...does it carry out these actions? Enzymes play a huge part in cellular activity, as was discovered in 1896 (Human Touch of Chemistry). Enzymes were originally found while trying to ferment glucose into alcohol. Scientists couldn't figure out how to carry out this process without living yeast. Eduard Buchner proved that glucose could be turned into alcohol without living yeast by using juice he obtained from yeast, but didn't know what to call the things acting inside that juice. Enzymes translate to "in yeast" because of this discovery process (Kroening). Continued study and investigation of them has allowed much more understanding of how cells carry out their daily processes. Enzymes are made of amino acids, amino acids are folded together to create a specific shape. Each enzyme will have a different shape in order to fit perfectly with a different substrate. The open spot on an enzyme is called an active...
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...INTRODUCTION: Lipase also called as triacylglycerol acylhydrolaseis an enzyme known for its enormous applications for industry and diagnostics. Their basic activity is to convert fats into fatty acids and glycerol. These enzymes are water soluble in nature. They also convert polar solvents into more lipolytic substances. In 1856, a scientist name claude Bernard has identified lipase [1]. Lipases are serine hydrolases containing G-X1-S-X2-G sequences as the catalytic part of the particle, where G = glycine, S = serine, X1 = histidine, X2 = glutaminic or aspartic acid. Such structure is characteristic also for serine proteases. The knowledge of their 3-dimensional structure plays a significant role in designing and structuring lipases...
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...Name of the Assignment: Characterization and Applications of Lipases Course Title: Enzymology Course ID: BTC 517 Date of Submission: 3 August, 2012 Submitted To: Professor Naiyyum Choudhury Coordinator,Biotechnology MNS Department BRAC University Mohakhali, Dhaka Submitted By: Sultana Rownok Jahan M.S Biotechnology Summer 2012 MNS Department BRAC University Mohakhali,Dhaka. Introduction: Lipases are the special kind of esterases belong to subclass 1 of hydrolytic enzyme class 3 and have been assigned sub-sub class 3.1.1 due to their specificity for carboxylic acid ester bonds. Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, E.C. 3.1.1.3) are ubiquitous enzymes of considerablephysiological significance and industrial potential. Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to glycerol and free fatty acids. In contrast to esterases, lipases are activated only when adsorbed to an oil–water interface (Martinelle et al., 1995) and do not hydrolyze dissolved substrates in the bulk fluid. A true lipase will split emulsified esters of glycerine and long-chain fatty acids such as triolein and tripalmitin. Lipases are serine hydrolases and contain the consensus sequence G – X1 – S – X2 – G as the catalytic moiety, where G – glycine, S – serine,X1 – histidine and X2 – glutamic or aspartic acid .Lipases display little activity in aqueous solutions containing soluble substrates. In contrast, esterases show normal Michaelis–Menten...
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...ADAMTS-13 is a protease and it’s role is to cleave vWF (ulvWF). ADAMTS-13 INH ELISA allows us to detect the human autoantibodies (IgG) which is found in plasma and or serum against the ADAMTS-13. These autoantibodies inhibit ADAMTS-13 activity, hence non-cleaved ULvW gather in the plasma – one of the main causes of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). TECHNOZYM® ADAMTS-13 INH test allows us to differentiate between autoantibodies (acquired) and congenital (gene polymorphisms) TTP when paired to an activity assay. It is also used to control efficacy of plasma exchange therapy. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is an uncommon blood disorder which is defined as clotting in the small blood vessels of the body which causes low platelet count (thromboses). The disease can also cause some of the following when TTP progresses: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, neurologic abnormalities, fever, and acute renal damage/failure....
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...Irinotecan Camptothecin analogs were developed in the 1990s to prevent the solubility problems associated with camptothecin, a cytotoxic agent developed as an anticancer agent in the early 1970s. Camptothecin and its analogs inhibit DNA tropoisomerase I eventually preventing DNA re-ligation leading to the failure of replication machinery. [1-4] Irinotecan (also known as CPT-11) is one of the analogs approved for first-line therapy of advanced colorectal cancer in combination with 5-fluorouracil and/or leucovorin. In addition, irinotecan has also been used with cisplatin as a combination therapy for other cancers, such as lung and ovarian [5–6]. The major limiting factors of irinotecan are diarrhea and neutropenia that can range from severe...
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...The glucocerebrosidase is an enzyme that gets split by hydrolysis. The chemical glucocerebroside is transitional in the glycolipid metabolism. The glucocerebrosidase is the beta-glucosidic linkage of the glucocerebroside; it is located in the lysosome and also has a molecular weight of Daltons. The Gauchers disease is a disease that is affected by the glucocerebrosidase enzyme due to it not working properly. In the Gauchers disease your organs become much more substantial than normal which usually affects their function. Also if there is bone tissue building up then it will result in the weakening of the bone and increases the risk of fractures. The disease can also affect the bone marrow, which can lead it to interfere with the bloods ability...
