...Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Nursing Role Tuberculosis has been a persistent threat to the human race as far back as Hippocrates (c.460-c.370 BC). Globally, tuberculosis has infected millions during waves, often killing scores of people at a time, and then receding giving it an almost supernatural quality (Daniel, 2006). In recent history tuberculosis has been recorded in all corners of the world, and currently infects one third of the global population. In 2012, TB was responsible for killing 1.3 million people, making it the second largest fatal disease next to AIDS. The purpose of this paper is to describe tuberculosis, explain contributing factors, describe the disease in relation to the epidemiologic triangle, and finally discuss the role of community nurses in the prevention and treatment of the disease. Tuberculosis is a respiratory disease spread through the air. This is of course a simple definition and robs the disease of its true nature. In order to fully understand tuberculosis one must leverage the rules of communicable disease investigations. In that vein, tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium, specifically mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB, as it is often referred, is indeed spread through infected sputum, carried through the air from a host to a new host. Once in the lungs, the bacteria become latent or active. Latent TB infection means the patient is not symptomatic, yet will test positive on skin test. The second route leads to active...
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...Concepts of Epidemiology: Tuberculosis Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V 10-26-2014 Concepts of Epidemiology: Tuberculosis “In 2013, 9 million people fell ill with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease” (WHO, 2014). Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable. TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected. About one-third of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria, but is not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease. (WHO, 2014). “Tuberculosis mostly affects young adults, in their most productive years. However, all age groups are at risk. Over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries. People who are infected with HIV are 26 to 31 times more likely to become sick with TB” (WHO, 2014). Risk of active TB is also greater in persons suffering from other conditions that impair the immune system. Common symptoms of active lung TB are cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. “TB is a treatable and curable disease. Active, drug-sensitive TB disease is treated with a standard six-month course of four antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the...
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...Tuberculosis The Purpose of this report is to understand Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, a communicable infection disease, discuss insight and contribution of Community Public Health Nurses and deliberate role of NCHHSTP play in prevention, treatment and controlling of TB on national basis. TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious multisystem infectious disease. Ancient Greece consultants classified such sickness as “phthisis or phthisis pulmonails” referring as a wasting away disease. First sign of tuberculosis was found in 8000BC cadavers that’s indicates a long relationship of TB with humans. This infectious bacterium only found in human beings not yet discovered in soil, insects or animals. CAUSES Tuberculosis (TB) generally occurred in a body by a result of rod shaped, slow growing, aerobic bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discovered by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882 which was also known as “Koch’s bacillus” while other TB causing bacteria are: Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium microti or Mycobacterium canetti, and it mainly hit the function of lungs. Mycobacterium avium complex doesn’t cause Tuberculosis in humans. This disease may circulate in different human tissues/organs by blood or lymphatic alleyways or enters into the person’s lungs through inhaling process in polluted air. SYMPTOMS There are two broad types of tuberculosis: * Latent TB Infection hit the body but bacteria remain inactive mode so usually no prompt...
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...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology Paper This will paper discuss one of the deadly disease in the world call Tuberculosis (TB). The goal is to prevent the disease and prevent the spread of the disease from the teaching that the community health nurse will provide. An individual can die if TB is left untreated. Active Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This respiratory disease that in most common in the lungs. (World Health Organization, 2014). Other parts of the body are affected by TB is the brain which causes tuberculosis meningitis, genitourinary TB, gastrointestinal TB, tuberculosis lymphadenitis, cutaneous TB, Uterus ovarian TB and Osteo articular skeletal bone and joint TB(articles base, 2008). It is curable and preventable. TB is contagious and is transmitted through the air from a person with the active respiratory disease and then another person inhale this infectious droplet. Active TB symptom from the lung are coughing, and with bloody sputum present sometimes, weakness, chest pain, fever, weight loss and night sweats. Once the germs enter the air it takes only a few of them to infect another person (World Health Organization, 2014). People with active TB usually have positive TB skin test and blood test. The chest x-ray is usually positive and positive sputum culture (Centered for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Latent Tuberculosis Another form of TB is called...
