...ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONG SME OWNERS. PROBLEM STATEMENT: The role of national culture is important in verifying the behavior of people in all parts of life. This behavior likewise guides people towards picking between doing work or beginning an individual business. Small work has been seen urgent to explore the influences of society on improvement of entrepreneurial intentions of citizens in the nation. Society incorporates uncertainty avoidance, power separation, and individualism versus collectivism, gender differences and long term orientation versus short term orientation Our study will note that social components for example uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism & collectivism and male dominancy are effecting unfavorably on the development of entrepreneurial intentions in Pakistan. BACKGROUND: The force of progress has sway all business substances from little to extensive. Each substance needs to handle with gigantic innovative, geological, political, economical, legitimate and social change. Despite the fact that the dynamic environment has come about as most amazing test for the countries, they have some way or another figured out how to support the chances with clear dreams, dedicated workers, durable organizational society, group introduction and unwavering strategies. In this way it has been checked through examines that countries attain focused focal point by constantly battling with the change which influences distinctive parts...
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...INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. 1.2. BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF SMEs 3. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEUR 4. ENTREPRENEURSHIP. International 5. INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESSES. Theories. 5.1. 5.2. UPSALA MODEL. HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODEL 6. THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION 7. ENTREPRENEURIAL MARKETING 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. SWOT ANALYSIS MARKET ENTRY STRATEGY COOPERATION STRATEGY 8. TARGET COUNTRY 9. GEM 10. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 11. CONCLUSION 12. RECOMMENDATIONS 13. REFERENCES 1. INTRODUCTION: For this work I decided to open in France Cocoon clothing company, located in Granada, retailing, I have chosen these two countries because they are within the top 5 countries of the European Union in the textiles sector and are two major countries with major fashion catwalks. I chose this company because it is a small company, and is a women's clothing store that has clothes very hard to find in other stores. I chose the fashion industry especially because according to my previous studies I think it's an everchanging industry in terms of fashion and is an area in which the image is very important in Spain. Cocoon is a shop that sold clothing especially at night but you can also find jeans, skirts, blouses, accessories, handbags and more clothing at prices that will chord with our product quality. Cocoon is a very experienced workers and always try to help the customer find what you want, is a company with more than 16 years of experience in this sector. 1.1...
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...THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL OREINTATION ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INNOVATIVENES: A CASE STUDY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTREPRISE IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA BY FATOYE, MUSTAPHA OBI 08S04/046 BEING A RESEACH PROJECT SUMITTED TO THE DEPARMENT OF BUSNESS ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO IN PARTICAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.S.C) DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTARTION (MANAGEMENT OPTION) JULY, 2012 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project was written by FATOYE MUSTAPHA OBI (MARICULATION NUMBER 08S04/046) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of bachelor of science (B.S.c) degree in business administration (management option) of the department of business administration, faculty of social and management sciences, Ajayi Crowther university, Oyo, Oyo State. MR. P.A Akanbi ....................... (Project supervisor) Date DR. O.E Ofoegbu ........................ (HOD, Business Administration) Date PROF. S.O. Akano ....................... (Dean, SMS) Date .............................. ........................ EXTERNAL EXAMINER Date DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty who generously gave me the strength, health and other resources to successfully accomplish this research. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This period of my life had been a period of trials and revelation but...
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...the Development Basic of Community Entrepreneurial Training Model at Tenun Ikat Craft Center Bandar Kidul Kediri Hariyono Doctorate Student of Economic Education Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia Jl.KH Wakhid Hashim Gg Va No. 17 Kediri. Email: hariyono.org@gmail.com Abstract: Small and micro business becomes one of important parts of the economy of a country. Thus, in order to face the globalization challenges and the economic crisis, it is necessary to study the role of small and medium scale enterprises in supporting the economy sector. One of small industries that plays a role in economic growth and able to survive the turmoil of the crisis is "Tenun Ikat Bandar Center", at Bandar Kidul village, District of Mojoroto Kediri. The goal is to analyze the results of a preliminary study on people's behavior in taking business decisions as a development basis model of the society entrepreneurial training. The approach used is a direct survey on the artisans, weavers and surrounded community, using in-depth interviews instrument on the community’s behavior in conducting their business, internal and external aspects which affect Bandar craftsmen to survive, and make business decisions. Based on the results from preliminary survey, it gained about Tenun Ikat craftsmen and workers’ motivation, self-employed business decisions and internal and external aspects. There should be an effort to raise SME artisans Tenun Ikat Bandar as potential SMEs. From the findings, there is a way...
