...Catecholase is an enzyme that catalyzes a response to injury among many types of plants. Upon exposure to oxygen, catechol in plant cells is oxidized, and, with catecholase, produces benzoquinone. Benzoquinone is used as a protection against invasion and infection by microorganisms (Stegenga, 84). The oxidation reaction of catechol may be represented by the following equation: Catechol + ½ O2 Benzoquinone + H2O Benzoquinone is a brown color, allowing for observations about its presence to be determined by use of a spectrophotometer that measures the absorbance of green light, and, therefore, the presence of reflected brown-orange light. An initial procedure was used to test the conversion of catechol to benzoquinone....
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...Practical Applications of Enzymology Enzymes play a crucial role in our daily life. Our entire metabolic systems are bound with these enzymes. It also has applications in industrial fields. It helps in so many industrially important chemical reactions such as enzyme catalysis. And enzymes are used in medical field for making so many important medicines like antibiotics. Fermentation process using enzyme is an important thing in alcoholic beverages. In food and digestion Enzymes allow multiple chemical reactions that occurring in any second in the body of animals and plants. The enzymes allow the transformation of food into energy and facilitate variety of other important biological functions. Human enzymes meet one of the three fundamental functions. The largest of every types of enzymes, sometimes called metabolic enzymes, it helps in so many basic body processes, from breathing to thought. Some of this enzymes are dedicated to the maintenance of immune system , they protects from the diseases and others helps to control the effect of toxins like tobacco smoke transforming them into a form , body will eject it more easily. A second category of enzymes is in diet and it consist enzymes in raw foods that help in...
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...2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright and Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher at the address below. Published in 2010 by CT Publications* 40 Higher Bridge Street Bolton Greater Manchester BL1 2HA Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *CT Publications is owned by Chemistry Tutorials located at the same address. Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.biologytutorials.co.uk 0800 040 7901 3 4 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay CONTENTS 1. Be aware of the task you face ............................................................................ 6 What is Synoptic? ........................................................................................... 6 Will I have to learn everything? ..............
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...buffer pH 8 (50 mM Tris/HCl buffer containing 1 mM CaCl2, ... Saliva ingestion occurred under each condition investigated, as indicated by ... Experiment: investigation of action of saliva and hydrochloric ... https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid... Jun 25, 2012 - 1) Name of enzyme involved 2)specific action(s) of enzymes involved. Two hydrolytic enzymes and an epistemological–historical ... www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue4/enzymes Science in School Sep 3, 2007 - 5 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH); 5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl); Saliva. ... To demonstrate the test methods, test all four carbohydrate solutions ... Discussion ... more concentrated than is necessary for the activity and that using a ... The authors have recommended the Fehling’s test for this investigation. What is the objectives of investigation of action of saliva and ... www.answers.com › Wiki Answers › Categories › Science › Biology ... of investigation of action of saliva and diluted hydrochloric acid in two ... to determine the type of carbohydrate ... Action of saliva in carbohydrate solution? Action of saliva in carbohydrate solution - Answers.com www.answers.com › ... › Carbohydrates and Low-Carb Diets Which enzyme present in saliva helps in digestion of carbohydrates? .... of investigation of action of saliva and diluted hydrochloric acid in two...
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...Practical 3 Investigation of Action of Saliva and Hydrochloric Acid in Two Carbohydrate Solution | Objective: 1. To show the action of saliva in two carbohydrate solutions. 2. To show the action of hydrochloric acid in two carbohydrate solutions. Apparatus & Equipment’s: Boiling tubes Metal test tube racks Beaker Graduated plastic dropper Water bath,~37°C Water bath,~95°C Stop watch Test tube holder Materials: Carbohydrate solution A Carbohydrate solution B Benedict’s solution 3M Hydrochloric acid 3M Sodium hydroxide Procedures: 1. Prepared two boiling tubes with containing 1 ml solution A and 1 ml solution B respectively. 1 ml Benedict’s solution was added to each tube and heated both tubes together in the (~95°C) water bath for two minutes. Then, recorded the results in table 1. 2. Added a few drops of fresh solution A and B separately spaced on a white tile. On each solution, added 1-2 drops of iodine solution and mixed with pen cover. Recorded your observations in the table 1. 3. Pipetted 2 ml solution B into each of four boiling tubes. The tubes were labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively near mouth of tube. Labelled your group name. 4. Placed tubes 1 and 2 in a water bath of ~37°C. 5. Salivated into a small beaker until it reached about 5 ml. 6. At the same time, step (6) and (7) was to be done approximately. Measured out 4 ml of the saliva prepared in step (4) and pipetted 2 ml each into tubes 1 and 4. The contents of the tubes shook well to ensure...
