...Conditions and Concentrations Abstract: Sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose. The purpose of this lab experiment was to determine under what environment the enzymatic reaction between sucrose and sucrase would produce the most products and the rate of production. To determine the rate of reaction, Benedicts Reagent was used to identify the amount of glucose produced from the enzymatic reaction. Benedicts Reagent is used to detect the presence of glucose and indicates the results with varying degrees of color. We were successful in our endeavors to measure this rate of reaction with Benedicts Reagent and conclude that the higher the substrate or enzyme concentration, the faster the rate. The process of using Benedicts Reagent to measure glucose levels is also used in urine analysis for people with diabetes. Introduction: All living organisms need to supply themselves with nutrients and as humans, we use the process of digestion to break down and extrapolate the nutrients from our food to maintain and fuel our bodies. In order to perform digestion our bodies use enzymes, which are biological catalysts. They are made of proteins that responsible for the chemical reactions essential to sustaining life. Enzymes have three major characteristics: increase the rate of reaction, are substrate specific and lower the energy barrier it takes to for reactants to occur. Enzymes can also react differently under certain conditions and concentration...
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...The Effects of Peroxidase on Enzyme Activity Gianna Crowe Bio Lab 117 October 16th, 2014 Most enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions and are characterized as catalysts. Enzymes work in such a way that when the right chemicals of a molecule are present for the enzyme, it will fully fit the shape. The part of the particular shape is called the active site of the enzyme, since this is where the reaction occurs. The molecule that the enzyme works on is called the substrate. An enzyme reaction includes a substrate (substance) that is converted to another product. The unique shape of the active site of the enzyme allows it to bind with only certain kinds of molecules, which is the substrate of the enzyme (Strobl 2014). A substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme to form a enzyme-substrate complex for a very short time, this then becomes part of a new formation and a new product of a specific reaction is formed then released freeing the active site, allowing the enzyme to repeatedly bind another substrate. Enzymes are produced by all living things, and are a necessity to life. They are responsible for constructing, synthesizing, carrying, dispensing, delivering, and eliminating the many chemicals associated in living organisms (Colpa 2014). An example for how enzymes work in living organisms would be the process of food digestion, enzymes work to break down food and speed up the digestion process. Factors that affect enzyme activity deal with environmental conditions...
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...Lab Report #2 Name: Lab: #9 Enzymes – Experiment #4 Due date: Purpose The purpose of the experiment is to compare and examine the effect of substrate concentration on catalase activity. Introduction All chemical reactions require a catalyst. A type of catalyst that exists is an enzyme, which acts to bring out a specific biochemical reaction. At all times, all work inside a cell is being performed by enzymes (Brian, 2000). The purpose of an enzyme is to help the cell carry out reactions very quickly. An interaction must be made for a reaction to become catalyzed. The active site is where this interaction between the enzyme and the reactant and/or reactants takes place. In order for the enzyme to work efficiently and properly, the reactant (or substrate) must position itself perfectly within the active site. Most enzymes usually only can catalyze a single chemical reaction, which is called specificity (Introduction To Enzymes, n.d.). Enzymes can also operate to an optimal extent where chemical reactions can occur rapidly and with the upmost efficiency, under certain conditions known as the enzyme’s optimum activity (Boli, 2012). The many different conditions include environmental, such as pH and temperature, or concentrations of the substrates and enzymes. In this experiment, we examined a substance called catalase. Catalase is the isolated cells from potatoes and beef liver. As the substrate for the experiment, hydrogen peroxide was used at various different amounts...
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...What is the effect of enzyme concentration, pH level, and temperature on the rate of reaction? Theresa Lashinski Annandale High School In partial fulfillment of the requirements for College Biology Mrs. Kraemer November 27, 2012, 2012 Abstract What is the effect of enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH levels on the rate of reaction for the enzyme tyrosinase? An experiment was conducted, manipulating the pH levels, temperature and concentration of the enzyme tyrosinase. The materials used in this experiment were: cuvettes, a spectrophotometer, three different concentrations of tyrosinase, buffered substrate, temperature water baths, distilled water, a computer equipped with the LoggerPro program, microtubules, and syringes. The College Biology class from Annandale High School, made of approximately half male and half female conducted the experiment. All of the students tested for enzyme concentration, but one half of the class also tested for temperature while the other half examined pH levels. The results showed that as enzyme concentration goes up, the rate of reaction increases. It was also found that as you move farther away from the optimal pH of the enzyme, reaction rate decreases. The results also showed that the greater the temperature, the higher the reaction rate, until it reached 60 degrees Celsius, which denatured the enzymes’ hydrogen bonds. Literature Review Enzymes are a vital part of the workings of...