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...Business and Economic Research ISSN 2162-4860 2012, Vol. 2, No. 1 An Exploratory Study of Motivational Factors on Women Entrepreneurship Venturing in Malaysia Hasni Che Ismail College of Law, Government & International Studies Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia E-mail: has1121@uum.edu.my Faridahwati Mohd. Shamsudin Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia E-mail: faridah@uum.edu.my Mohammed S. Chowdhury (Corresponding author) Othman yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business College of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia E-mail: mchowdr@yahoo.com or m.chowdhury@uum.edu.my Received: December 20, 2011 Accepted: January 9, 2012 doi:10.5296/ber.v2i1.1434 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v2i1.1434 Abstract This study explored the effects of motivational factors on women entrepreneurship venturing in Malaysia. The research was conducted on 80 entrepreneurs through random sampling technique. All hypotheses were tested using regression analysis and Pearson correlations, controlling for demographic variables of gender, age, and education, years of experience, and start-up funding. While the results of this study found significant effect of pull motivational factors, there is a marginal effect of push motivational factors on women entrepreneurship venturing in Malaysia. Implications and a number of recommendations are discussed. Keywords: Women entrepreneurship,...
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...INTRO Entrepreneurship is the “process of creating something different with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial and social risks, and receiving the resulting rewards or monetary and (/or) personal satisfaction” (Hisrich, 1990). This definition is sufficiently broad encompassing the many paths an entrepreneur may take, be it Schumpeterian profit maximisation or the social entrepreneurial desire to create social wealth (Zahra, 2009). The aim of this essay is to analyse some of the personal traits academics believe to be common to established entrepreneurs, in turn discussing how these strengths and weaknesses are applicable to myself. STRENGTH 1: “Innovativeness with the ability to combine resources effectively” Kirzner’s (2008) view of the entrepreneur is that they are “not creators, merely alert” to opportunities which arise around them. This somewhat contradicts the Schumpeter (ian) (1961) ideology that the entrepreneur is a “heroic… daring… captain of industry”. Forming a hybrid between these views, Casson (1982), states that the “entrepreneurs task (is) to discover and exploit opportunities… where products or services can be sold at a greater cost than their cost of production”. Combining the views of Kirzner and Casson describes the entrepreneur as someone who can spot a solution to a problem by using an existing product in a different application to that which it was originally designed. During my studies of engineering...
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...scarce capital, intensive technology, foreign exchange constraints, poor management, corruption and inadequate attention to economic viability and market prospects which has resulted in poor performance of the industries in terms of output and employment (Steel & Webster, 1992). Following an economic recession in the 1980’s which resulted in the retrenchment of workers from the civil service, the rationalization of production in the private sector under the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) was launched in 1983, and the high population growth rate of 2.6% per annum, coupled with the inability of the medium and large scale enterprises to grow and expand over time to absorb the idle labour, the SMEs has become an important option and alternative source of employment. SMEs have been...
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...core CSR theories (stakeholder theory and Carroll’s CSR pyramid), enhancing their relevance for small business. This is done by the application of the ethic of care, informed by the value of feminist perspectives and the extant empirical research on small business social responsibility. It is proposed that the expanded versions of core theory have wider relevance, value and implications beyond the small firm context. The theorization of small business social responsibility enables engagement with the mainstream of CSR research as well as making a contribution to small business studies in scholarly, policy and practice terms. Key words: corporate social responsibility, ethic of care, feminist ethics, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), small business, Carroll’s pyramid, stakeholder theory. Correspondence: Laura J. Spence, PhD. Professor of Business Ethics. Director, Centre for Research into Sustainability, School of Management, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK. Laura.Spence@rhul.ac.uk Acknowledgements: With sincere thanks to the special issue editors and reviewers, Kate Grosser and Dirk Matten for their insightful comments in the development of this paper. Introduction Small business social responsibility - whether it be a software engineer, automotive parts manufacturer, small accountants or delicatessen - offers an empirical context which is not a common starting point for business and society researchers. This is somewhat surprising...
