...are an epidemiologist, and have been asked to speak at Career Day for Myers College, a community college in your area. The theme of this year's Career Day is "Little Known Health Science Fields." Epidemiology has been identified as one such field, and you have been tasked with introducing the science to the students. In 500-750 words, address the following: 1. Define epidemiology. 2. Identify five objectives of epidemiology. 3. Identify and explain three subspecialties within epidemiology. Refer to the "Areas of Epidemiology" resource. You are required to use a minimum of two scholarly resources. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. Areas of Epidemiology If you need a review of the areas of study in Epidemiology view the resources below. • View the Epidemiological Specialties Interview on the Videojug website at http://www.videojug.com/interview/epidemiological-specialties-2 • Explore the About...
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...Bronchial Asthma is an inflammatory disease that deals with your airways and your lungs.Asthma doesn't yet have a cure, but there are specific medications you can take that are their to control your asthma symptoms.Asthma is associated with your respiratory system and it can cause trouble breathing with symptoms of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and tightness in your chest.This disease has been more prevalent in recent years, with an increased rate of children with asthma. When it comes to bronchial asthma there are many different factors that can trigger an asthma attack,but with different people the triggers for each person may vary.Some of the factors that trigger asthma attacks include many different type of allergens like pollen,pets, mold, dust mites, tobacco smoke. Other things include exercise, inhaling cold or dry air, and Gastroesophageal reflux disease is also known as acid reflux which is a digestive...
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...References Myers, T. R., & Tomasio, L. (2011). Asthma: 2015 and Beyond... 47th Respiratory Care Journal Conference, “Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care: What Does the Future Hold?” November 2010, Arizona... includes discussion. Respiratory Care, 56(9), 1389-1410. doi:10.4187/respcare.01334 * Asthma is a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. The knowledge that asthma is an inflammatory disorder has become a core fundamental in the definition of asthma. (coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.) * The prevalence of asthma among children changes with increasing age. As an example, boys have higher current asthma prevalence, compared with girls throughout most of childhood. * From 1980 through the mid-1990s, the asthma hospitalization rate steadily increased in children under 17 years of age. * Trend analysis identified an annual 2.9% increase from 1980 through 1991, but there has been no statistically significant trend after 1991. * Overall non asthma hospitalizations for children has decreased over that period, whereas the asthma hospitalization rate remained level. * In 2006 there were 21 asthma-related hospitalizations per 10,000 children, for a total of 155,000 hospitalizations; this represented approximately 5.6% of all hospitalizations among children in 2006. * Trend analysis found that, while asthma related mortality increased 3.2% per year from 1980 through 1996, a reversal thereafter led to an...
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...is small white spots on the inside of the cheek. Once these small white spots appear, a rash usually starts at the hairline and reaches the entire body within one to two days (Queensland, 2013). Measles is very contagious. Vaccination is the only prevention, and it is strongly encouraged for people who have not had two measles vaccinations to get them. A person is contagious 5 days before symptoms, and continues to be contagious until 4 days after the rash appears. The virus is spread by direct contact with oral or nasal secretions or airborne (Queensland, 2013). Measles occurs worldwide, but the incidence has decreased significantly in regions with high vaccination rates. Barinaga and Skolnik (2013) wrote an article regarding the epidemiology of measles. They found that in the year 2000, approximately 31 to 40 million people contracted measles, and 733,000-777,000 deaths were reported (Barinaga & Skolnik, 2013). There were 47 countries that accounted for about 98% of deaths, and the World Health Assembly worked to provide vaccination, surveillance, and clinical management of affected individuals (Barinaga & Skolnik, 2013). According to the World Health Organization (2011), in the year 2011 there were several large outbreaks in European and African regions, as well as several cases in the Americas which were linked to Europe and Africa. In January of 2011, there were 26,025 reported measles cases in Europe. France alone reported 14,025 of these...