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...The purpose of the enzyme lab conducted was to observe the chemical composition of cells. In order to do so we tested for the presence of organic molecules. Molecules are what forms when atoms bond together. Organic molecules of cells include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which are composed of smaller molecules known as monomers and polymers. Polymers are joined monomers. A chemical reaction links monomers together occurs and releases a water molecule, this is called dehydration synthesis. Hydrolysis separates polymers into monomers by using water to break bonds. Organic catalysts called enzymes are proteins that increase the speed of a chemical reaction. In the lab we used Biuret reagent to test for proteins, iodine solution to test for starch, paper to test for lipids. In the first lab, we tested for the presence of proteins in samples by using blue solution called Biuret reagent, which changes to purple when a protein is present and pinkish-purple for peptides. First test tubes were marked at 1cm and then filled to the mark with water, albumin, pepsin, and starch. Next, five drops of Biuret reagent was added to the sample, covered with Parafilm, and swirled to mix. The water remained clear, indicating the sample lacked the presence of proteins, and thus was our negative control. The albumin sample observed changed to an orange-purple color, indicating the presence of protein. The peptin sample changed to a pink-purple hue, testing positive for presence of peptides...
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...Enzyme Post Lab Report Type of Fruit Prediction Result Apple None None Orange None None Pineapple Take longer to dissolve into the Jello Broke through the Jello quicker than the heated pineapple Heated Apple None None Heated Orange None None Heated Pineapple Breakdown through the Jell-O fast Broke through the Jell-O slower than the regular pineapple Q.1.) The piece of pineapple is the fruit that contains the enzyme Bromelain Q.2.) It is possible to make Jello with canned pineapple chunks but not fresh pineapple chunks because the canned pineapple is the heated pineapple which will break through the jello, while the fresh pineapple will not. Q.3.) Heat speeds up the process, which affects enzymes, but too much heat destroys the enzymes. Cup...
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...experiment “Enzyme Jelly Lab”, it was discovered that the hypothesis was rejected. The hypothesis being: If temperature affects enzyme function then fresh pineapple is the best to use when making jello. The rationale behind this hypothesis was that the bonds within the collagen of the fresh pineapple could withstand the temperature up to 70 degrees Celsius. This would allow bonds to repair themselves after cooling. When combined with hot water, the helices form a 3-D structure and is unraveled which would then form gelatin. In canned pineapple, the temperature of 100 degrees Celsius is too high for the peptide bonds to hold together and this would permanently break the bonds. This would not allow the solution to cool and set. After revealing the results, it was discovered that the canned pineapple was the successor out of the two types of pineapple to create jello. This occurred because the canned pineapple...
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...In lab 7, Factors affecting Enzyme Activity, there are two parts; Effects of concentration on enzyme activity and effects of temperature on enzyme activity. In the first lab with concentration the materials needed to preform this experiment will be a LabQuest, Vernier O2 Gas Sensor, Nalgene bottle, enzyme suspension, 3.0% H2O2 , stop watch, goggles, three test tubes and dH2O and a 10 ml graduated cylinder.The first step in the procedure is to obtain three test tubes and label them 1, 2, and 3. With a graduated cylinder, fill the three tubes with 5 ml of 3.0% H2O2 and 5 ml of water. Add five drops of enzyme suspension to test tube labeled 1. Wait thirty seconds and pour solution into a Nalgene bottle. Place the O2 gas sensor into the bottle...
