2. 4 most abundant elements of earth: -oxygen -silicon -aluminum -hydrogen
3. 4 classes of minerals in lithosphere & elemental composition: oxide: oxygen (ore of iron: pigement) sulfide: sulfur (ore of lead) silicates: silicon & oxygen carbonates: carbon & calcium ( cement & lime)
4. Abestos: are tiny & sharp
Benefits: fireproof thermal insulator, used in furnaces, heating ducts, & steam pipes
Risks: can cause lung cancer leading to mesothelioma, also the synergistic effect.
5.
Silicates Unit Structure
1. Quartz SiO2 3D Arrange.
2. Micas SiO4 2D arrange.
3, Asbestos SiO4 Double Chains
6. Porous & Nonporous Pottery:
Porous Pottery is not food safe Nonporous is food safe because it is glazed
7. Glass: Characteristics, how its made& how the properties can be modified.:
Glass: non crystalline solid, sand, sodium carbonates, & limestone.
Properties can be changed by adding or replacing certain components.
8. Cement & Concrete:
Cement: complex mixture of calcium & aluminum silicates (limestone & clay are mixed together to create clinker, then ground to a fine powder & mixed w/ gypsum, resulting cement is mixed w/ sand & gravel & water, hardens to become concrete.
9. Production (extraction) of iron, aluminum, & copper:
Valuable material: extracted from the ores )
10. Soaring prices on scrap metal. One metal is the cost of energy needed to extract a metal from its ore. The greater the cost of energy, the more it costs to convert ore to metal.
Chap. 13
1. Nitrogen cycle: is completed by the action of other types of microbes, which can use nitrate ions as their oxygen source fro the decomposition of organic matter and release Nitrogen gas back to the atmosphere.
2. Temperature inversion: occurs when cold air is trapped near earth’s surface by a layer of warmer air. Polluted air can then be trapped bear earths surface.
3. Effects of ozone in the troposphere & stratosphere:
Troposphere: Bad, this is the nearest layer, cause pollution would reach us stronger.
Stratosphere: good: which is capable of absorbing harmful, ultraviolet radiation.
4. What to do about industrial smog: (air that has been polluted by industrial activity)
Electrostatic precipitators: induce the charge, makes it opposite, and makes it go the opposite way, bag filtration: works like giant vacuum cleaner, particulates get absorbed into the bag house ,cyclone separator: cycling stack gases in a spiral motion, makes it cycle outwards to the walls and discards them, wet scrubber: remove particulates by passing the stack gases through water.
5. Photochemical smog: The components of smog react with sunlight to form an amber haze. Only happens in the afternoon/evening.
6. Equations of reactions showing acid rain forming: lightning breaks apart the bonds In the atmosphere, then the oxygen in that spshere reacts with the single Nitrogen which forms Nitrogen dioxide & monoxide, then the nitrogen monoxide reacts with water, then forms the acid rain. HNO3 (nitric acid)
7. Indoor air pollution: CO & NO, mold(will grow wherever there is moisture like in the bathroom, can exacerbate asthma, bronchitis, & lung diseases, & ozone (copy machines, electric air cleaners), cigarette smoke, radon( natural rock & soil), polonium-218 ( isotope of radon- to emit radon) .
8. Greenhouse gases: CO2 & some other gases will allow solar energy to penetrate the atmosphere but trap heat in. (human activity contributes the most to this greenhouse effect)
9. Mitigation of global warming: Reducing the output of greenhouse gases has no easy fix. Combinations of emerging technologies, such as solar, nuclear, and wind, along w/ carbon sequestration. (Removal of CO2 and transporting that to underground reservoir)
Chap. 14:
1. Unique properties of water & their effects:
Properties: very high heat of vaporization, specific heat: 1g of water to 1 degree C temp change, expands when it freezes, UNIVERSAL SOLVENT. (ice has a lower density of water: like and iceberg floats)
2. Water in Nature: Water is amphoteric: (water can be a base or and acid) 75% earths surface is water, 98% of it is non drinking water (oceans) & 2% is frozen in polar ice caps.
3. Bible chem
4. Acid rain & its effects on lakes w. various rocks: If lakes have limestone then it neutralizes the water, but it no limestone then the PH level is lowered. Acids are no threat to lakes or streams where limestone is present (limestone is a base)
5. Soft water: contains sodium & potassium ions & hard Water: water containing calcium, magnesium, & iron salts.
6. BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand: a measure of the amount of oxygen needed for this degradation to occur. The greater the quantity of degradable organic wastes, the higher BOD.
Contributing activaties: sewage and dying lakes, and sewage from homes & businesses depletes the dissolved oxygen in water.
Aerobic decay: oxygen is present in the organic matter. (produces: CO2, nitrate ions, phosphate ions, sulfate ions, & bicarbonate ions)
Anaerobic decay: Oxygen is not present in the organic matter. ( methane, ammonia, amines, hydrogen sulfide, methanethol)
7. Industrial use of water: Synthetic rubber: uses the most water to produce. Steel, Paper, Copper, Rayon, aluminum. Industries use a lot of recycled water.
8. Contaminants of groundwater: : Nitrates (agriculture, fertilzers, & animal waste) Nitrite ions form complexes with heme, & the baby can turn blue and die. This condition is known as methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome)
VOC: can contaminate water & add odor to drinking water: Sources: leaking storage tanks, illegally dumped waste, & landfills, brine wells.
9. Calculations of PPM: 1 PPM = 1 g solute/ 10^6 g solution
1 PPM= 1 mg/L
10. Water Treatment & wastewater treatment:
Water treatment:
1. Add slaked lime & alum to water: this forms a gelatinous aluminum hydrozide, which coagulates colloidal particles along w. bacteria. These are then removed by filtering though sand & gravel filters. Charcoal is often present in the filtering process to remove odors, & the water is aerated to improve taste.
2. Chlorine is added to kill any remaining bacteria. Ozone can be used for bacteria disinfection and has the added advantage of killing viruses. Also UV light can also be used as well, it does not offer the residual protection that chlorine or ozone does. UV is good for small applications.
3. The add fluorides to help prevent tooth decay.
Waste water treatment:
-Primary sweage treatment: involves holding the sewage in setting ponds to allow heavier solids to precipitate out as sludge.
-Secondary: passing the effluent from the primary trhough sand and gravel filters. During this process, aerobic bacteria can break down much of the organic matter.
*another form of secondary: activated sludge method: sewage is placed into tanks and aerated with large blowers.
-Tertiary: involves further treatment for the sewage, such as charcoal filtration to absorb organic molecules reverse osmosis, further filtration, and distillation.
Sludge: from municipal sewage treatment systems can be used as fertilizer.
Communities allow primary treatment in setting ponds. The effluent is then allowed to flow into marshes that filter the sewage & use the nutrients.