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...awareness of diseases. This public health promotion and health awareness can be spread through several technological enhancements like Internet, newspaper, radio and especially health promotion self explanatory brochures According to American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (2007) Asthma is the number one leading cause of emergency room visit, missed school and work, disability, morbidity, and mortality rate in the United States. Approximately 34.1 million Americans diagnosed with asthma in their lifetime and 3,384 deaths associated to asthma annually. Asthma accounts for 13million missed school days in children and 10.1million missed work days in adults annually. Approximately 500,000 hospitalizations each year because of asthma and about $19.7 billion of both direct and indirect income lost annually. About 217,000emergency room visits and 10.5 million physician office visits are attributed to asthma. Statistics have also shown that approximately 70% of children with asthma have allergy and 40% of children who have asthmatic parents will development asthma and that the number of people with asthma will increase by more than 100 million by year 2025 (American Academy of Allergy asthma & Immunology, 2007).Because of the...
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...Influenza Keren G Zepeda March 16, 2015 HCS/245 Tynan Mara There has been many, different illnesses that have had a huge impact on our society, especially illnesses related to the respiratory system. There is bronchitis, tuberculosis and asthma, just to name a few. One illness in particular that has impacted our society lately has been influenza or better known as “the flu”. Influenza has affected our society, as well as our resources. We will explore more in depth this disease. What is influenza? As stated before, influenza is better known as “the flu”. Influenza is an infectious disease that affects the respiratory system, which include the nose, throat and lungs. According to Wikipedia, “this disease can be mild to severe, and may include various symptoms, such as high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headaches, coughing and exhaustion”. If this disease is left unattended, it may turn into a more serious complication, which in rare occasions may lead to death. According to the Centers for Disease Control, or better known as CDC, “this flu season has been severe for individuals over the age 65 years old, with very high hospitalization rates ”(2015). Influenza is categorized as a primary prevention source. It is categorized as a primary prevention source, because there is education on the illness and appropriate vaccinations in order to prevent it from developing. In a primary prevention source, the patient is also recommended to have...
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...Asthma Asthma is a chronic lung disease which inflames and narrows the airways. Inflammation causes the airways to swell and become sensitive. Symptoms are prominent when the airways are obstructed. Sometimes the symptoms go away on their own or with minor treatment. There is no known cure for asthma. You will have the disease even when symptoms subside, because you can have a flare up at anytime. Etiology Asthma is caused by different triggers. Each person has a different trigger, what may trigger my asthma may be different for you. Some triggers are allergens, such as animal fur, mold or pollen irritant, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. Sprays such as hairspray or air fresheners can cause your airways to be blocked. Medications such as beta blockers and NSAIDs can also cause your airways to flare. Physical activity, including exercise is another trigger. Signs and Symptoms There are many signs and symptoms that can determine an asthma attack, some of them are coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and dyspnea (shortness of breath). Coughing is worst at night or early in the morning, making it difficult for you to sleep. Wheezing sounds like a whistling or squeaky sound, it is done during aspiration. When your chest tightens it feels as though someone is squeezing you or sitting directly on your chest, which makes it harder for you to breath. Epidemiology Asthma affects 5-10% of the population or an estimated 23.4 million persons, including 7 million children. It...
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...Asthma Prof. Dunbar Feb 02 2015 HCS 245/ Introduction to Health and Disease Asthma is a respiratory disorder marked by breathing difficulty caused by temporary narrowing of the bronchi, the airways branching from the trachea to the lungs. Attacks usually are brought on by allergic reaction to ANTIGENS such as grass and tree pollens, mold spores, fungi, animal dander, and certain foods but may also be caused by chemical irritants in the atmosphere or by infections of the respiratory tract. Susceptibility to an asthma attack is based on hyperactivity of the bronchial muscles, which constrict on exposure to one or another of these agents. Episodes of asthma vary widely in severity and may last from a few minutes to several days. They may begin at any age but usually occur in childhood. In children, asthma often is associated with eczema, a skin inflammation that may reflect the tendency of the child to develop hypersensitivity reactions. The attacks usually become less frequent and less severe over the years and disappear in about half of all affected children before adulthood. In one form of asthma, called intrinsic asthma, however, the attacks become less frequent and less severe, but recovery between them is less complete. The bronchi in such patients become chronically narrowed, causing a progressive loss of capacity for physical exertion. The prevalence of asthma is only about 1 or 2 percent worldwide but varies greatly from country to country. In the United States...
