...mean to know a word? 4 1.2 How important is vocabulary? 7 1.3 How is vocabulary learned? 8 1.4 How words are remembered? 10 1.5 Why do we forget words? 15 1.6 What makes a word difficult? 16 1.7 Psychological and linguistic factors which determine the process of T.V. 17 II Practical part 2.1 Techniques of teaching 19 2.2 Stages on Teaching English Vocabulary 23 2.3 Ideas for teaching vocabulary 23 2.4 Plan of a lesson 27 Conclusion 32 List of literature 33 Introduction Teaching English vocabulary is...
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...George Orwell, "Politics and the English Language," 1946 [pic] Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our language -- so the argument runs -- must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not due simply to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one...
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...Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our language — so the argument runs — must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not due simply to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these...
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...English Contents ABOUT THIS BOOK ................................5 THE WORDS.............................................7 WORD ANALYSIS ...............................103 IDIOM AND USAGE ............................117 About This Book English offers perhaps the richest vocabulary of all languages, in part because its words are culled from so many languages. It is a shame that we do not tap this rich source more often in our daily conversation to express ourselves more clearly and precisely. There are of course thesauruses but they mainly list common words. Other vocabulary books list difficult, esoteric words that we quickly forget or feel self-conscious using. However, there is a bounty of choice words between the common and the esoteric that often seem be just on the tip of our tongue. Vocabulary 4000 brings these words to the fore. Whenever possible, one-word definitions are used. Although this makes a definition less precise, it also makes it easier to remember. Many common words appear in the list of words, but with their less common meanings. For example, the common meaning of champion is “winner.” A less common meaning for champion is to support or fight for someone else. (Think of the phrase “to champion a cause.”) This is the meaning that would be used in the list. As you read through the list of words, mark any that you do not know with a check mark. Then when you read through the list again, mark any that you do not remember with two checks. Continue in this...
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...weigh slightly less. # An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain. # “I Am” is the shortest complete sentence in the English language. # It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. # Minus 40 degrees Celsius is exactly the same as minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit. # No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver or purple. # Elephants are the only animals that cannot jump. # The names of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with. # The sentence, “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” uses every letter in the English language. # TYPEWRITER is the longest word that can be made using the letters on only one row of the keyboard. # Money isn’t made out of paper. It’s made out of cotton. # There are only two words in the English language that have all five vowels in order: “abstemious” and “facetious.” # If one places a tiny amount of liquor on a scorpion; it will instantly go mad and sting itself to death. # By raising your legs slowly and laying on your back, you cannot sink into quicksand. # Dogs and cats, like humans, are either right or left handed. # The Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from Public Libraries. # Honey is the only food that doesn’t spoil. # The word “set” has more definitions than any other word in the English language. # “Rhythm” is the longest English word without a vowel. # The letter J does not appear anywhere in the periodic table of the elements. # 111,111,111 x 111...
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...== 'a' || L[i] == 'e' || L[i] == 'i' || L[i] == 'o' || L[i] == 'u') L[i] = toupper(L[i]); for (i = 0; L[i] != '\0'; i++) cout << L[i]; cout << endl; cout << "Words in your line are: " << endl; for (i = 0; L[i] != '\0'; i++) if (L[i] == ' ') cout << endl; else cout << L[i]; for (i = 0; L[i] != '\0'; i++) j++; for (i = j; i < j + 3; i++) L[i] = '*'; L[i] = '\0'; for (i = 0; L[i] != '\0'; i++) cout << L[i]; cout << endl; for (i = 0; L[i] != '\0'; i++) { if (L[i] != ' ') len++; else if (len > max) { max = len; len = 0; } } cout << "Length of the longest word is: " << max << endl; system("pause"); return 0;} | | Problem 2 #include <iostream>using namespace std; int main(){ char S1[20]; int countVowels = 0; cout << "Enter your word: "; cin >> S1; for (int i = 0; S1[i] != '\0'; i++) if (S1[i] == 'a' || S1[i] == 'e' || S1[i] == 'i' || S1[i] == 'o' || S1[i] == 'u' || S1[i] == 'A' || S1[i] == 'E' || S1[i] == 'I' || S1[i] == 'O' || S1[i] == 'U') countVowels++; cout << "Number of vowels in " << S1 << " is: " << countVowels << endl; for (int i = 0; S1[i] != '\0'; i++) if (islower(S1[i])) S1[i] = toupper(S1[i]); else S1[i] = tolower(S1[i]); cout << "Modified Word: " << S1 << endl; system("pause"); return 0;} | Problem 3 #include <iostream>#include <ctime>using namespace std; int highest(int[], int);double...