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...Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cintia Jimenez-Mendoza Microbiology Summer I 2012 Taxonomy Scientific classification | Kingdom: | Bacteria | Phylum: | Actinobacteria | Class: | Actinobacteria | Order: | Actinomycetales | Suborder: | Corynebacterineae | Family: | Mycobacteriaceae | Genus: | Mycobacterium | Species: | M. tuberculosis | Binomial name | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | M. tuberculosis was discovered by Robert Koch in March 24 1882, who was a German physician and scientist. This specie is a pathogenic organism from the kingdom bacteria and genus Mycobacterium. This bacterium has caused most cases of tuberculosis which is an infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria. Koch said once that the importance of this organism was huge due to the fact that M. tuberculosis is lethal to humans; he said "If the importance of a disease for mankind is measured by the number of fatalities it causes, then tuberculosis must be considered much more important than those most feared infectious diseases, plague, cholera..” [1] Fig.1.Taxonomy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [2] The genus Mycobacterium includes pathogens that cause serious diseases like mentioned before tuberculosis and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). M. tuberculosis was also known as ‘tubercle bacillus’ or ‘Koch's bacillus’. . The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex of organisms consists of other species like, Mycobacterium africanum which is mostly found in the West African...
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...Tuberculosis also known as TB, is a serious disease that affects millions of people world-wide each year. This respiratory illness usually infects the lungs, although it can affect any part of body or both at the same time. The agent that causes TB is mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria can be found easily in the environment such as soil and water but M. tuberculosis can only survive in its human hosts. About one-third of the human population has tuberculosis. This highly contagious disease is spread through droplets in the air when an actively infected person coughs, spits, talks, sings, or sneezes and an uninfected person is close and catches the bacteria by inhaling it. A large majority of those infected do not have symptoms, which is known as latent tuberculosis. Ten percent of those with latent TB developed an active infection in their lifetime and about half of those with active TB will die from the disease. Symptoms may be mild the first few weeks or months of the disease, easily spreading to others due to how highly contagious it is. The farthest back scientists have discovered TB is 2400BC through the spinal fragments of ancient Egyptian mummies. It was also found in bone fragments in South American from 750BC. Records prior to the 19th century have described this disease which then was also called consumption, white plague, dread disease, or the king’s evil. The spread of TB reached a peak during the 19th century Industrial Revolution in...
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...Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Rebecca J Buck NUR 408 July 29, 2013 Felita Patterson Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Among many misconceptions, tuberculosis is not a disease of the past. Tuberculosis remains a public health issue. It is estimated that one-third of the total world population is infected by tuberculosis (TB). The American lung association (2013) states, in 2011 alone there were nearly 9,000,000 new diagnosed cases of tuberculosis around the world and an estimated 1.4 million deaths because of this disease. In the United States, TB is not as common (but still a problem). In 2011, only 10,500 people reported having TB (Trends in Tuberculosis Morbidity and Mortality). Research shows that there are many preceding factors that predispose a person and increase the risk of contracting TB. Epidemiologists have studied and determined that many of these preceding factors are evident in vulnerable populations around the world, particularly the homeless population. The science Daily (2013) reports that “one in five homeless people with tuberculosis die within a year of their diagnosis” (Death Rate from Tuberculosis in Homeless Alarmingly High). In addition to the high death rate for TB among homeless people, public health officials also recognize a growing threat of drug resistant strains within these vulnerable populations. Theses drug resistant strains of tuberculosis require longer, more consistent treatments...