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...In today’s society healthcare personnel need to be aware of the various chemical, environmental, food borne, water borne and airborne illnesses that abound. Being well versed in this area means understanding the epidemiology, being aware of the signs and symptoms, knowing what treatments or cures and knowing the notification process for outbreaks, should they arise. Severe acute respiratory syndrome also known as SARS is a type of viral Pneumonia that is very serious for those affected. It causes acute respiratory distress for the patient which can cause death. SARS is transmitted by contact. According to the U.S National Library of Medicine the coronavirus can live up to 6 hours on hands, tissues and some other surfaces and can stay active for up to three hours after the droplets have dried (A.D.A.M, 2013). The virus can live in feces for nearly four days and it is unknown exactly how long it can live in freezing temperatures but it is believed to live for months or maybe even years. The Coronavirus family is the same group that births the common cold, just as you can catch the cold over and over again, you can also become re-infected with SARS. Since this is a newer illness only manifesting in 2003 there are still unknowns regarding the illness. One of these things is how long before and after someone is contagious with the infection. It is clear that they are actively contagious while showing symptoms. Usually people who are infected will begin showing symptoms within...
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...ASTHMA in Adolescents and Adults ASTHMA in Adolescents and Adults Susan Corbridge and Thomas C. Corbridge ASTHMA in Adolescents and Adults Many individuals suffer from a respiratory condition known as asthma and experience the acute and sometimes chronic effects of this disorder. This disorder often presents itself in an individual exhibiting the hallmark signs and symptoms of breathlessness, wheezing and coughing, due to the airway wall being inflamed and smooth muscle bronchospams. At this time it is imperative to assess the situation and take the appropriate action. Research shows that there is various causes to why inflammation and bronchospasm obstruct the airway, making it difficult to pin point any one cause. This article states that atopy has been identified as a risk factor, as well as exposure to allergens can increase or induce an asthma attack (GINA: the Global Initiative for Asthma, Global strategy for asthma management and prevention). There are many factors that can affect any one person with this condition, such as heredity, obesity, smoke, exercise, upper respiratory tract infections, perfumes and certain occupations can trigger respiratory distress with an asthmatic episode. There are other treatment considerations that evaluate and treating other conditions...
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...Formulate a plan on how you would use clinical epidemiology to guide your opinions and actions on dealing with this issue. A clinical epidemiologist is a person who generally works for a health care facility who has the main goal of finding ways to stop or avoid communicable epidemics in the United States. Epidemiologists study the frequency and distribution of diseases within human populations and environments. Specifically, they measure the incidence of disease occurrence and relate it to different characteristics of populations and environments. Epidemiologists perform research, education, and public health practice in universities, government agencies, international organizations, and private corporations. Therefore epidemiologists study a wide range of healthcare issues. Epidemiologist study and research regions or different populations regarding serious life threatening diseases, diseases that are infectious, the life span of illness in families a well as environmental pollutants that occur. Epidemiologists collect and further analyze important information about public health and the behavior of diseases. After researching and analyzing collections an Epidemiologist explain and also reveals to the public about the findings of their research. Epidemiologist study the distribution of health-related events in a specific population and the purpose of this study in order to control health problems that occur. “Epidemiology includes the methods for measuring the...
