to make budgets. They see government rule and heavy on cooperation develop a poor market job. 6. Treaty of Greenville- a treaty of peace between Americans and Indian tribes. It was to end a destructive war and to settle disputes. 7. Alien & Sedition Acts- The acts helped to assist the government’s sense of security. Immigrants had to live in America for five years before they could get citizenship at the time. 8. John Adams- He’s best known for maintaining peace between the United States and France. Adam’s was a member of the Federalist Party. 9. Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions- They was written a protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. The government was overstepping its boundaries and disrespects the idea of a contract with people. 10. Deism- Believe in God and God created the physical universe, but doesn’t intervene in its normal operation. Embrace scientific ideas. Chapter 8 Essay 1. Discuss the ethnic diversity of the United States in...
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...ROBERTS LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA SUNDAY, MARCH 8, 2014 Table of Contents Introduction: Henry VIII and the English Reformation………….................................................. 3 Prince Henry VIII and His Character Development....................................................................... 3 King Henry VIII…......................................................................................................................... 6 The Wives of Henry VIII………………………………………………....................................... 8 The Rule of the Crown and the Church of England……............................................................. 12 Conclusion……………………………………………………..……………………………….. 14 Bibliography...……...………..………......................................................................................... 16 ii Introduction: Henry VIII and the English Reformation The study of Henry VIII and the reformation in England continues to fascinate scholars and historians alike. Recent attention has even been given by Hollywood in the production of “The Other Boleyn Girl,” a major motion picture depicting the lives of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Obviously Hollywood isn’t a suitable source for a scholarly inspection of such a historical event, but the existence of this film does highlight the interest modern society has on the topic. This paper will examine the personal, political, and theological aspects of Henry VIII and the beginning of the English Reformation, and it will also explore...
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...Protestant movement called Puritanism in England. Its name was derived from its adherents’ desire to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic Practices. English monarchs of the early seventeenth century persecuted the puritans, and so the puritans began to look for a new place to practice their faith. One puritan group, called Separatist, because they thought the Church of England was so incapable of being reformed that they had to abandon it, left England around this time. First they went to the Netherlands, but ultimately decided to start fresh in the new world. In 1620 they set sail, but their ship, the mayflower, went off course and they landed in modern-day Massachusetts. Because winter was approaching, they deiced to settle where they had landed. This settlement was called Plymouth, while on boards...
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...HIST 3335 The European Reformation Research Essay Submitted by: Terra Fillmore (201470549) Submitted to: Dr. David Clemis Bissett School of Business Mount Royal University April 12, 2013 The beginning of the 16th century marked a time in which the Roman Catholic Church controlled a large portion of the political, social, and religious influence in Europe. During this century individuals within the Church were looking towards a more pure and simple Christian lifestyle, but in doing so would have to work against the Church. England, in comparison to the rest of Europe, was more so isolated and distant and while Protestantism grew in the European society it took a far different shape in England. This was because England retained much of the principles and the practices of Catholicism. In addition, whilst the Reformation that took place in Europe was brought on by religious differences and ideals, its basis in England was one of personal and political change. The Reformation in England was centuries in the making and resulted from many merging forces. It was in the 1530’s that the statutes of Henry VIII began to collate an official break from the papal authority of Rome. The 16th century proved to be a boisterous period in the history of England. The uncertainty associated with the stability and religious beliefs of the government were crucial factors in the unclear identity of England until the 1600's. As is often the case with defining periods in history, timing...
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...for reference, locate and identify: Bohemia, Palatinate, East Prussia, Brandenburg, Austrian Netherlands, Utrecht, Hungary. How did the War of the Spanish Succession alter the map of Europe? Who gained the most from the war? Who lost the most? The War of the Spanish Succession altered the map of Europe in the way that prior to the war the Habsburg ruled Spain. The map shows us that in 1714, at the end of the war, the Bourbon family now controlled it because King Charles II willed his kingdom to Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip V of Spain. However, the Bourbon family ruling over Spain did not mean they controlled Flanders and Italy because they had to forfeit these two in the war and . The nation I believed gained the most from this war was England because as it states on page...