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...• Sherlock Holmes never said “Elementary, my dear Watson”! • A Language dies every 14 days! • First novel ever written on a typewriter: Tom Sawyer! • “I am.” is the shortest complete sentence in the English language! • There are only four words in the English language which end in “dous”: tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous! • Ghosts appear only in 4 Shakespearean plays: Julius Caesar, Richard III, Hamlet and Macbeth! • Stewardesses’ is the longest word that is typed with only the left hand! • No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, and purple! • The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is uncopyrightable! • ‘SWIMS’ upsidedown still looks like ‘SWIMS’! • The sentence “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.” uses every letter in the alphabet! • The town of Hamelin, Germany famous for the legend of the rat-catching Pied Piper has a Modern day Rat Problem due to the food left by tourists! • The name for Oz in the “Wizard of Oz” was thought up when the creator, Frank Baum, looked at his filing cabinet and saw A-N, and O-Z, hence “Oz.”! • ‘Aloha’ is a Hawaiian word that means both hello and goodbye! • The longest English word without a vowel is – rhythm! • The Times (UK’s newspaper) of 22 August 1978 contained the most number of misprints – about 97 ! In one story about the Pope, he was called “the Pop” throughout the article! • “The Mouse Trap,” by Agatha Christie is the longest running...
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...English Personal Statement Having thoroughly enjoyed the study of English Language at A Level, I believe I have a secure academic foundation with which to approach a degree course in this subject with confidence and enthusiasm. The English Language takes a fundamental and crucial role in enhanced communication between different social groups, and to read English would, therefore, be extremely beneficial to both the development of my communication skills and my ability to express ideas and opinions Additionally, a course in English at this level would provide me with an opportunity to further my knowledge of the theory and historical basis of the language - each of these being aspects of the course that particularly interest me. I also look forward to studying the practical application of English in various social contexts, and the ways in which language has evolved and developed over time. I hope that successful completion of an English degree will be advantageous to me when pursuing a career in marketing and advertising - a field I aspire to enter upon leaving university In addition to my A Level courses, I have pursued various interests, both in and out of school - including the study of both theoretical and instrumental music to Grade V standard, by means of school lessons. Playing the 'cello has allowed me many opportunities to participate in numerous orchestral concerts and solo performances, which I feel have increased my confidence and improved my ability to communicate...
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...Chapter 10 | Layout | | 11. Assembly-line balancing. Longest work element rule to produce 40 units per hour. a. [pic] b. [pic] c. Sl = {A, C, E}, S2 = {B}, S3 = {G, D}, S4 = {H, F, I}, S5 = {J, K} | | | | | |Work Element |Cumulative |Idle Time | | | |Station |Candidate(s) |Choice |Time (sec) |Time (sec) |([pic] sec) | | | |S1 |A |A |40 |40 |50 | | | | |C |C |30 |70 |20 | | | | |E |E |20 |90 | 0 | | | |S2 |B |B |80 |80 |10 | | | |S3 |D, F, G |G |60 |60 |30 | | | | |D, F, I |D |25 |85 | 5 | | | |S4 |F, H, I |H |45 |45 |45 | | | | |F, I |F |15 |60 ...
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...Sprachwissenschaft einschließlich Sprachgeschichte Hauptseminar: English Etymology Master Module (8 ECTS) Dozentin: Prof. Dr. Gabriele Knappe Summer Semester 2014 Origin Unknown and the word key Touhid Ahmed Chowdhury Matrikelnummer: 1762055 European Joint Master’s Degree in English and American Studies (2) Pestalozzi Straße 9/C- 3401, 96052 Bamberg Telefon: 01521 852 5560 Email: noyon.sust@gmail.com 18th August 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ………………………………………… 01 2. Etymology: Origin Unknown ……………………… 02 3. Words with known origin/ undisputed origin ……... 04 4. Theories for Etymology of Origin Unknown ……… 06 5. A case study on word Key ………………………….. 08 6. Conclusion …………………………………………... 12 References Declaration 1. Introduction Etymology can be defined as the systematic study of the birth, historical perspective, and time-to-time changes in the forms and implications of words (Ross, 1962). The study of the etymology of the English language words is an interesting and useful area. But, there are many English words in the dictionaries end up with no specific etymology for them. Thousands of words in English etymological dictionaries are included with statement such as ‘of unknown origin’, ‘origin uncertain’, ‘obscure origin’, ‘ulterior etymology unknown’. Numerous studies and research have done on some of these types of words in English etymology. The issue of ‘origin unknown’ words in English etymology incites curiosity of finding an existing and acceptable...
