...English Grammar Lessons www.english-grammar-lessons.com • Present Continuous • Present Simple • Present Simple or Continuous • Past Simple • Past Continuous • Past Simple or Continuous • Irregular Verbs • Present Perfect • Present Perfect Continuous • Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous • Present Perfect or Past Simple • Past Perfect • The Future -Going to • The Future -Will • Will or Going to • The Future -present forms • Will - other uses • Shall • The Imperative • The Passive • The -ing form • Can • Could • May/Might • Should • Must/Have to • Zero Conditional • First Conditional • Second Conditional • Third Conditional • Wish The present continuous The present continuous is used to talk about present situations which we see as short-term or temporary. We use the present simple to talk about present situations which we see as long-term or permanent. In these examples, the action is taking place at the time of speaking. • It's raining. • Who is Kate talking to on the phone? • Look, somebody is trying to steal that man's wallet. • I'm not looking. My eyes are closed tightly. In these examples, the action is true at the present time but we don't think it will be true in the long term. • I'm looking for a new apartment. • He's thinking about leaving his job. • They're considering...
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...English Grammar A Short Guide Graham Tulloch This book was prepared in the English Discipline of the Flinders University of South Australia and printed by Flinders Press. ©1990 Graham Tulloch FURTHER READING This is intended as a basic and simple guide to English grammar. For a more detailed introduction with exercises see J.R. Bernard's excellent book A Short Guide to Traditional English Grammar (Sydney: Sydney University Press, l975) to which I am much indebted. For a longer study read Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, A University Grammar of English (London: Longman, 1973) and for a very detailed, very complex (and very expensive) treatment of the subject see Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartik, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman, 1985). 2 PARTS OF A WORD A word can be divided into its STEM (the basic part of the word containing its meaning) and its INFLECTIONS (the endings added to indicate such things as that a noun is PLURAL or a verb is in the past tense). Examples: Stem: Inflections: PARTS OF A SENTENCE SUBJECT The subject is the person, thing or topic which the sentence deals with. To discover the subject, ask who or what before the verb, e.g. in the sentence The house stands on the hill, what stands on the hill? Answer: the house. Examples: The house stands on the hill. It overlooks the plain. PREDICATE The predicate is all of the sentence except the subject. Examples: The house stands on the hill...
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...英语语法 第一章 英语动词的时态 英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books 仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 英语动词的形式 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： 1. 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 2. 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 3. 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 4. 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 5. 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”我们在以后会详细介绍。 下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下： 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表： |词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同） |举例 | |一般加-s |help→helps; read→reads | |在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es |do, fix, push, teach→does, fixes, passes, | | |pushes, teaches | |以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y 为i 再加-es |try, study→tries, studies | 动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表： |词尾变化 |举例 |词尾读音 | |动词后面加-ed |help→ helped |清辅音之后读[t] | | |work→ worked | | | |watch→ watched ...
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...www.englishgrammarsecrets.com page 1 of 66 English Grammar Secrets by Caroline Brown and Pearson Brown authors of Meeting Point (Macmillan Education) Copyright Pearson Brown and Caroline Brown 2010 You may give copies of this ebook to your friends, colleagues and students www.englishgrammarsecrets.com page 2 of 66 Table of Contents Present continuous................................................................................................................................4 Present simple ......................................................................................................................................5 Present simple or continuous................................................................................................................6 Past simple ...........................................................................................................................................7 Past continuous..................................................................................................................................... 8 Past simple or continuous .................................................................................................................... 9 Irregular verbs.................................................................................................................................... 10 Present perfect ............................................................................
