...The purpose of the enzyme lab conducted was to observe the chemical composition of cells. In order to do so we tested for the presence of organic molecules. Molecules are what forms when atoms bond together. Organic molecules of cells include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which are composed of smaller molecules known as monomers and polymers. Polymers are joined monomers. A chemical reaction links monomers together occurs and releases a water molecule, this is called dehydration synthesis. Hydrolysis separates polymers into monomers by using water to break bonds. Organic catalysts called enzymes are proteins that increase the speed of a chemical reaction. In the lab we used Biuret reagent to test for proteins, iodine solution to test for starch, paper to test for lipids. In the first lab, we tested for the presence of proteins in samples by using blue solution called Biuret reagent, which changes to purple when a protein is present and pinkish-purple for peptides. First test tubes were marked at 1cm and then filled to the mark with water, albumin, pepsin, and starch. Next, five drops of Biuret reagent was added to the sample, covered with Parafilm, and swirled to mix. The water remained clear, indicating the sample lacked the presence of proteins, and thus was our negative control. The albumin sample observed changed to an orange-purple color, indicating the presence of protein. The peptin sample changed to a pink-purple hue, testing positive for presence of peptides...
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...The Effects of Peroxidase on Enzyme Activity Gianna Crowe Bio Lab 117 October 16th, 2014 Most enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions and are characterized as catalysts. Enzymes work in such a way that when the right chemicals of a molecule are present for the enzyme, it will fully fit the shape. The part of the particular shape is called the active site of the enzyme, since this is where the reaction occurs. The molecule that the enzyme works on is called the substrate. An enzyme reaction includes a substrate (substance) that is converted to another product. The unique shape of the active site of the enzyme allows it to bind with only certain kinds of molecules, which is the substrate of the enzyme (Strobl 2014). A substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme to form a enzyme-substrate complex for a very short time, this then becomes part of a new formation and a new product of a specific reaction is formed then released freeing the active site, allowing the enzyme to repeatedly bind another substrate. Enzymes are produced by all living things, and are a necessity to life. They are responsible for constructing, synthesizing, carrying, dispensing, delivering, and eliminating the many chemicals associated in living organisms (Colpa 2014). An example for how enzymes work in living organisms would be the process of food digestion, enzymes work to break down food and speed up the digestion process. Factors that affect enzyme activity deal with environmental conditions...
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...1. Introduction: Enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases are widely used in the industry for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, foods, beverages and confectioneries as well as in textile and leather processing, and wastewater treatment. The potential applications of amylases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases in biotechnology have already been reviewed. The majority of the enzymes used in the industry are of microbial origin because microbial enzymes are relatively more stable than the corresponding enzymes derived from plants and animals. With the recent advent of biotechnology, there has been a growing interest and demand for enzymes with novel properties. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the selection of...
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...Enzymes are globular proteins folded into a complex 3-dimensional shape that contain a special surface region called the active site where specific substrate can bind structurally and chemically. They act as catalysts, meaning that they are substances which lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur and therefore increases the rate of the reaction. Activation Energy is the minimum energy barrier needed to be overcome before a reaction can occur by providing an alternative reaction pathway. The beneficial aspect of enzymes is that they are extremely efficient and may be used repeatedly. One enzyme may be used to catalyze thousands of reactions every second. The two factors that affect the efficiency of how enzymes...
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...What is the effect of enzyme concentration, pH level, and temperature on the rate of reaction? Theresa Lashinski Annandale High School In partial fulfillment of the requirements for College Biology Mrs. Kraemer November 27, 2012, 2012 Abstract What is the effect of enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH levels on the rate of reaction for the enzyme tyrosinase? An experiment was conducted, manipulating the pH levels, temperature and concentration of the enzyme tyrosinase. The materials used in this experiment were: cuvettes, a spectrophotometer, three different concentrations of tyrosinase, buffered substrate, temperature water baths, distilled water, a computer equipped with the LoggerPro program, microtubules, and syringes. The College Biology class from Annandale High School, made of approximately half male and half female conducted the experiment. All of the students tested for enzyme concentration, but one half of the class also tested for temperature while the other half examined pH levels. The results showed that as enzyme concentration goes up, the rate of reaction increases. It was also found that as you move farther away from the optimal pH of the enzyme, reaction rate decreases. The results also showed that the greater the temperature, the higher the reaction rate, until it reached 60 degrees Celsius, which denatured the enzymes’ hydrogen bonds. Literature Review Enzymes are a vital part of the workings of...
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...the ways enzymes work. It also will give information on the role of substrates and how it affects enzymes. In the first experiment, we examined whether or not the speed of the reaction will be influenced positively by an increase of heat to a point where it will not be denatured, but negatively by a decrease of heat. In the second experiment we looked to see if the speed is influenced positively by an increase of enzymes to a point, but negatively affected by a decrease of enzymes. For the third experiment the hypothesis was to see if the speed of the reaction is influenced by the amount of substrate in the environment. There is another test conducted to see if the enzyme will not be able...
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...Enzymes are proteins that are made by living cells. They act as catalysts, speeding up the chemical reaction process, remaining unchanged before and after. They do so by lowering the activation energy, meaning when they are present, less energy is required for the reaction to occur. The enzymes act on a substrate during the process. A substrate is any compound the enzyme bonds with. However, the substrate must match a specific shape for the two to bond properly. This is known as the key and lock method because they must fit perfectly, like a key fits into a lock. The area where the substrate enters the enzyme is known as the active site. The substrate is then transformed into one or more products. Finally, the process has ended and the new product is released from the active site. There are two main factors that allow an enzyme to work properly, pH level and temperature. When these factors are altered, the shape of the active site is affect resulting in temporary loss of productivity or even a permanent loss known as denaturing. An enzyme only works at full potential under a...