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...DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY (STANDARD) LANGUAGE ( From: I.R.Galperin. Stylistics. Moscow: Higher School, 1977. pp. 41-57) Up till now we have done little more than mention the literary (standard) language, which is one of the most important notions in stylistics and general linguistics. It is now necessary to elucidate this linguistic notion by going a little deeper into what constitutes the concept and to trace the stages in the development of the English standard language. This is necessary in order to avoid occasional confusion of terms differently used in works on the history, literature and style of the English language. Confusion between the terms "literary language" and "language of literature" is frequently to be met. Literary language is a historical category. It exists as a variety of the national language.' "It must be remembered," said A. M. Gorki, "that language is the creation of the people. The division of the language into literary and vernacular only means that there are, as it were, a rough unpolished tongue and one wrought by men-of-letters."1 The literary language is that elaborated form (variety) of the national language which obeys definite morphological, phonetic, syntactical, lexical, phraseological and stylistic norms2 recognized as standard and therefore acceptable in all kinds and types of discourse. It allows modifications but within the frame work of the system of established norms. It casts out some of the forms of language which...
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...substance of the thesis has not, wholly or in part, been submitted for any degrees to another universities or institutions Signature:…………………………… Date : August, 2007 Abstract This paper focuses on English and Vietnamese negative questions in term of structures and word using. The author wishes only to concentrate on four types of negative questions: negative Yes/ No question, negative Tag- question, negative Wh- question, negative alternative question. The thesis is divided into three parts, the main content is presented in part two. The similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese negative questions have been analysed and pointed out. With an ambition to help teachers and learners have a clear understanding about the English and Vietnamese negative questions, the author also drawn out a survey questionnaire to find out the common mistakes made by Vietnamese students. And then the author has managed to suggest some ways to correct common those mistakes. Suggested exercises are also offered to help learners to practice and avoid committing mistakes. The thesis mainly focuses on the structures of four types of negative questions in English and Vietnamese, the negative words that are used in negative questions are also considered. However, the pragmatic and semantic features have been initially investigated; a deeper approach to the pragmatic and semantic feature is suggested for further study. ...
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...Marosán Lajos Parts of Speech Tarr Dániel 1995 Parts of Speech Parts of Speech are words classified according to their functions in sentences, for purposes of traditional grammatical analysis. According to traditional grammars eight parts of speech are usually identified: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, verbs, and interjections. Noun girl, man, dog, orange, truth ... Pronoun I, she, everyone, nothing, who ... Verb be, become, take, look, sing ... Adjective small, happy, young, wooden ... Adverb slowly, very, here, afterwards, nevertheless Preposition at, in, by, on, for, with, from, to ... Conjunction and, but, because, although, while ... Interjection ouch, oh, alas, grrr, psst ... Most of the major language groups spoken today, notably the Indo-European languages and Semitic languages, use almost the identical categories; Chinese, however, has fewer parts of speech than English.[1] The part of speech classification is the center of all traditional grammars. Traditional...
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...THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE This page intentionally left blank THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE SIXTH EDITION ± ± John Algeo ± ± ± ± ± Based on the original work of ± ± ± ± ± Thomas Pyles Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The Origins and Development of the English Language: Sixth Edition John Algeo Publisher: Michael Rosenberg Development Editor: Joan Flaherty Assistant Editor: Megan Garvey Editorial Assistant: Rebekah Matthews Senior Media Editor: Cara Douglass-Graff Marketing Manager: Christina Shea Marketing Communications Manager: Beth Rodio Content Project Manager: Corinna Dibble Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr Production Technology Analyst: Jamie MacLachlan Senior Print Buyer: Betsy Donaghey Rights Acquisitions Manager Text: Tim Sisler Production Service: Pre-Press PMG Rights Acquisitions Manager Image: Mandy Groszko Cover Designer: Susan Shapiro Cover Image: Kobal Collection Art Archive collection Dagli Orti Prayer with illuminated border, from c. 1480 Flemish manuscript Book of Hours of Philippe de Conrault, The Art Archive/ Bodleian Library Oxford © 2010, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including...
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...Introduction. * Old English. 5- mid 12th centuries (1150). German tribes arrive to England (Angles, Saxons, Jutes). The Celts also influenced English language. Then Romans came. Influence of Latin. Full inflections, with four cases: Nom., Acc., Gen., Dat. * Middle English. 1150 - 1500. Battle of Hastings (1066). Death of Anglo - Saxons. Feudalism. Norman invasion. Three languages live together: English, French and Latin. In 1476 printing press is invented by William Caxton. Levelled inflections, full inflections gradually disappear. * Early Modern English (1476 - 1756). Renaissance. Lost inflections, only a few endings survive. The grammar becomes far simpler. Different spelling live together for the same word. There are no authoritative dictionaries or voices. * Late modern English (1756 - nowadays). First authoritative dictionary of the English language, by Samuel Johnson, which provided spellings, sounds and ethimology. It was decided not to establish an Academy of English. Importance of the English language. A language lives only when it is spoken by anyone. Its importance depends on the importance or influence of the people who speak it. English is spoken by 340 million people as a mother tongue. It is the language of Western languages. Political, economical and scientific reasons are related to the importance of a language. But English is also very broadly spoken as second language (communication, commerce). The growth of the Spanish language goes with...
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