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... governments maintained order by a variety of means, local and national. One of the key historical debates concerns the effectiveness of these approaches and the degree of continuity between the premodern and modern police models. Around 1800 a small number of distinctively different types of police institution emerged. The French, under Napoleon, instituted the Gendarmerie, a state military police model. It evolved from the “Marechaussee,” which had had a dual military and civil function since the 16th century. The model was exported across Europe by Napoleon. The British developed two models. The first, set up to answer similar challenges to the Gendarmerie in France, was the Royal Irish Constabulary model. It was close to the state military model, but distinctively styled as part of the civil power of the state and subordinated to the Magistracy. The Irish model was subsequently exported to Britain’s colonies and became the basis of forces such as the Indian Police Service. The Metropolitan Police was consciously created as a local force with a uniform that was deliberately different from the military and a mission that focused on prevention of crime rather than the repression of disorder. This state civilian model became the basis for all UK forces on the mainland and the principal influence on the development of East Coast US policing in the 1840s. As the three models have developed and evolved in different political systems over the years since 1800, they have both diverged...
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...Morocco, and few Moroccans would argue the contrary after the events of the “Arab Spring”, yet the country has a long democratization process to achieve. The constitutional reform that was launched by His Highness the King Mohammed VI is a decisive step for Morocco to become a democratic state. Comparing the political systems of the United Kingdom and Morocco is an interesting subject of study. Both countries are very old monarchies but share only some few characteristics. Throughout this essay, we will try to compare the political systems of the UK and Morocco according to the following subjects: the monarchy, the legislative, the executive, and the judicial branches. II. Body A. The Monarchy Also referred to as the Crown, the British Monarchy is an important aspect of the UK’s political traditions. According to the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State but does not take significant part in the governing process. The three branches of power are delegated to the respective institutions,...
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...“The fall of Somerset was principally due to the 1549 rebellions.” Assess the validity of this view. During the final years of Henry VIII life he claimed that effective government should be carried out by council of 16 members. However, the last period of Henry VIII reign the reform faction were dominating and Edward Seymour managed to overthrow the regency council to become the ‘Protector’. Initially the rise of Somerset was a planned coup. But Somerset was arrogant and haughty which resulted in his fall from power in October 1549 after the rebellion against him throughout England. In this essay I am going to explore reasons behind Somerset’s fall, was it the rebellion or was there other factor that contributed to the fall. It can be said that the rebellion played a considerable part in Somerset’s downfall because the two main rebellions were due to his social and religious policies. The Western Rebellion ‘the prayer book rebellion’ was sparked by the reformation of religion. This was because the reformations of religions were radical and completely changed people’s experience of religion. Especially, as the prayer book was translated from Latin to English and the western rebellions often referred to the new prayer book as a ‘Christmas game’. The most radical change in religion came when the Elevation of host got abolished and the attack of images of saints sparked off the acts of iconoclasm. Not only were the Western rebellions angry about the religious reformations but...
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...Reformation-inspired contractual "natural law" philosophy of Grotius, Hobbes and Pufendorf. With the rise of the State, the 17th Century marked the ascendancy of two classes of peoples needed by the State: bureaucrats to run it and merchants to finance it. It was from the assorted pamphlets, studies and treatises of these groups of practitioners that Mercantilism developed. In England and Holland, the bulk of the economic writing was done by merchants drawn from their rising bourgeois communities -- thus the term "Mercantilism". In France and Germany, where the bourgeoisie was smaller, economic arguments were articulated largely by state officials -- thus French Mercantilism is better known as "Colbertisme" (named after Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French minister of finance) and German Mercantilism as "Cameralism" (after the German term for the royal chamber). This difference in background between English-Dutch and French-German Mercantilists did not imply much difference in their economic doctrine. Both groups recognized the intimate, symbiotic relationship between the wealth of merchants and the power of...