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...Function of Restriction Enzymes: Restriction endonucleases cleave the phosphodiester bond between an adjacent phosphate and deoxyribose group in the phosphate backbone of the DNA. The active site of the endonuclease perform this cleavage by binding to the side chain of certain amino acids to the phosphate group through a chemical bond. This dissolves the preexisting bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate resulting in a breakage with in the DNA chain at a specific location. (3, 7) One characteristic feature of restriction endonucleases is that they cut at a very particular site having a specific DNA sequence. This specific sequence that allows the enzyme to attach is known as the recognition site. Consider the example of the first restriction enzyme discovered, EcoRI....
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...Data: See attached sheet Discussion: The catalase enzyme does not work at high temperatures around or above 50 degrees celsius. We proved this in our lab when the slope changed from 0.021 kPa/sec at 34 degrees celsius to negative 0.009 kPa/sec at 54 degrees celsius. With just a change in 20 degrees the slope, or how well the enzyme is working went from really good to really bad. The catalase enzyme works best around a pH of 10. At a pH of 4 and 7 the slopes were 0.007 and 0.009 kPa/sec. At the pH of 10 it went way up to 0.028 kPa/sec. We can tell the enzyme needs a fairly basic pH for it to work, and not a neutral or acidic one. The more catalase enzyme there is, the better it will work. The rate and slope increased greatly from 0.002 kPa/sec...
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...In lab 7, Factors affecting Enzyme Activity, there are two parts; Effects of concentration on enzyme activity and effects of temperature on enzyme activity. In the first lab with concentration the materials needed to preform this experiment will be a LabQuest, Vernier O2 Gas Sensor, Nalgene bottle, enzyme suspension, 3.0% H2O2 , stop watch, goggles, three test tubes and dH2O and a 10 ml graduated cylinder.The first step in the procedure is to obtain three test tubes and label them 1, 2, and 3. With a graduated cylinder, fill the three tubes with 5 ml of 3.0% H2O2 and 5 ml of water. Add five drops of enzyme suspension to test tube labeled 1. Wait thirty seconds and pour solution into a Nalgene bottle. Place the O2 gas sensor into the bottle...
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...Introduction: This report will talk about the experiment that was conducted to see what percent of hydrogen peroxide had the greatest reaction with the potato cube. The enzyme in this experiment was catalase, which could be found inside of the potato cube. The substrate was the hydrogen peroxide. The role of the potato cube was to react with the hydrogen peroxide causing it to break down at a quicker rate which released oxygen (O₂). Three factors that could influence the enzyme’s activity is the temperature, the acidity level and the amount of substrate that was present. The goal of this experiment was to determine the effect of varying percentages of hydrogen peroxide on the oxygen production. The hypothesis was, the greater the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the faster of a reaction it will have with a 1 inch by 1 inch potato cube. This would be due to the greater substrate concentration. Methods:...
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...Enzyme Inhibition Enzyme inhibitors are substances e.g. A drug, toxin, food which inhibits the action of a certain enzyme by inhibiting or decreasing their biosynthesis. Two types of Enzyme Inhibition: 1. Reversible inhibition Inhibitors bind to enzymes through non-covalent bonds, thus dilution of the enzyme-inhibitor complex results in dissociation of the reversibly bound inhibitor. • Competitive inhibition: The enzyme inhibitor and the substrate competes to bind reversibly to the same site of the enzyme. E.g. Lipitor, Zocor are statin drugs which inhibits HMG-CoA reductase competitively and inhibit synthesis of cholesterol by lowering plasma cholesterol levels. • Noncompetitive inhibition: Inhibitor binds the enzyme somewhere different from where the substrate binds. The inhibitor binds to the enzyme and reduces its activity but does not affect the binding of substrate. E.g. Lead noncompetitively binds with Ferro chelatase and inhibits insertion of iron into protoporphyrin. 2. Irreversible inhibition...
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...Enzymes are fundamental proteins which act as effective catalysts for biochemical reactions within an organism. Enzymes are distinct from one another; they attach themselves to specific slots on substrates called active sites to lower the activation energy to start the chemical reaction. This is represented by the lock and key model, where the shape of the enzyme directly corresponds to the substrate to carry out a specific job. An enzyme is able to be used until it becomes denatured, or when the active spot of the enzyme changes shape due to high temperatures, or pH and salinity changes. In this lab, an important enzyme in animals called catalase, which is essential to catalyze the breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), was tested. Hydrogen...
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...Introduction Tyrosinase is an enzyme that controls the production of melanin, which is a pigment found in plants, animals, bacteria and fungi. Both tyrosinase and melanin is found in nearly all cells. Melanin is especially important in determining the skin and hair color of mammalians. It is synthesized by an array of oxidative reactions of the amino acid tyrosine when tyrosinase is present (Kim, Y. & Uyama, H., 2005). Tyrosine is first hydroxylated into dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which is then oxidized to dopaquinone. Dopaquinone can then be converted to dopachrome. After formation of dopachrome, a series of reactions within melanosomes can lead to the synthesis of either eumelanin, which is black or brown pigment, or pheomelanin, which is red or yellow in color (Kim, Y. & Uyama, H., 2005). Tyrosinase causes the browning of fruits and vegetables, which is why tyrosinase inhibitors are so important to study in the food and agriculture industry. This browning takes place in the presence of oxygen when the cell...
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...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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