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...CONCEPTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY Mfon Umanah Grand Canyon University: NRS 427V 11/29/2015 Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that affects mainly the lungs, it is caused by germs that travels through the blood stream and the lymph node, TB is contagious infectious disease and can spread from person to person through the air. It can also affect brain, the kidneys, or the spine. An infected person can die if prompt treatment is not initiated. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria named Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB can be in active or inactive form, if a person with active tuberculosis of the lungs coughs or sneezes, a person who is nearby can inhale the bacteria, a casual or briefed contact with an infectious person may not lead to an infection, It takes long hours of exposure to transmit the infection, unless the contacted person is ill or have a weakened immune system. TB spread easily in a crowded environment. TB is airborne disease and can stay in the air for several hours, depending on the environment. Symptoms includes cough, with bloody sputum, chest pain especially with TB of the lungs, general symptoms of tuberculosis includes malady, weakness, fever, weight lost, excessive night sweat. Other symptoms depends on the part of the body that is affected. TB can be fatal without treatment, it typically affects your lungs, and can spread to other parts of the body through bloodstream, the following complications occurs with untreated infection; Spinal pain, a back pain and stiffness...
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...Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , must have basic understanding of epidemiology, microbiology, treatments, and knowledge about public health system and the legal system. Although, the United states attained a significant success in attaining the control over the communicable diseases, compared to the other parts of the world since 1940s, communicable diseases are still leading cause of death in the United States.(Maurer &Smith, 2012). Tuberculosis(TB) is a air bourn infectious disease which is caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. People who are living in poor socioeconomic background and who are living in medically underserved communities are more prone to this deadly , but preventable and curable disease. This disease continue to be as an indicator of poverty and low socio-economic background. Most of the time people affected with this deadly disease are undiagnosed early and affected with malnutrition or immunologically compromised. Tuberculosis can affect several organs...
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...Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Jennifer Shanley Grand Canyon NRS 427 March 15, 2014 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis One of the world’s deadliest diseases, tuberculosis (TB), affects over one third of the world’s population. According to the CDC, in 2012 there were nearly 9 million people that were affected with this disease (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is a disease that affects not only the lungs but may also affect other parts of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. This disease is preventable as well as curable by can also be deadly if not treated. When a patient presents with TB they may have complaints of having a bad. cough that lasts for three or more weeks, pain in the chest, or may cough up blood or sputum (CDC, 2014). They may also present with symptoms such as weakness or fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, or chills (CDC, 2014). The transmission of TB occurs from person to person and is spread by airborne droplet nuclei (Cleveland Clinic, 2014). An example of how this is spread would be through the air by coughing, sneezing, singing, laughing, or talking. These droplets remain suspended in the air for many hours and are inhaled and trapped in the airway or alveoli of the person that was exposed (Cleveland Clinic, 2014). After being exposed to the bacteria that causes TB the person may have mild symptoms and may not seek treatment right away...
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...Canyon University: NRS427V.vR.Communincable Disease Chain October 25, 2015 Description Causes Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria tubercle bacillus or mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria was discovered by a microbiologist Robert Koch in 1882. Transmission When a person who is infected with TB exhale, sneezes, cough, speaks or sings tiny droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air. The mist, or aerosol is inhaled through the nasal passage. The bacteria can stay in the air for several hours. A fetus can be infected with tuberculosis by inhaling or swallowing the amniotic fluid of an infected mother. Once inhaled tubercle bacilli reach the alveoli and are spread by the lymph vessels to nearby lymph nodes. The bacilli moves through the blood vessels to distant organs. They may become inactive or latent or they may cause the active disease. The tissue damage is caused by the reaction of the person’s tissue to its presence. After several weeks the host develops an immune response to the bacilli, cells attack the bacilli and permit the initial damage to heal and prevent future disease permanently. Being infected with the bacteria does not mean that the person is contagious or ill. They might have symptoms of the disease. The chest x-ray will remain negative. However they can become ill after many years. Symptoms ...