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...enterprises (SMEs) form a crucial part of the U.S. economy. The SMEs create the most jobs in the country; they target the ordinary Americans for employment thus making them a very important component of the economy. Without the SMEs, the economy will bleed millions of jobs, adversely affecting the economy. This is the reasoning behind the drive by President Obama to give this sector newly acquired impetus and promote it to create more jobs for Americans and grow the economy. The target of the National Export Initiative (NEI) is to boost the export capacity of the SMEs in the U.S. by supporting them; the administration reasons that this will result in the creation of two million jobs. The intention is good, but the challenge lie in the operationalization of the policy and ensuring it works in the actual market (Audretsch, 100). The international market and the export market is often dominated by the big corporations with many resources to invest; this makes them strong and gives them the ability to compete with the big corporations that are players in the international market. The SMEs form the U.S. lack, the resources, know how, and the experience to compete with the established world trade players form the Europe Union, China, and India. This is where the Export Promotion Cabinet steps in to help the U.S. SMEs succeed in the competitive export market (Audretsch, 101). The cabinet should take action to remove both foreign and domestic barriers that curtail the SMEs players in the...
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...enterprises (SMEs) form a crucial part of the U.S. economy. The SMEs create the most jobs in the country; they target the ordinary Americans for employment thus making them a very important component of the economy. Without the SMEs, the economy will bleed millions of jobs, adversely affecting the economy. This is the reasoning behind the drive by President Obama to give this sector newly acquired impetus and promote it to create more jobs for Americans and grow the economy. The target of the National Export Initiative (NEI) is to boost the export capacity of the SMEs in the U.S. by supporting them; the administration reasons that this will result in the creation of two million jobs. The intention is good, but the challenge lie in the operationalization of the policy and ensuring it works in the actual market (Audretsch, 100). The international market and the export market is often dominated by the big corporations with many resources to invest; this makes them strong and gives them the ability to compete with the big corporations that are players in the international market. The SMEs form the U.S. lack, the resources, know how, and the experience to compete with the established world trade players form the Europe Union, China, and India. This is where the Export Promotion Cabinet steps in to help the U.S. SMEs succeed in the competitive export market (Audretsch, 101). The cabinet should take action to remove both foreign and domestic barriers that curtail the SMEs players in the...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the 21st century, entrepreneurship becomes a new trend. Many universities and colleges offer entrepreneurship as a major. Due to government’s incentives, self-employment rate among the Malaysian undergraduates has gradually increased over the years. This study intends to examine the entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian undergraduates. Based on previous study, 99.9 percent of all businesses in the United States are small businesses, with three‐fourths representing the self‐employed, self-employed has become leading components of our economy (2006). Entrepreneurs would also be considered as job creators since they need to hire employees working for their businesses. Young undergraduate could choose self-employment as their occupation due to financially affluent background. By using the advantage of lax security and tax system for self-employed, undergraduate could decide to open their own illegitimate business or to earn more profit by avoiding tax charge. In this research, we study the scope of undergraduate students who run their own business. The main aspects that will be examined is how they run their business, what motivates them to do so, how they cope with balance of studies and business through interviewing. This study draws its concepts and findings primarily from interviews with 7 purposive respondents who are currently self-employed full time students. Based on the results of the study, the family background is quite influential...
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...Yoong 900509-05-5279 0173690600 201044 JANUARY 2014 SEMESTER Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 SME 7 2.1 Benefit of SME 7 3.0 Case Study 1 13 4.0 Case Study 2 25 5.0 Reference 44 1.0 Introduction While individuals may be publicly recognized as social entrepreneurs for their contributions to improve the welfare of communities, the field of social entrepreneurship continues to struggle to gain academic legitimacy. Social entrepreneurship is a term in search of a good definition. The current use of the term seems vague and limitless; it needs boundaries to demarcate its function. The lack of a common definition hinders research and raises questions about which social or profit-making activities fall within the spectrum of social entrepreneurship. To become an important stream in the entrepreneurship literature, social entrepreneurship needs to be properly defined and it requires a theoretical framework that links it to the theory of entrepreneurship. This article builds on the literature to define social entrepreneurship, discusses the boundaries of socially-oriented entrepreneurial activities, and positions the social entrepreneur in the spectrum of entrepreneurship. Introduction Most economists and academics support the notion that entrepreneurship is becoming a crucial factor in the development and well-being of societies. Whether the entrepreneurial activities are practiced in factor-driven, efficiency-driven, or innovation-driven economies (Porter...