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...Mineral and Water Function Essay Lathe Alexander Sci/241 1/18/15 Summer Huntley-Dale In this paper we will be discussing; what are the functions and sources of minerals? What is the function of water in the body? What is the general effect of dehydration on the body? How can you prevent dehydration? These are the functions and sources of minerals and water in the body, and the general effect of dehydration, and how to prevent it. Functions and sources of minerals Minerals contribute to the body's structure and help regulate body processes. Many serve more than one function. For example, we need calcium to keep our bones strong as well as to maintain normal blood pressure, allow muscles to contract, and transmit nerve signals from cell to cell. Some minerals help regulate water balance, others help regulate energy metabolism, and some affect growth and development through their role in the expression of certain genes. Many minerals act as cofactors needed for enzyme activity. None of the minerals we require acts in isolation. Instead, they interact with each other as well as with other nutrients and other components of the diet. Eating a variety of foods, including fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, whole grains and cereal, milk, seafood, and lean meats can maximize your diets mineral content. Function of water in the body Water doesn't provide energy...
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...Experiment 10. The effect of pepsin on egg white suspension (a) Label four test-tubes 1-4. (b) Into each tube place about 5 cm3 (20 mm in test-tube) egg white suspension. (c) To tubes 2,3 and 4 add three drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. (d) Using a graduated pipette or syringe place 1 cm3 1% pepsin solution in a clean test- tube and heat it over a small Bunsen flame until the liquid boils. Add the boiled pepsin to the egg-white suspension in tube 4. (e) Prepare a water bath in a 250 cm3 beaker or jar by mixing hot and cold water from the tap to attain a temperature of about 40 °C. Have the beaker about half full. (f) Using a graduated pipette or syringe, add 1 cm3 1% pepsin to tubes 1 and 3 only. (g) Place all four tubes in the water bath and copy the table below into your notebook. (h) After five or six minutes remove the four tubes from the water bath and replace them in the test-tube rack. Compare the appearance of the contents and fill in your table of results. |Tube |Contents |Results | |1 |Egg-white suspension & pepsin | | |2 |Egg-white suspension & HCl | | |3 |Egg-white suspension, pepsin & HCl ...
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...from seven to fourteen, fourteen being most basic. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, most biological solutions range from a pH of six to eight. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, there are exceptions, for example the acidic digestive juice of the human stomach has a pH of around two. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). Therefore, like the proteins structures which are sensitive to their environment so is an enzymes which works better under certain conditions than others.(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.152-155). Enzymes are organic catalysts (a chemical that speeds up a reaction without changing itself) that engages in the transformation of one organic molecule to another but with a lower activation energy.(Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR, Winter ’11 ed., pp. 1). The molecule that the enzyme acts upon is called the substrate and the molecule produced by the reaction is called the product. (Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR, Winter ’11 ed., pp. 1). One molecule of an enzyme could transform many substrates to products in seconds without it being affected, the process called the catalytic cycle. (Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR,...
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...The Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat: Photosynthesis is the process in which certain life forms are able to use sunlight to create energy. This energy is created by making carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. Plants release large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere as they produce much more than needed during the photosynthesis process. Aerobic respiration is an important process in life as we know it. This process further breaks down molecules and sugars using oxygen. During this process adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created, used to store and transfer energy to cells throughout the body. (Aerobic respiration, 2010) Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both needed for each other to be able to perform their primary functions. One without the other would not work properly. Between both of these processes we receive three main sources; water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Plants and animals require all three of these in order to live. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are a lot like a circle. Animals need oxygen to live and emit carbon dioxide, while plants need carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and omit oxygen, thus completing the circle. (Photosynthesis, 2005) During the photosynthesis stage a plant produces oxygen that aerobic respiration will use in order to break molecules, during this process electrons...
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...INTRODUCTION Microorganisms are used extensively to provide a vast range of products and services. They have proved to be particularly useful because of the ease of their mass cultivation, speed of growth, use of cheap substrates (which in many cases are wastes) and the diversity of potential products. Their ability to readily undergo genetic manipulation has also opened up almost limitless further possibilities for new products and services from the fermentation industries (Trevor Palmor, 2004). Microorganisms are a large and disease group that exist as its single cell or cell cultures. These include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and infectious agents at the borderline of life. Microbes are present most abundantly in soil, atmosphere and water plays a important role in the biochemical agent for the conversion of complex organic compounds into simple organic compounds (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). Microorganisms are closely associated with health and welfare of human beings. Some Microorganisms are beneficial and others are detrimental. For example, Microorganisms are involved in the making of yoghurt, cheese and wine, in the production of Penicillin, interferons and alcohol, and the processing of industrial and domestic wastes. Microorganisms can cause disease, spoil food and deteriorate materials like iron, pipes, glass lenses and wood pilings (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). Most of these Microorganisms irrespective of their origins, were subsequently modified by conventional...
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...Have you ever wonder what is the basic structure of life was? The Process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Or even plant and animal cell structure and functions? The Process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration is a metabolic process in which inorganic material is turned into the organic material with the help of sunlight and with use of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis gives out Oxygen. Respiration in animals uses oxygen produced from the atmosphere produced by plants to generate energy in the metabolic process undergoing several stages. Respiration uses oxygen and gives back the carbon dioxide and hence forms the raw reactant for the plants to utilize again. Photosynthesis is a process in which light energy is used to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates. Aside from light energy, the reactants of photosynthesis include carbon dioxide and water. Because photosynthesis involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, it is referred to as anabolic. Aerobic respiration is a process that utilizes oxygen to oxidize organic molecules (such as glucose). The energy stored in organic molecules is used to generate ATP. Aerobic respiration is a catabolic reaction, because complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones. Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct. This oxygen results from the splitting of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis. The oxygen released into the atmosphere can then be used by organisms that respire aerobically...