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...Data: See attached sheet Discussion: The catalase enzyme does not work at high temperatures around or above 50 degrees celsius. We proved this in our lab when the slope changed from 0.021 kPa/sec at 34 degrees celsius to negative 0.009 kPa/sec at 54 degrees celsius. With just a change in 20 degrees the slope, or how well the enzyme is working went from really good to really bad. The catalase enzyme works best around a pH of 10. At a pH of 4 and 7 the slopes were 0.007 and 0.009 kPa/sec. At the pH of 10 it went way up to 0.028 kPa/sec. We can tell the enzyme needs a fairly basic pH for it to work, and not a neutral or acidic one. The more catalase enzyme there is, the better it will work. The rate and slope increased greatly from 0.002 kPa/sec...
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...the ways enzymes work. It also will give information on the role of substrates and how it affects enzymes. In the first experiment, we examined whether or not the speed of the reaction will be influenced positively by an increase of heat to a point where it will not be denatured, but negatively by a decrease of heat. In the second experiment we looked to see if the speed is influenced positively by an increase of enzymes to a point, but negatively affected by a decrease of enzymes. For the third experiment the hypothesis was to see if the speed of the reaction is influenced by the amount of substrate in the environment. There is another test conducted to see if the enzyme will not be able...
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...Enzymes are proteins that are made by living cells. They act as catalysts, speeding up the chemical reaction process, remaining unchanged before and after. They do so by lowering the activation energy, meaning when they are present, less energy is required for the reaction to occur. The enzymes act on a substrate during the process. A substrate is any compound the enzyme bonds with. However, the substrate must match a specific shape for the two to bond properly. This is known as the key and lock method because they must fit perfectly, like a key fits into a lock. The area where the substrate enters the enzyme is known as the active site. The substrate is then transformed into one or more products. Finally, the process has ended and the new product is released from the active site. There are two main factors that allow an enzyme to work properly, pH level and temperature. When these factors are altered, the shape of the active site is affect resulting in temporary loss of productivity or even a permanent loss known as denaturing. An enzyme only works at full potential under a...
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...Enzymes are globular proteins folded into a complex 3-dimensional shape that contain a special surface region called the active site where specific substrate can bind structurally and chemically. They act as catalysts, meaning that they are substances which lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur and therefore increases the rate of the reaction. Activation Energy is the minimum energy barrier needed to be overcome before a reaction can occur by providing an alternative reaction pathway. The beneficial aspect of enzymes is that they are extremely efficient and may be used repeatedly. One enzyme may be used to catalyze thousands of reactions every second. The two factors that affect the efficiency of how enzymes...
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...Enzymes are fundamental proteins which act as effective catalysts for biochemical reactions within an organism. Enzymes are distinct from one another; they attach themselves to specific slots on substrates called active sites to lower the activation energy to start the chemical reaction. This is represented by the lock and key model, where the shape of the enzyme directly corresponds to the substrate to carry out a specific job. An enzyme is able to be used until it becomes denatured, or when the active spot of the enzyme changes shape due to high temperatures, or pH and salinity changes. In this lab, an important enzyme in animals called catalase, which is essential to catalyze the breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), was tested. Hydrogen...
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...Enzymes activity plays an important role on living organisms. Its activity can be affected by different factors, including environmental and molecular elements. Enzyme inhibition by some molecules can be competitive or noncompetitive according to the binding mechanism. The aim of this study was to determine the type of inhibition occurred by the phenylthiourea (PTU) on the catechol oxidase enzyme. Different substrate concentrations, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mL, and presence (1mL) and absent of PTU was analyzed. Products were measured at 380 nm. Results showed product only when PTU was not present, except for in one tube. A PTU noncompetitive inhibition is proposed based on the inability to obtained product even when the substrate concentration is increased....
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...Function of Restriction Enzymes: Restriction endonucleases cleave the phosphodiester bond between an adjacent phosphate and deoxyribose group in the phosphate backbone of the DNA. The active site of the endonuclease perform this cleavage by binding to the side chain of certain amino acids to the phosphate group through a chemical bond. This dissolves the preexisting bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate resulting in a breakage with in the DNA chain at a specific location. (3, 7) One characteristic feature of restriction endonucleases is that they cut at a very particular site having a specific DNA sequence. This specific sequence that allows the enzyme to attach is known as the recognition site. Consider the example of the first restriction enzyme discovered, EcoRI....
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