...Epidemiology by definition is the study of the distribution and patterns of health-events, health- characteristics and their causes or influences in well-defined populations. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. Epidemiologists are involved in the design of studies, collection and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review).Major areas of epidemiological study include outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines such as biology (to better understand disease processes), biostatistics (to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions), and exposure assessment and social science disciplines (to better understand proximate and distal risk factors, and their measurement). I would like to discuss elderly patients as my vulnerable population. There is no set age at which a person maybe under the care of a geriatric physician. The physician aims to promote health by preventing disease and disabilities in geriatric adults. A gerontologist specializes in the aging process. Adult medicine differs from the geriatric patient because the focus is on the elderly patient...
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...Epidemiology by definition is the study of the distribution and patterns of health-events, health- characteristics and their causes or influences in well-defined populations. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. Epidemiologists are involved in the design of studies, collection and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review).Major areas of epidemiological study include outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines such as biology (to better understand disease processes), biostatistics (to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions), and exposure assessment and social science disciplines (to better understand proximate and distal risk factors, and their measurement). I would like to discuss elderly patients as my vulnerable population. There is no set age at which a person maybe under the care of a geriatric physician. The physician aims to promote health by preventing disease and disabilities in geriatric adults. A gerontologist specializes in the aging process. Adult medicine differs from the geriatric patient because the focus is on the elderly...
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...Administrative Agency: Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation The state administrative agency is the Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation. This agency interests me because I am working towards my Master’s in Human Resources. The proposed regulation will not directly affect me or the business I am working. The company I work for already has an employee wellness program in place and is not state funded. Because the program already exists, a workplace wellness grant is not needed nor warranted from the bureau. The workplace wellness grant program proposal is to help mitigate and prevent health risk factors. Preventing and or decreasing health risk factors cuts down health costs verses waiting for an illness to appear and then treating the illness. The proposal is to provide employers with grants to fund a wellness program in order to decrease the amount of workplace injuries and illnesses. The grants will be awarded to state fund employers on a first come first serve basis. In order for the employer to be eligible, they must be up to date on all premiums, fines, assessments and administrative costs. The employer must maintain active state fund coverage in order to remain eligible. If an employer already has a wellness program in place, they are not eligible. My comment is that a workplace wellness program for state funded businesses would be very beneficial to the community. The proposed rule, 4123-17-56.1 - Workplace wellness grant program rule, will agreeably decrease costs associated...
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...What is the best way to develop, introduce, regulate, provide access, and pay for new health technologies in the 21st century? New diagnostic techniques have often made it possible to detect disease in time to apply an appropriate therapy. Even in cases of diseases for which no effective preventive or therapeutic measures are available, technologies have aided in relief of pain, amelioration of symptoms, and rehabilitation of individuals affected by chronic conditions (88). Finally, some new technology has increased access to health care, some has reduced the cost of care, and some has improved the outcome of care (45). Health care costs are escalating rapidly. The expanded use of medical technologies is an important factor in the rising costs, imposing economic burdens which cause problems for patients, for their families, and for society. Medical technologies contribute to medical care costs in various ways: Some have large capital investments, some require the use of costly supportive services, some present the possibility or requirement of costly followup care, some establish the need for continued use, some are overused after initial proof of reliability of efficacy (particularly diagnostic technologies), and some are used for inappropriate purposes. (Technology Transfer at the National Institutes of Health, 1982) Discuss the evaluation of medical technologies. Clearly, some evaluation criteria pertain only to “product” technologies, such as devices or drugs...
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...Necrotizing enter colitis is a serious disease that affects premature infants. The disease involves an infection and inflammation that causes the bowels to be intentionally destroyed. The disease such as necrotizing enter colitis is more prevalent in developing countries such as Africa A recent research article in February 2010 focuses on data collections within developing countries such as Africa that is experiencing an high rate of necrotizing enter colitis. Through the uses of statistical data and analysis the article also provides information on the long-term prospect of the disease and whether or not it is lacking in developing countries. The article focuses on data this is collected by South Africa during the pre human immunodeficiency virus era. The focus of this paper is to provide information on the statistical procedure and the significance of the study. The statistical procedures within this research article began with what is known as a cohort. A cohort is a group of subjects which shares a particular experience during a specific time span. During this research article the focus is mainly within a specific cohort of premature infants that are born in South Africa between the years of 1992 and 1995. The study expresses the mean values and how the data ranges throughout the article. For example the mean within the article is known as the gestational age of the cohort, which is thirty two weeks gestation. The range for gestational ages is from twenty...