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...parties influence the negotiation process and its outcome? The parties involved in the Frasier negotiations are; Paramount Television Group, National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and the actor Kelsey Grammer (Owner) . Marc Graboff (ExecutiveVice President) led the NBC negotiation team which included Scott Sassa (President of NBC West Coast) and Jeff Zucker (President of NBC entertainment). Kerry McCluggage (Paramount’s Chairman) led the negotiation team for Paramount and was sometimes joined by Gary Hart, president of Paramount. 2) What are NBC’s BATNAs? What are Paramount’s BATNAs? Of these BATNAs, which is the best option for each entity? NBC had two BATNA’s: keep Frasier regardless of the increased cost (take a financial hit) in hopes to keep it as a “tent pole” to draw in its viewers to the new shows line-ups after Frasier, or buy a comparable comedy show from another network (such as Dharma and Greg) that will bring in the same audience group 18 to 49. The only downfall was that could cause a bidding war that could increase programming expenses. Paramount’s BATNA’s were to either sell the sitcom to CBS (sister company) or agree to keep the show at NBC for less money. The best option for each group would be to keep Frasier at NBC because it would guarantee Kelsey Grammer (Frasier actor) and Paramount the three year run that they wanted and also provide NBC with the “tent pole” to launch new shows following Frasier at 9:30pm. 3) What is your best estimate of...
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...Negotiations Frasier case A. Who are the parties in the Frasier negotiation and what are their interests? (Viacom, CBS, Paramount, Kelsey) – (NBC, NBC West Coast ((Graboff)), ABC) The parties involved in the Frasier negotiations consist of NBC, Paramount, and actor Kelsey Grammar. Paramount and Kelsey had personal interest to extend the show 3 years. Kelsey Grammar wanted to rank in history as being an actor with having the record for the longest-running primetime television character in TV. Without Kelsey Grammar (Frasier), Paramount, and NBC would not have a TV series. NBC did not view the show Frasier as having another 3 years of life and did not want to invest in another 3 years. Additionally, NBC deemed Paramount’s price per episode to high and wanted to minimize what they saw as a loss of revenue. B. What is Paramount’s BATNA? What is your estimate of their reservation price? Paramount was banking on the fact that Frasier was the flagpole show of NBC and its success in the time slot. If they quit NBC, both Paramount and NBC would suffer while Paramount would have suffered the most. Paramount best alternative would have been to shop the show around to other networks in the case that the negotiations with NBC broke down. Paramount however was limited in networks to promote the show to due to the shows high overhead cost and industry consolidation. Due to these circumstances I would estimate Paramount’s reservation price around 5.25 million as Paramount...
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...PRONOUNCIATION Received Pronunciation is commonly referred to as “standard British” queen English oxford English or even “BBC English” .it was considered as the “standard English” accent although seen as a non-regional dialect of England. The Queen English was once considered to be way to speak and was thus used to teach pronunciation to foreign student of English. these days, its is mostly considered to be out of date and elitist. RP is a form of pronunciation of English language it is stated that its an account ,not a dialet and through many content, discuss its usage, how its has changed over time the change of its status and didractic charts of its vowels, consonants, diphthongs and triphthongs. Origin of Received Pronunciation RP was originally the accent of the East midlands region of England in the 15th century. It further spread due to the successful trade of that region, thus attainment of economic success. The accent stabilized in London since trade had spread toward the south of England . It was also believed to be the pronunciation of British England based on the speech of upper class of south eastern England. It was spoken at the public schools and at oxford and Cambridge universities. Until recently, it was the standard form of English used in british broadcasting. It is believed that only few people in Britain actually have an RP accent but it is the English that is spoken by the royal family and members of upper classes and the noble. RP pronounces...
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...water from the wet umbrella. The proposal will be evaluated based on two criteria. Firstly, the organisation of the flow of information must be logical and coherent. Secondly, the use of the English language must be proficient. The flow of information is not organised as there is no paragraphing. The benefits of using Brolly Can is mentioned before introducing the product in the second half of the passage. There was also no proper explaination about the process behind how the product solves the problem identified. The ending of the proposal is abrupt without going through how can the proposal be implemented and what are the cost involved. The proposal also contains some grammer issues. The first word of the proposal should start with “The fundamental...”. In line 6-9 and 13-16, the sentences are too long. In line 3 to 4, there is redundant repitition of wet floors and cleaning problems, “from … problems” should be omitted. In the proposal there is a mixed up between the use of “product” and “system”, which Brolly Can should be a product. In line 8, “rendering” is misspelled. In conclusion, the proposal can be improved with proper paragraphing. The flow of information also needs more fine tuning and the way how Brolly Can can be used needs to be included as well. The use of English can be...