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...6. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Chapter 8 Disease is not constant • Emerging Diseases – are recently “discovered” diseases, or diseases that have become increasingly important. • Some are old diseases just discovered – like Hepatitis C • Some are truly new like HIV • Many are taking advantage of some niche – like air conditioners in large buildings – Legionella pneumophila • Diseases moving to new parts of the world – West Nile Virus • Re-emerging Diseases – are diseases that became less important, but are again increasing in importance. • Tuberculosis is an old disease that is again rapidly increasing in some populations. 1 2 Health Science Microbiology David L. Beck, B.S., A.M., Ph.D. FYI Emerging Diseases - Examples FYI Re-emerging Diseases - Examples 3 4 Known Species The Tip of the Iceburg • How many species are there? • 1980 there was 1,792 described species • 1990 there was 3,393 species (173 new per year) • 2000 there was 6,386 species (299 new per year) • 2010 there was 12,926 species (654 new per year) • Oct 2011 there was 13,563 species (Yikes!!!) (Most of these we know nothing about other than their name.) WE KNOW VERY LITTLE 80% of bacteria are unculturable – what you do not know about can hurt you! 61% of the known 1415 species infectious (and counting) to man are from animals (zoonoses) • • • • 5 Want to know the current number of described species? See: http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/number.html Updated daily. 6 Normal...
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...Practice Epidemiology Problems 06/09/2013 Epidemiology Problems 1. If there are 80 deaths for every 100 cases of a disease, what is the fatality rate? 80/100=0.8 0.8*100%=80% 2. If there are 24 cases of a disease in a population of 10,000, what is the rate per 100,000? (24/10,000)*100,000=240 cases per 100,000. 3. How long does a case of the mumps last if during the 30 days of May 2008, the prevalence rate was 15/1000 and the incidence rate was 3/1000 during the same time? P=I*D 15=3* D So, D=15/3=5 cases during the 30days of May 2008. 4. In 2006, Kansas had 80 cases of tuberculosis (TB) compared with 60 cases during 2005. In 2006, 55 of the TB cases were in males while 25 were in females. In 2005 there were 2,744,687 people living in KS compared to 2,764,075 people in 2006. In both years, there were 50% male and 50% female in the state. What is the incidence of tuberculosis in 2006 and did it increase or decrease from 2005? (per 100,000 people) In 2006: Incidence: (80/2,764,075)*100,000=2.894 cases per 100,000 people In 2005: Incidence: (60/2,744,687)*100,000=2.186 cases per 100,000 people Form 2005, the incidence of TB have increased. 5. In 2006, Kansas had 1768 cases of prostrate cancer. Using the information given in question #4, determine the incidence of prostrate cancer per 100,000 people. In 2006: Male+Femal: (1768/2...
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...e-Activities, functioning as an investigator collaborating with the two (2) agencies to obtain vital statistics on your particular demographic, you are tasked with obtaining the logistics and planning phase of the report. Prioritize the items you would consider when formulating comprehensive letters of inquiry to the agencies. * From the third e-Activity, suppose you are the County Department of Health, Director of STDs Tracking and Surveillance System, tasked with drafting a memo to your state’s head of the DOH about ways to optimize your county’s efficiency. Prepare a rudimentary list of possible questions to articulate your concerns. Provide a rationale for the questions you have chosen. HSA 535 Week 2 Discussion 1 "Applications of Epidemiology" Please respond to the following: * Using the basics and applications of...
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...Epidemiology Grand Canyon University Concepts In Community and Public Health NRS-427V-0102 Epidemiology The communicable disease that I have selected is Tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of my paper in to describe, in detail the communicable disease and its impact on the global nations over time. It also addresses the role of a community health nurse in breaking the chain of infection and preventing the spread of the deadly disease. On March 24, 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB). During this time, TB killed one out of every seven people living in the United States and Europe. Dr. Koch’s discovery was the most important step taken toward the control and elimination of this deadly disease. The world health organization has set this day aside for remembering the great discovery that won a noble prize as well a day of global awareness. There were 1.5 million reported deaths related to TB in 2010, an astounding statistic. The bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is responsible for causing the disease. It is a Highly infectious disease that primarily affects the lung. It’s mode of transmission is Airborne, meaning it is spread through the air when someone coughs, sneezes or even talks. The bacteria can also affect other parts of the body including lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary tract and bones. Latent TB occurs when the bacteria is present but the person does...
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