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...Heart disease and stroke Goal Improve cardiovascular health and quality of life through detection, prevention, and treatment of risk factors for heart attack and stroke. The leading adjustable risk factors for heart disease and stroke are: High blood pressure High cholesterol Diabetes Cigarette smoking Overweight and obesity Poor diet and physical inactivity The risk of Americans dying from cardiovascular disease would be significantly reduced if major improvements were made across the U.S. population in diet, physical activity, control of cholesterol and high blood pressure, smoking and drinking cessation, and appropriate aspirin use. Cardiovascular health is very much influenced by the physical, social, and political environment, including: Maternal child health: Encompass the health of women, children, and families across the life course. This approach embraces the principles of health equity, cultural competence, community empowerment, and social determinants of health in a family-centered, intergenerational approach to maternal and child health. Promotion of healthy kids and families: Availability of healthy foods, extracurricular activities in schools and physical education can do much by improving physical strength thereby reducing overweight and increasing strength and stamina. Encourage kids to develop safe and healthy habits to prevent disease and injury. Make them aware of eating nutrients for growth. To stay healthy, be active...
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...LETTERS References 1. Shah S, Elmer S, Grady C. Planning for posttrial access to antiretroviral treatment for research participants in developing countries. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99(9):1556–1562. 2. National Institutes of Health. Guidance for addressing the provision of antiretroviral treatment for trial participants following their completion of NIH funded antiretroviral treatment trials in developing countries. 2005. Available at: http://grants.nih.gov/ grants/policy/antiretroviral/index.htm. Accessed October 20, 2009. 3. Shaffer DN, Yebei VN, Ballidawa JB, et al. Equitable treatment for HIV/AIDS clinical trial participants: a focus group study of patients, clinician researchers, and administrators in western Kenya. J Med Ethics. 2006;32:55–60. 4. Posse M, Meheus F, Van Asten H, van der Ven A, Baltussen R. Barriers to access to antiretroviral treatment in developing countries: a review. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13(7):904–913. 5. MacQueen KM, Namey E, Chilongozi DA, et al. Community perspectives on care options for HIV prevention trial participants. AIDS Care. 2007;19(4): 554–560. SHAH AND GRADY RESPOND Onyeabor’s letter highlighted some of the ethical complexities inherent in posttrial access. Although we agree that ethically, individuals benefiting from antiretroviral therapy should continue to receive it, the challenge for all of us involved in the ethical conduct of research is to be clear about how this should occur. Many study participants in developing countries...
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...Introduction Public Health Law is a tool for protecting and promoting the health of the public and it is guided by a set of three principles known as the Core Functions of Public Health, which includes assessment, policy development, and assurance (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Florida Department of Health, 2012). It plays a critical role in reducing illness and premature death. It also examines the authority of the government at various jurisdictional levels to improve the health of the general population within societal limits and norms, in addition to, improving the likelihood that citizens nationally and globally can lead healthy, long, and productive lives (Public Health Law Association, 2010; Wikipedia, 2012). The Core public health functions provided by public health law define the important role that the public health system plays, at the local, state, and national levels, in maintaining the health and safety of citizens (Minnesota Department of Health, 2012). These functions represent the spectrum of activities and responsibilities that are shared among public health system partners (Key Elements of Wisconsin’s Public Health System, 2012). Public Health Core Function Principally Addressed In the article, Public Health Law in a New Century, Lawrence Gostin mainly addressed the importance of policy development by the government in public health. The government is the single most important force shaping our healthcare system (The Role of State...
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...ESL 1060-006 Final draft Report paper Kaige Wang U0776448 Giving up smoking for health Introduction: Many people die from smoking in the world each year. According to the survey, “Cigarette smoking increases the risk for several types of cancer, including cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, lip, pancreas, lung, uterine cervix, larynx, kidney and urinary bladder”. (Hays, R. D., Smith, A., Reeve, B. B., Spritzer, K. L., Marcus, S. E., & Clauser, S. B. 2008)). Most of these people died because of lung cancer. A lot of people still smoke even though it is widely known that smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. Some smoker also get heart disease due to smoking. In addition, cigarette smoking causes mental health problems, such as depression, manic, obsession and so on. Some smoker get a depression due to cigarette smoking. Because cigarette smoking is bad for people’s physical health and mental health, smoking cessation becomes an unavoidable issue. Giving up smoking brings many benefits to people’s health – it is better for physical and mental health. As a smoker, there are many physical and mental health problems. Body paragraph: “To put it midly, smoking is a major public health problem. It is also a personal health problem affecting nearly all of us in some way.” (Sloan, F. A., Smith, V., & Taylor, D. H. 2003. Preface vii) As to whether it is worthwhile giving up smoking...
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...Running head: OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AFFECTS MENTAL HEALTH How occupational stress affects mental health Dayana Fornaris Florida National College April 15, 2011 Abstract This research paper gives us a brief idea about how occupational stress affects mental health. It describes how occupational stress has become a serious health issue, not just in terms of an individual’s mental and physical well being, but also for employers as well who had begin to feel the financial consequences of work stress. Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities of the worker. However, occupational stress can be an extremely difficult construct to define. There are certain factors that contribute to work stress like for example working long hours beyond your control; Finding it hard to say no to a task for fear of losing future work, frustration and feeling undervalued at work. This can lead to stress and tension. How occupational stress affects mental health Stress has been defined in a number of ways and the range of stress management techniques is even wider still. Essentially what most people understand by 'stress' is a physiological or psychological response to external stressors that goes beyond what is accepted as normal. Maybe 'strain' would have been a better word. Limited external stresses produce a response, a 'strain’, which...