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...အဂၤလိပ္စာဘယ္လိုဖတ္မလဲ? လွ်ို႕၀ွက္ခ်က္ (၁) ေတြးေတာျခင္း မျပဳပဲ အဂၤလိပ္စကားကို အလိုအေလွ်ာက္ေျပာျခင္း စကားလံုးမ်ားသည္ မိမိ၏ ပါးစပ္အတြင္းမွ အလိုအေလွ်ာက္ လြယ္ကူစြာ ထြက္လာျခင္းတို႕သည္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕ အဂၤလိပ္စကားေျပာေလ့ လာသူတိုင္း၏ ပန္းတိုင္ပင္ ျဖစ္ေပသည္။အေျဖမွာ . You understand instantly. ထိုကဲ့သို႕ ျပဳလုပ္ရန္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕၏ အဂၤလိပ္စာ ေလ့လာျခင္းနည္းလမ္းကို ေျပာင္းရန္ လိုအပ္ေပသည္။ပထမဆံုး လုပ္ရမည့္ အခ်က္မွာ English words ေတြကို ေလ့လာျခင္း အလုပ္ကို ရပ္တန္႕ဖို႕ပါပဲ။ဒါဟာ မွန္ကန္တဲ့ အခ်က္ပါပဲ။ words ေတြကို မမွတ္သားသင့္ပါ။ဘာေၾကာင့္လဲဆိုေတာ့ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕ ရဲ႕ ပညာေရး စနစ္ကို စတင္ေျပာရပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ကၽြန္ေတာ့္တို႕ ပညာေရးစနစ္ဟာ factory English learning system ပါပဲ။text book ထဲမွ vocabulary မ်ားအားက်က္ျခင္း meaning က်က္ျခင္းတို႕ကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ တို႕ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း ေတာ္ေတာ္ၾကာၾကာ လုပ္ခဲ့ၾကျပီးပါျပီး။သို႕ေသာ္…ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕သည္ ဒီေလာက္မ်ားျပားလွေသာ words ေတြကို တကယ့္အျပင္ လက္ေတြ႕ဘ၀တြင္ အသံုးမျပဳႏိုင္ေပ။ထိုမ်ားျပားလွေသာ စကားလံုးမ်ာသည္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕ရဲ႕ ဦးေႏွာက္ထဲတြင္ လြယ္ကူစြာ ပ်က္ျပယ္သြားေသာေၾကာင့္ပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ဘာေၾကာင့္ လြယ္ကူစြာ ပ်က္ျပယ္သြားရသလဲ ဆိုတာကေတာ့ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕ေတြသည္ text book English ထဲက individual words ေတြရဲ႕ meaning ေတြကိုပဲ ေလ့လာခဲ့ၾကလို႕ပါပဲ။ native speaker ေတြဟာ words ေတြကို မွတ္မိျခင္းအားျဖင့္ မေလ့လာၾကပါ။သူတို႕ဟာ phrases ေတြကို ေလ့လာၾကပါတယ္။ what is a phrase? Phrases ဆိုတာ သဘာ၀အတိုင္း အလိုလို တြဲထားေသာ words အစုေတြပင္ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။phrases ေတြကို ေလ့လာျခင္းအားျဖင့္တျခားအက်ိဳးသက္ေ၇ာက္မႈကေတာ့ vocabulary နဲ႕ grammar ကိုပါ လြယ္ကူစြာ သူ႕အလိုလို ေလ့လာသြားတာပါပဲ။ phrases ေလ့လာတဲ့ သူသည္ grammar ေလ့လာတဲ့သူထက္...