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...Entrepreneurship Research, April 2008 KC Lim Contents Abstract 1. Introduction a. b. The Continuing and Evolving Research on Entrepreneurs The Importance of Successful Entrepreneurship Today and Tomorrow 3 4 4 5 2. Literature Review a. Introduction i. Definition of Entrepreneurs Previous Areas of Entrepreneurship Research i. Personality Traits • Motivation • Risk Propensity and Uncertainty ii. Cognition • Intention and Opportunity Seeking • Innovation iii. Population Ecology c. Topic for this Study/Theoretical Framework i. The Broad Research Problem 5 5 7 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 16 16 18 18 19 22 24 27 27 29 30 b. 3. Hypothesis for Research a. Hypothesis Statements 4. Methodology 5. Analysis of Survey Data a. b. Data Compilation Analysis & Findings i. Background Data of Respondents ii. Findings 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cognition in Basic Business Areas Do Emotions Figure? Preferences for Source of Funds Preferences in Knowledge Acquisition More Specific Business Aspects i. Holding Company Together ii. Growth Factors iii. Continual Growth . HELP University College, 28 October 2009 Page 1 of 43 Entrepreneurship Research, April 2008 KC Lim 6. Limitations 7. Recommendations 8. Conclusion 9. Appendix 10. References 32 32 33 35 36 . HELP University College, 28 October 2009 Page 2 of 43 Entrepreneurship Research, April 2008 KC Lim Abstract This paper presents the findings of a general opinion survey on successful small...
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...Entrepreneurship. UNIT ONE: ORIGIN AND CONCEPTS OF ENTREPRENEUR AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Objectives: At the end of this unit students should be able to; Compare and contrast the various definitions of Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship. 1.2. Differentiate between Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship. List five contributions to the study of Entrepreneurship. Introduction Businesses are any undertaking created for the purpose of creating utility. Utility is simply the satisfaction derived from consuming certain goods and services. Businesses are created by a special kind of labour which is also referred to as the entrepreneur. Entrepreneur is regarded as a special kind of labour because not all labour possesses entrepreneurial abilities which enable them to start a business from the scratch. Thus, entrepreneurship is simply the establishment of a new business or business enterprise or venture. This Unit looks at the development of the concept of entrepreneurship and the various ways in which this concept can be defined. Quick Review questions I. Businesses are not any undertaking created for the purpose of creating utility. True or False II. 1.3. Entrepreneur is regarded as a special kind of labour True or False Entrepreneurship – Origin Various scholars have written extensively on the origin of entrepreneurship. What is interesting is that most of the scholars who wrote about the origin of entrepreneurship...
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...Introduction The Small and Medium scale Enterprise (SME) are recognized worldwide as engines of economic growth. The commonly perceived merits often emphasized for their promotion especially in the developing countries like Bangladesh include their relatively high labor intensity, dependence on indigenous skills and technology, contributions to entrepreneurship development and innovativeness and growth of industrial linkages. The case for fostering SME growth in Bangladesh is irrefutable as these industries offer bright prospects for creating large-scale employment and income earning opportunities at relatively low cost for the unemployed especially in the rural areas strengthening the efforts towards achieving high and sustained economic growth which are critically important prerequisites for triggering an exit from endemic poverty and socio-economic deprivation. These promotional arguments for the SMEs, while universally emphasized are often put forward by their ardent advocates in a small versus large context and thus arouse serious debates concerning their economic viability. Much of such controversies may, however breakdown if the intrinsic virtues specific to SMEs and unavailable to large-scale industries are correctly identified and carefully exploited. A combined interaction of the forces of product-mix, location factors, technological advantages and market advantages create opportunities for SMEs to grow and prosper at all levels of development which are often ignored...
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