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...Epidemiology Paper Anavictoria Fortaleza March 5, 2012 NUR408 Epidemiology Paper Vulnerable populations are "those with a greater than average risk of developing health problems by virtue of their marginalized socio-cultural status, their limited access to economic resources, or personal characteristics such as age and gender" (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2008). Infants and young children are vulnerable to a host of healthcare problems, they are susceptible to viral infection especially respiratory infection such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus. In this paper, the author will define and describe epidemiological triangle as it relates to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), types of epidemiology, and levels of prevention of RSV. Epidemiology Definition Epidemiology is defined as "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). The study of epidemiology is important because it search for causes or factors that are related with increased risk or likelihood of disease, it deals with group of people rather than with individual person, and it helps public health with decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems (CDC, 2012). Epidemiology is used to "monitor the health of various populations, understand the determinants of health and disease in communities, and...
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...Canyon University: NRS427V.vR.Communincable Disease Chain October 25, 2015 Description Causes Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria tubercle bacillus or mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria was discovered by a microbiologist Robert Koch in 1882. Transmission When a person who is infected with TB exhale, sneezes, cough, speaks or sings tiny droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air. The mist, or aerosol is inhaled through the nasal passage. The bacteria can stay in the air for several hours. A fetus can be infected with tuberculosis by inhaling or swallowing the amniotic fluid of an infected mother. Once inhaled tubercle bacilli reach the alveoli and are spread by the lymph vessels to nearby lymph nodes. The bacilli moves through the blood vessels to distant organs. They may become inactive or latent or they may cause the active disease. The tissue damage is caused by the reaction of the person’s tissue to its presence. After several weeks the host develops an immune response to the bacilli, cells attack the bacilli and permit the initial damage to heal and prevent future disease permanently. Being infected with the bacteria does not mean that the person is contagious or ill. They might have symptoms of the disease. The chest x-ray will remain negative. However they can become ill after many years. Symptoms ...
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...The position of a community health nurse has many obstacles including the transmission of communicable diseases. While there are many that exist in local jurisdictions, global communicable diseases may pose a threat for the world. Especially for people who travel abroad are presumed to be at higher risk to contract a communicable disease. For instance, SARS is a respiratory illness that could potentially lead to many health issues for an individual but can also be transmitted to others. If this illness is identified in a particular community the health care professionals to include the community nurse should be able to analyze the epidemiology, cause and manifestations of the disease, as well as the mode of transmission. The educated community nurse should have the knowledge base to deal with the outbreak of SARS. In order to meet the community needs as it relates to a communicable disease, the community nurse must take on specific measures. They must identify the disease along with its manifestations of symptoms and effective interventions to stop the spread. The causative agent for SARS is usually the Corona Virus, which is known for attacking a person’s respiratory system. The most common symptoms of SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, are headache, body aches, muscle aches, and a fever greater than 104 degrees. It is possible for a person too have diarrhea, coughing, and shortness of breath. It is usually spread through bodily secretions, such as coughing...
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...Communicable disease outbreak - HAT Task 3 Analyze the selected communicable disease outbreak: SARS Disease overview Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the illness begins with a high fever (greater than 100.4 degrees F). The fever is sometimes associated with chills or other symptoms, including headache, general feeling of discomfort, and body aches. Some individuals experience mild respiratory symptoms at the outset. Diarrhea is seen in approximately 10 to 20 percent of patients. After 2 to 7 days, SARS patient may develop a dry, nonproductive cough that might be accompanied by hypoxia. In 10 to 20 percent of cases, patients require mechanical ventilation. Most patients develop pneumonia. The disease is spread by close person-to-person contact through direct contact with respiratory secretions and/or body fluids of an infected individual. The incubation period is typically 2 to 7 days, but there are reported cases of up to 14 days. An individual is considered infectious only when they have symptoms, and are considered most contagious during the second week of illness. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005) According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in November 2002 a SARS outbreak emerged in South China. An infected medical doctor who had treated infected patients...
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