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...Enzymes are natural catalysts - substances that speed up a rate of reaction without being used up. They are also proteins that are molded into various shapes that allow substrate molecules to fit inside them. The region where the substrate molecules insert themselves is called the active site. Without enzymes, biological reactions would take excessive time to take place to keep you alive. They are also significant as they aid cells to connect with one another allowing cells to maintain growth, life and death. For example, Enzyme Amylase breaks down starch/carbohydrates digests it into glucose which merges in to our bloodstream and the remaining food is absorbed in the stomach and intestine. However, other enzymes that construct DNA use small...
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...AS Biology Unit 1 page 1 AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Contents Specification Biological Molecules Chemical bonds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biochemical Tests Enzymes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell Fractionation Microscopy The Cell Membrane Movement across Cell Membranes Exchange The Gas Exchange System Lung Diseases The Heart Coronary Heart Disease The Digestive System Cholera Lifestyle and Disease Defence against Disease Immunisation Monoclonal Antibodies 1 – Mathematical Requirements 2– The Unit 1 Exam 2 4 6 8 10 16 17 24 28 30 31 35 37 44 46 50 54 58 60 67 68 72 80 81 83 86 Cells Human Physiology Disease Appendices These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH July 2011 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM/7/11 AS Biology Unit 1 page 2 Biology Unit 1 Specification Biochemistry Biological Molecules Biological molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are often polymers and are based on a small number of chemical elements. • Proteins have a variety of functions within all living organisms. The general structure of an amino acid. Condensation and the formation of peptide bonds linking together amino acids to form polypeptides. The relationship...
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...BIOL 3380 Name:_____________________________________ Circle Session: T-PM W-AM W-PM R-AM R-PM F-AM F-PM Experiment 9 – Pre-lab Homework Enzyme Kinetics of LDH This pre-lab homework assignment is due at the beginning of your lab session. You are provided with the following portion of a protocol: • Determine concentration of enzyme stock solution, if unknown, by taking an A280 nm reading of a 1:100 dilution (in water). Use a total volume of 1 ml in the cuvette. • Dilute some of the enzyme stock with buffer A to make a 4 mg/ml solution. • Serially dilute the 4 mg/ml solution with buffer A to make working solutions of 400 µg/ml and 40 µg/ml. • Prepare 30 µl of each working solution for every sample The PI of the lab gives you a tube of enzyme and tells you the following before disappearing into the office to write more grant proposals: ➢ There is 50 µl of enzyme stock solution. The enzyme is expensive to purify, so follow the protocol exactly, using as little of the stock solution as possible. ➢ The concentration of the stock solution is currently not known, but a 1 mg/ml concentration of the pure enzyme has an A280 nm of 2.0. ➢ You’ll be performing the assay on 12 samples. ➢ Make enough of each working solution so that you have at least 400 ul to work with when you do the assay (to cover any waste and/or inefficiencies in pippetting). Using the spectrophotometer to read the absorbance at 280 nm, you get...
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...Experiment 10. The effect of pepsin on egg white suspension (a) Label four test-tubes 1-4. (b) Into each tube place about 5 cm3 (20 mm in test-tube) egg white suspension. (c) To tubes 2,3 and 4 add three drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. (d) Using a graduated pipette or syringe place 1 cm3 1% pepsin solution in a clean test- tube and heat it over a small Bunsen flame until the liquid boils. Add the boiled pepsin to the egg-white suspension in tube 4. (e) Prepare a water bath in a 250 cm3 beaker or jar by mixing hot and cold water from the tap to attain a temperature of about 40 °C. Have the beaker about half full. (f) Using a graduated pipette or syringe, add 1 cm3 1% pepsin to tubes 1 and 3 only. (g) Place all four tubes in the water bath and copy the table below into your notebook. (h) After five or six minutes remove the four tubes from the water bath and replace them in the test-tube rack. Compare the appearance of the contents and fill in your table of results. |Tube |Contents |Results | |1 |Egg-white suspension & pepsin | | |2 |Egg-white suspension & HCl | | |3 |Egg-white suspension, pepsin & HCl ...