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...Nationalism Nationalism is another name for national pride. The Europeans had this great competition for power, scrambling for sections of Africa to gain it. They wanted the rest of the world to see their greatness. Evidence In his lecture at Oxford University on Feb 8, 1870, John Ruskin proclaimed, “Make [England] again a royal throne of kings...seizing every piece of fruitful waste ground she can get her foot on...that their first aim was to...advance the power of England by land and by sea.” He wanted England to be in control and to have power over as much land as they could get their hands (or feet, as he stated it) on. England was prideful and her first target was to increase her power by land and by sea to keep up her reputation. These aspects motivated the English opportunists, who felt that they had the need and right to colonize Africa. Evidence However, England was not the only European country to feel this way. In the book, Does Germany Need Colonies?, Freidrich Fabri wrote that “[Germany] was the Number One trade and sea power. Should the New German Reich wish to prove and maintain its newly won position of power for a long time, it will have to take up the same culture-mission and delay no longer to acknowledge its colonial task anew.” Germany used to possess the most trade and sea power, and if this country wanted to maintain its position of great power for a longer time, it would be better to join the race for control and ownership of these colonies. ...
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...1700s and Burlington’s political stance. Lastly, in order to draw a conclusion as to how much of Lord Burlington’s architecture owes to political concerns, an analysis of Chiswick House and its political representation is particularly essential. Thus this essay will be roughly divided into two parts: the first being a brief narrative of the political life and situation of Lord Burlington, followed by a system of analysis and conclusion. The latter will focus specifically on the Chiswick House and what symbols there exist that may help us to examine the impact of politics on Lord Burlington’s architecture. Lord Burlington, though being a man of arts and beauty, was hardly politically inactive. Up until 1932 he was said to have been a supporter of the Whig administration. He became a supporter of the new Hanoverian king, George I in 1715 and that same year he was appointed Lord Treasurer of Ireland, lieutenant of the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire and Vice-Admiral of the County of York. By 1721 Burlington became a supporter of Sir Robert Walpole and was a close friend of the Prince of Wales. When in 1727 the Prince succeeded as George II, for six years Lord Burlington benefitted from a position close to the centre of power. During the late 1710s, building developments almost always took up a political character and much of what was built during that time was built by the Whigs. Hanover Square, a Whig development and very Baroque in style is a good example of how and where...
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...Tani’qua Jones Dr. Boyd American Lit. After reading and analyzing de Crevecoeur’s essay, “What is an American,” one could argue that the entire purpose of the essay was to describe an egalitarianism society, a society which has never existed in his eyes. De Crevecoeur was raised in a family of Counts and Countesses, experiencing the fortune of being born into a wealthy and prosperous family, while witnesses the misfortune of those who weren’t. Through the details and images described, from his experiences, in Letters of an American Farmer we obtain the true sense of being English or French; something de Crevecoeur wasn’t all too proud to be called. John de Crevecoeur was more honored to be called an American, working as a farmer, a life vastly different from the comfort and riches of being a Count. In “What is an American,” De Crevecoeur compares Europe and America to define the nature of being an American. And he illustrates throughout the essay, why the great American frontier is preferred by the vast majority. Although de Crevecoeur was born in France, he sees himself as an Englishman who has come to settle in America. Through his eyes we explore the differences he encounters in America that he would never discover in England. Most of these changes are based on his experience of being an American farmer, working on the beautiful open frontier. Here de Crevecoeur sees the industry of his native country displayed in a new manner, “there are no great manufacturers employing...
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...Michael Conyngham Dr. Ling Honors Physics Period 3 1 November 2015 Sir Arthur Eddington Sir Arthur Eddington, a brilliant physicist, renowned for his impact on astrophysics, obtained many accomplishments throughout his career and lifetime. From various books written to several substantial discoveries and theories, this man from Kendall, England managed to take a unique approach at the astronomical world in which he will always be remembered for. On December 28, 1882, Arthur Stanley Eddington was born in Kendall, Westmorland, England by his two parents Arthur Henry Eddington and Sarah Anne Shout. Since him and his father shared a first name, Eddington’s family called him Stanley. His father, Arthur Henry Eddington died when Arthur Stanley was just 2 years old. He died due to an epidemic that was making its way around England call Typhoid. Since her husband had died, it was now her responsibility to raise Arthur and his older sister as a single mother. After he had died, Sarah Anne Shout picked up everything and moved her family and her Quaker beliefs to a town called Weston-super-Mare to reunited and live with her mother in law....
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