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...ELL Life By: Tamara P. French More and more students are entering U.S. schools from families whose home language is not English. As educators we must embrace the task of teaching students who have limited English speaking abilities. This is no longer limited to teachers in certain schools or areas of the country. All educators must be aware of how students learn a second language and become fluent. We cannot assume nor have unrealistic expectations about each individual student’s progress, while also maintaining an active schedule of learning. The first step in helping our ELL students become second language fluent is to get familiar with the journey of an ELL. Mrs. Sarah Marino is a physics teacher at Orchard High School. The daughter of Cuban immigrants; Sarah’s first language was Spanish, rather than English. Get to know Sarah Marino and her struggle to become Fluent English Proficient-FEP. Sarah Marino Interview March 20, 2012 1. At what age did you begin acquiring a second language? My family moved to the United States when I was 10 years old and I didn’t attend school for the first year. So I began acquiring my second language-English at 11 years old. 2. What was the biggest challenge? I didn’t know anything! It was completely foreign to me. We were so poor that I hadn’t seen any English speaking movies or anything. It was frustrating because I had no memory to tap into. As an 8 year old, you are only comfortable failing...
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...Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Chào các bạn, xuất phát từ nhu cầu bản thân muốn học môn speaking cho bài thi tiếng anh IELTS, chúng tôi nhận thấy cuốn sách này có giá trị rất tốt cho việc tham khảo. Tuy nhiên, các bản sách điện tử đang tràn lan trên mạng Internet hiện nay có chất lượng rất thấp, kèm theo đó là việc có thêm tiếng Trung dẫn tới lãng phí về giấy in, tiền bạc, thời gian. Hiện nay, cuốn này này đã được một nhà xuất bản tại Việt Nam mua lại bản quyền từ tác giả Mat Clark, và đã xuất bản tại Việt Nam, chúng tôi khuyên các bạn nên mua cuốn sách này để sử dụng, nhằm tôn trọng giá trị của cuốn sách này, cũng như tôn trọng tác quyền của tác giả cũng như nhà xuất bản. Chúng tôi gõ lại cuốn sách này nhằm mục đích duy nhất là để học tập, nghiên cứu, không hề mang bất cứ mục đích kinh doanh nào. Mọi hành động thương mại liên quan tới bản gõ lại này là không hề liên quan tới chúng tôi. Mong các bạn tôn trọng tác giả và tôn trọng ý muốn của chúng tôi. Trong quá trình gõ và biên tập, do trình độ không chuyên, không thể tránh khỏi có sai sót. Xin cảm ơn, chúc các bạn học tốt. 1 Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking IELTS SPEAKING – MAT CLARK Preface During my 5 years as an IELTS examiner in China, I have seen thousands of Chinese IELTS candidates perform OK in the speaking interview. Most people would agree that an OK score in speaking is 5 or 6. Many students now realize that a score of 5 or 6 for speaking is not enough for their study requirements...
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...Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Chào các bạn, xuất phát từ nhu cầu bản thân muốn học môn speaking cho bài thi tiếng anh IELTS, chúng tôi nhận thấy cuốn sách này có giá trị rất tốt cho việc tham khảo. Tuy nhiên, các bản sách điện tử đang tràn lan trên mạng Internet hiện nay có chất lượng rất thấp, kèm theo đó là việc có thêm tiếng Trung dẫn tới lãng phí về giấy in, tiền bạc, thời gian. Hiện nay, cuốn này này đã được một nhà xuất bản tại Việt Nam mua lại bản quyền từ tác giả Mat Clark, và đã xuất bản tại Việt Nam, chúng tôi khuyên các bạn nên mua cuốn sách này để sử dụng, nhằm tôn trọng giá trị của cuốn sách này, cũng như tôn trọng tác quyền của tác giả cũng như nhà xuất bản. Chúng tôi gõ lại cuốn sách này nhằm mục đích duy nhất là để học tập, nghiên cứu, không hề mang bất cứ mục đích kinh doanh nào. Mọi hành động thương mại liên quan tới bản gõ lại này là không hề liên quan tới chúng tôi. Mong các bạn tôn trọng tác giả và tôn trọng ý muốn của chúng tôi. Trong quá trình gõ và biên tập, do trình độ không chuyên, không thể tránh khỏi có sai sót. Xin cảm ơn, chúc các bạn học tốt. 1 Mat Clark – IELTS Speaking IELTS SPEAKING – MAT CLARK Preface During my 5 years as an IELTS examiner in China, I have seen thousands of Chinese IELTS candidates perform OK in the speaking interview. Most people would agree that an OK score in speaking is 5 or 6. Many students now realize that a score of 5 or 6 for speaking is not enough for their study requirements...