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...OMAN- Country Profile Mid-Population-2008 Population 2.8 m Update Dr. Ali Mohammed Hussain Leprosy focal point, TB/Leprosy Control Program, DCDSC,DGHA, Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman Expatriates Regions Wilayat 61 31.4% 11 Ministry of Health Policy The Leprosy diagnosis & treatment are carried out by all hospitals. In each hospital, the dermatologist & one nurse should be given responsibility of LCP activities in addition to their regular activities. Where dermatologist is not available, LCP should be integrated with the TB Control Program. The treatment is offered as an OP basis, only complicated cases & cases with gross deformity should be admitted or referred for admission. Treatment is fully decentralized. Ministry of Health Policy All MOH and non-MOH institutions should carry on using these well proven standardized procedures & reporting systems in all their health facilities. That all house hold contacts of an indexed Leprosy case should be promptly screened and needs to be followed up annually for a period of 5 years. That retrieval & follow up of leprosy defaulters should be followed up by the catchment area were the patient lives. Leprosy Control Program Leprosy has been a public health problem in Oman, in earlier years and is considered an age old scourge. With the implementation of the Leprosy Control with MDT from 1992 following the decision of WHA setting the goal of elimination of leprosy by the year 2000, the epidemiological situation...
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...Defining Health Promotion Health promotion is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the process of allowing people to maintain control over and enhance their health (Grand Canyon University, 2011). There are three levels of health promotion; primary, secondary, and tertiary. All three levels focus on prevention, but in different respects. In primary health promotion, the goal is to prevent the disease before it occurs. In secondary health promotion, the goal is to identify disease before it can manifest complications. It focuses on promoting healthy behaviors to support the health of the individual and encourages screening activities and treating any early warning signs. In tertiary health promotion, the disease has already been identified and treatment has begun. Purpose of Health Promotion In the journal article reviewed on primary health First Steps for Mommy and Me, the purpose of health promotion is to promote healthful behaviors (Taveras, Blackburn, Gillman, et all 2011). In promoting healthful behaviors in postpartum mothers and their infants, complications later in life can be prevented for both. The purpose of primary health promotion is to prevent problems before they occur. In the article reviewd on secondary health, Concepts and new frontiers for development, the purpose is to prevent progression of diabetes through lifestyle-based changes (Milat, A., O'Hara, B., & Develin, E., 2009). Secondary health promotion activities center around detecting...
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...There are three main cancers plaguing our society. Prostate cancer is the highest in men; breast cancer is the highest in women; and lung cancer is the highest in both sexes. There has been a positive association between exercise and the prevention of many cancers as well as other chronic illnesses. Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer morbidity in men and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of death in American men (Torti, D). According to Dorthea Torti, thirteen cohort studies were conducted between 1988 and 2002 and nine of those studies showed a decrease in prostate cancer risk with high activity levels. Cohort studies involve following a selected group of men over an extended period of years to track their physical activity and exercise and their health outcomes at the end of the study. “The average reduction rate was between 10% and 30% (Torti, D).” It can be speculated that the reason exercise has a positive effect on the prevention of prostate cancer is because it can regulate hormone levels and enhance the immune system. Prostate cancer is a hormone-sensitive cancer which is why exercise has been shown to be beneficial. There are modifiable risk factors of prostate cancer that can benefit from exercise and physical activities such as obesity and diet. Modifiable meaning factors that we have control over. “A study of 7570 men in the US Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study during 1989 to 2001 reported that a significant decrease in relative risk was found...
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...Alzheimer's HCA/250 October 21, 2012 Tiffany Hanshaw Alzheimer's Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia that can affect a variety of ages, groups or gender. In 1906, a psychiatrist named Alois Alzheimer from Germany performed an autopsy on a female patient that had passed away ("Living with Alzheimer's", 2012). According to the "Alzheimer's Association" (2012), the most common sign and characteristics of Alzheimer’s is memory loss but also as the illness progresses, the individuals behavior starts to change. The person can start to have changes in how they feel and can become depressed, withdrawn, or anxious with themselves or family and loved. When it comes to memory loss for those with the disease, he/she starts to depend more on family or friends to help remind them of what things are in the their lives. The individual will notices small changes that will be brushed aside as just a normal part of the aging process but as time goes by, the signs are more noticeable. Speaking words at one time was an easy task but as time passes, he/she struggles with just trying to form the words they are thinking and wanting to say. Some of the other characteristics of Alzheimer’s are such as solving problems. This becomes a challenge because it is difficult to process what is being read such as a puzzle book or reading a novel. It will take longer to solve the puzzle or finish a novel due to the inability to concentrate on the task they are trying to perform. Activities...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/162 Version 6 | | |Principles of Health and Wellness | Copyright © 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course reinforces the concept that learning effectively and living well involves both the mind and body. It presents the fundamentals of wellness and preventive health including strategic planning to attain and maintain personal optimal health. In addition, physical and mental diseases are discussed along with the dangers of environmental pollution, stress, addiction, and other negative factors that can affect personal health. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University...
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