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...from seven to fourteen, fourteen being most basic. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, most biological solutions range from a pH of six to eight. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). However, there are exceptions, for example the acidic digestive juice of the human stomach has a pH of around two. (Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.52-54). Therefore, like the proteins structures which are sensitive to their environment so is an enzymes which works better under certain conditions than others.(Campbell “Biology” 8th ed. text, pp.152-155). Enzymes are organic catalysts (a chemical that speeds up a reaction without changing itself) that engages in the transformation of one organic molecule to another but with a lower activation energy.(Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR, Winter ’11 ed., pp. 1). The molecule that the enzyme acts upon is called the substrate and the molecule produced by the reaction is called the product. (Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR, Winter ’11 ed., pp. 1). One molecule of an enzyme could transform many substrates to products in seconds without it being affected, the process called the catalytic cycle. (Bio 05LA Lab Manual- Lab# 5, UCR,...
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...The Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat: Photosynthesis is the process in which certain life forms are able to use sunlight to create energy. This energy is created by making carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. Plants release large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere as they produce much more than needed during the photosynthesis process. Aerobic respiration is an important process in life as we know it. This process further breaks down molecules and sugars using oxygen. During this process adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created, used to store and transfer energy to cells throughout the body. (Aerobic respiration, 2010) Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both needed for each other to be able to perform their primary functions. One without the other would not work properly. Between both of these processes we receive three main sources; water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Plants and animals require all three of these in order to live. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are a lot like a circle. Animals need oxygen to live and emit carbon dioxide, while plants need carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and omit oxygen, thus completing the circle. (Photosynthesis, 2005) During the photosynthesis stage a plant produces oxygen that aerobic respiration will use in order to break molecules, during this process electrons...
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...INTRODUCTION Microorganisms are used extensively to provide a vast range of products and services. They have proved to be particularly useful because of the ease of their mass cultivation, speed of growth, use of cheap substrates (which in many cases are wastes) and the diversity of potential products. Their ability to readily undergo genetic manipulation has also opened up almost limitless further possibilities for new products and services from the fermentation industries (Trevor Palmor, 2004). Microorganisms are a large and disease group that exist as its single cell or cell cultures. These include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and infectious agents at the borderline of life. Microbes are present most abundantly in soil, atmosphere and water plays a important role in the biochemical agent for the conversion of complex organic compounds into simple organic compounds (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). Microorganisms are closely associated with health and welfare of human beings. Some Microorganisms are beneficial and others are detrimental. For example, Microorganisms are involved in the making of yoghurt, cheese and wine, in the production of Penicillin, interferons and alcohol, and the processing of industrial and domestic wastes. Microorganisms can cause disease, spoil food and deteriorate materials like iron, pipes, glass lenses and wood pilings (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). Most of these Microorganisms irrespective of their origins, were subsequently modified by conventional...
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...Have you ever wonder what is the basic structure of life was? The Process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Or even plant and animal cell structure and functions? The Process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration is a metabolic process in which inorganic material is turned into the organic material with the help of sunlight and with use of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis gives out Oxygen. Respiration in animals uses oxygen produced from the atmosphere produced by plants to generate energy in the metabolic process undergoing several stages. Respiration uses oxygen and gives back the carbon dioxide and hence forms the raw reactant for the plants to utilize again. Photosynthesis is a process in which light energy is used to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates. Aside from light energy, the reactants of photosynthesis include carbon dioxide and water. Because photosynthesis involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, it is referred to as anabolic. Aerobic respiration is a process that utilizes oxygen to oxidize organic molecules (such as glucose). The energy stored in organic molecules is used to generate ATP. Aerobic respiration is a catabolic reaction, because complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones. Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct. This oxygen results from the splitting of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis. The oxygen released into the atmosphere can then be used by organisms that respire aerobically...
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...SCIE206-1303B-07 UNIT 2 IP 2 ‘Photosynthesis and Respiration’ Running Head: Photosynthesis and Respiration 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration The process in which carbon dioxide is transformed into organic compounds from sunlight is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, a natural process, offers every aerobic being on earth oxygen and also assists in maintaining a natural percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere (Cloud, David 2011). Human beings would not exist without this process. Photosynthesis also occurs in algae, plants, and certain bacteria. In contrast, respiration takes glucose (sugar), along with other organic compounds oxidizing them to develop carbon dioxide. Respiration is the metabolic reaction in organic cells, biochemical energy into adenosine triphosphate/ATP. Each cycle depends on the other, in order for the ‘complete cycle’ to transpire. When it comes to receiving energy from the foods we eat, photosynthesis stores the energy and respiration releases it. Both cycles are important to ensure continuous life on earth. Photosynthesis and respiration are connected between plants and animals based on the reactants and products of both pathways by the usage of autotrophs and heterotrophs. An autotroph are organisms the have the ability to manufacture their own food (“Autotroph vs. Heterotroph” n.d.). Heterotroph organisms are essential in respiration and are not an...
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