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...1998(2), 18-23 APPROACHES TO DIGLOSSIA IN THE CLASSROOM: THE MIDDLE WAY David Deterding INTRODUCTION The concept of diglossia was developed by Ferguson (1959). It describes a situation where two languages or language varieties occur side by side in a community, and each has a clear range of functions. One of these varieties, the Hvariety (standing for 'High'), is adopted as the standard variety and is used in official situations, such as government broadcasts, religious services, and teaching; and the other, the L-variety (for 'Low'), is used in informal situations, such as local markets and conversations between friends. The focus of this article is to discuss how the concept of diglossia might be appropriate to describe the Singapore English-speaking community, and to consider what approaches can be adopted by teachers towards the use of the L-variety in schools. Examples of diglossia that have been widely quoted are: the Arabic community, where each region has its own colloquial variety, but classical Arabic is still taught in schools and is regarded by many as “more beautiful” and therefore more appropriate for written texts; the Swiss-German community, where all children learn Standard German in schools, and most books and newspapers are in Standard German, but the people continue to use the local Swiss-German dialect on an everyday basis; the Tamil community, where the language taught in classrooms and used in literature is sharply different from the colloquial variety...
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...OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE DURING THE DARK AGES ABSTRACT This period extends from about 450 to 1066 A.D. The sources of Old English literature, as we know it, are rooted in their Teutonic origins and were evolved by the spirit that drove the times. In addition to reflecting the violence of the age, however, Old English literature also provides insight into the hearts and souls of a culture that had a strong attachment to nature; where loyalty and honor were more important than life. And for a culture that did not believe in the immortality of the human soul. Beowulf is the oldest and longest known poem of the Old English period. The passionate struggle between Beowulf and the sea monster Grendel is a reflection of the struggle between man and the forces of nature. INTRODUCTION The Medieval Times encompass one of the most turbulent periods in the History of England and scatter the Medieval History books and other historical documents. Middle Ages embraced two quite different periods of literary history, the Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) and the Middle English, sharply divided from each other by the Norman duke William´s conquest of the island in 1066. Both English culture and the English language changed radically in the years following this event, and English literature was given a new spirit. (The Norton Anthology of English Literature) Old English was the West Germanic language spoken in the area now known as England between the 5th and 11th centuries. Anglo-Saxon...
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...Aljazeera and the logo of the network is at the left side of the word, it's noticeable because it's written in a big font size and a special font style. A big network like Aljazeera need for sure to be updated frequently add on the argent news happening must be included in the website, the website has allot of parts and each part talks about a special kind of news for example the wither, sports, and watch live, those areas are a sensitive information's and must be updated as soon as an information is received to the network responsible employees, looking at the website Aljazeera didn’t miss that point at all, the information's are being updated frequently. At first the audience of Aljazeera was just Arab world, but at November 2006 Aljazeera English has been lunched the target audience after that is all the world with its deferent Taste and backgrounds Aljazeera nowadays gives almost all the news that each one around the world would need, it's almost nothing there you are not interested in. Aljazeera has no any obvious bias or slant to the information it has been always with the truth and human rights and it's taking it as a lead to its perfection, actually Aljazeera has an awards proofing that, and it's giving both sides Opinions which is fair enough. There are allot of information's are available in the websites and it could satisfy almost all the videos of the website, actually the website is sectioned in to the type of the news are provided there, and they are news(internationally...
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