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...SCIE206-1303B-07 UNIT 2 IP 2 ‘Photosynthesis and Respiration’ Running Head: Photosynthesis and Respiration 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration The process in which carbon dioxide is transformed into organic compounds from sunlight is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, a natural process, offers every aerobic being on earth oxygen and also assists in maintaining a natural percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere (Cloud, David 2011). Human beings would not exist without this process. Photosynthesis also occurs in algae, plants, and certain bacteria. In contrast, respiration takes glucose (sugar), along with other organic compounds oxidizing them to develop carbon dioxide. Respiration is the metabolic reaction in organic cells, biochemical energy into adenosine triphosphate/ATP. Each cycle depends on the other, in order for the ‘complete cycle’ to transpire. When it comes to receiving energy from the foods we eat, photosynthesis stores the energy and respiration releases it. Both cycles are important to ensure continuous life on earth. Photosynthesis and respiration are connected between plants and animals based on the reactants and products of both pathways by the usage of autotrophs and heterotrophs. An autotroph are organisms the have the ability to manufacture their own food (“Autotroph vs. Heterotroph” n.d.). Heterotroph organisms are essential in respiration and are not an...
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...SULPHYDRYL ANALYSIS by Student’s name Code+ course name Professor’s name University name City, State Date Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to test the free sulphydryl groups that may be important for the enzyme activities as well as the roles that the disulphide bonds plays n the stabilizing of the structure that is 3 dimensional of the enzymes and proteins. The latter purpose is vital in the study of proteins. The results for tube 2 showed that N= 6.588 and that tube 3 showed that N= 0.153 sulphide groups in the samples. Tube 2 contained Urea and sodium borohydrate. When the proteins were denatured partially, it meant that only part of it was converted to a form that is insoluble under the conditions which the native proteins are soluble. The insoluble fractions had the number of reactive SH as well as the S-S groups’ characteristics of the completely denatured proteins. This experiment introduces some methods for investigating and analyzing sulphydryl and disulphide groups in proteins. Materials and methods Measurement of Sulphide and Disulphide groups in a protein with DTNB Lysozyme solution at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was used here. Four test tubes were set up and they were labeled as 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1.44 gms of urea were added into the test tubes of 2, 3 and 4. 0.1ml of 0.1M EDTA was added to the each tube.Afterward, 1.0 ml o f Lysozyme solution was...
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...Beta galactosidase is a hydrolase enzyme and it is also known as beta gal. It causes the hydrolysis of the polysaccharides that is it uses the water to break down the sugar molecules in to simpler and smaller compounds such as simple sugars. It acts on different substrates to break it down as it is a catabolic enzyme. The important substrates are lactose, lactoslyceramides, gangliosides and many other glycoproteins but lactose is an important substrate and sometimes this enzyme has been recognized by its sub class that is lactase. Beta galactosidase is actually a chemical name employed to a large group of the enzymes. Enzymes are the proteins that takes part in the catabolic activity within the cells and they act as a catalyst that is enhances and makes it faster the reaction of the hydrolysis of the molecules that would otherwise be slow and the normal physiological process can be slowed down and the life of the cells would not be possible anymore. The enzyme known as β - galactosidase is not only present in eukaryotic cells but also in prokaryotic cells. As the word indicates galatosidase, it means the breakdown of the large chain sugar lactose into smaller molecules such as glucose and galactose (Casadaban et al., 1983). Lactose is polysaccharide that is the large sugar which is formed by the combination of two smaller molecules such as glucose and galactose. In order to determine the quantity of the breakdown of lactose, one method can be adopted which is Bradford assay. In...
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...Introduction Catalysts help speed up reactions. Catalysts come from a certain molecular substance found in cells. These are called enzymes. Enzymes would temporarily bond to one or more reactants of a reaction and catalyze, meaning they speed up the process with lower activation energy needed. Enzymes provide a variety of functions such as cells using an enzyme to rid themselves of a poisonous substance (hydrogen peroxide) and also energy usage. catalase 2H2O(l) ( 2H2O(l) + O2(g) This lab measured the time it took for a disc of filter paper soaked with different concentrations of enzyme to make its way to the surface of the test tube containing peroxide. The evidence observed that proved there was indeed catalase present was the oxygen bubbles forming and causing the disc to rise to the surface. Materials and Method (as per teacher instruction) Referring to the data recorded in part I, the concentration of the catalase that had the fastest rate of reaction was at 100%. Whereas the slowest was at 0%. Part I : Effect of enzyme concentration | | |Reaction rate (mm/s) |Class average | |% of catalase |Group 1 |Group 2 |Average | |100 |7.40 |9.46 |8.43 | ...
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