...Benchmark Assignment: Tuberculosis Epidemiology Paper Aynalem Elfay Grand Canyon University ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to describe tuberculosis, evaluate the determinants and see how these factors contribute to the development of the disease. In addition, the paper describes how the community health nurse will play a role in providing treatment and prevention towards the disease. WHAT IS TUBERCULOSIS? Tuberculosis is most commonly known as TB. It is a bacterial infection that can spread to any organ in a person’s body. It is a disease most commonly found in the lungs. Individuals who are most exposed to this particular disease do not develop the symptoms since the bacteria itself can reside as an inactive form in the human body (WebMD, 2016). However, if the body’s immune system weakens then the TB can be very active and harmful to the individual. As a result, the TB bacteria can cause death to the tissues in the organs that are infected. If the disease is left untreated, it can be very harmful and fatal to the human body. The bacteria that cause Tuberculosis are air transmitted. In other words, the disease can be very contagious and the infection from the bacteria is most likely to occur. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES? Individuals who are exposed to TB often acquire the disease from other individuals already infected. The individuals who have active TB infections can easily spread the disease if they are in close proximity. Through coughing, sneezing, and...
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...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology has become the method of choice for public health research. The patterns and trends and cause and effects of health affecting phenomena identified by epidemiology are instrumental in predicting risk factors e.g.; development of treatment strategies to prevent or contain diseases. Epidemiology estimates have changed over time related to changes in the definition and diagnosis of diseases. Epidemiology is practiced as a broad scientific discipline that addresses occurrences of diseases and distribution of health status of populations. Integration of casual concepts at the clinical, social and environmental levels will allow faculty to work to maintain an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states...
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...Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Rebecca J Buck NUR 408 July 29, 2013 Felita Patterson Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Among many misconceptions, tuberculosis is not a disease of the past. Tuberculosis remains a public health issue. It is estimated that one-third of the total world population is infected by tuberculosis (TB). The American lung association (2013) states, in 2011 alone there were nearly 9,000,000 new diagnosed cases of tuberculosis around the world and an estimated 1.4 million deaths because of this disease. In the United States, TB is not as common (but still a problem). In 2011, only 10,500 people reported having TB (Trends in Tuberculosis Morbidity and Mortality). Research shows that there are many preceding factors that predispose a person and increase the risk of contracting TB. Epidemiologists have studied and determined that many of these preceding factors are evident in vulnerable populations around the world, particularly the homeless population. The science Daily (2013) reports that “one in five homeless people with tuberculosis die within a year of their diagnosis” (Death Rate from Tuberculosis in Homeless Alarmingly High). In addition to the high death rate for TB among homeless people, public health officials also recognize a growing threat of drug resistant strains within these vulnerable populations. Theses drug resistant strains of tuberculosis require longer, more consistent treatments...
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...Epidemiology and Vulnerable Populations Angela Wilson NUR / 408 November 4, 2013 Epidemiology and Vulnerable Populations Introduction Health is a state of optimum well-being, a human right and a social goal. The public health mission is to provide and assure conditions that promote health in the community. Public health, epidemiology and nursing practice share the same goal of disease prevention and control. By definition, epidemiology is the study of population in order to monitor the health of the population, understand the determinants of health and disease in the community, and investigate and evaluate interventions to prevent disease and maintain health. (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Epidemiology today is considered to be the core science of public health and is described as a constellation of disciplines with a common mission: optimal health for the whole community (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiology has reformed public health and continues to strive for disease prevention and health promotion in communities across the world. The population...
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...Epidemiology Grand Canyon University Concepts In Community and Public Health NRS-427V-0102 Epidemiology The communicable disease that I have selected is Tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of my paper in to describe, in detail the communicable disease and its impact on the global nations over time. It also addresses the role of a community health nurse in breaking the chain of infection and preventing the spread of the deadly disease. On March 24, 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB). During this time, TB killed one out of every seven people living in the United States and Europe. Dr. Koch’s discovery was the most important step taken toward the control and elimination of this deadly disease. The world health organization has set this day aside for remembering the great discovery that won a noble prize as well a day of global awareness. There were 1.5 million reported deaths related to TB in 2010, an astounding statistic. The bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is responsible for causing the disease. It is a Highly infectious disease that primarily affects the lung. It’s mode of transmission is Airborne, meaning it is spread through the air when someone coughs, sneezes or even talks. The bacteria can also affect other parts of the body including lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary tract and bones. Latent TB occurs when the bacteria is present but the person does...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis Sara Abayneh NRS – 427V Grand Canyon University 12/22/2014 Tuberculosis is a multi-systematic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod-shaped bacterium, which most commonly affects the lungs, as well as any part of the body such as kidney, spine, lymph nodes, bones and, brain. According to CDC (2014), the universal symptoms of TB disease includes sickness, weight loss, weakness, fever and night sweat. The signs of lung (pulmonary) TB also includes coughing, with or without blood, and chest pain. This silent killer disease is primarily airborne, spreading from person to person when tiny microscopic droplets of germs are released into the air when an individual with vigorous tuberculosis infection of the lungs or esophagus coughs, sneezes, communicates, or laughs. These microorganisms can remain alive in the air for some hours, depending on the conditions of the environment (WHO, 2014). Severity of TB ranges from minor to severe complication, which may lead to death. Some severe impediments include damaged lung functions, bone pain, meningitis, kidney and/or liver malfunction or unusual disturbances. According to Mayo Clinic (2014), medications are vital for TB treatments, however if taken much longer time than other bacterial infections for TB treatment antibiotics must be taken for six - nine months where the exact drugs of lengths treatment depend on age, general condition, medicine conflict, the system of TB and...
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...6. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Chapter 8 Disease is not constant • Emerging Diseases – are recently “discovered” diseases, or diseases that have become increasingly important. • Some are old diseases just discovered – like Hepatitis C • Some are truly new like HIV • Many are taking advantage of some niche – like air conditioners in large buildings – Legionella pneumophila • Diseases moving to new parts of the world – West Nile Virus • Re-emerging Diseases – are diseases that became less important, but are again increasing in importance. • Tuberculosis is an old disease that is again rapidly increasing in some populations. 1 2 Health Science Microbiology David L. Beck, B.S., A.M., Ph.D. FYI Emerging Diseases - Examples FYI Re-emerging Diseases - Examples 3 4 Known Species The Tip of the Iceburg • How many species are there? • 1980 there was 1,792 described species • 1990 there was 3,393 species (173 new per year) • 2000 there was 6,386 species (299 new per year) • 2010 there was 12,926 species (654 new per year) • Oct 2011 there was 13,563 species (Yikes!!!) (Most of these we know nothing about other than their name.) WE KNOW VERY LITTLE 80% of bacteria are unculturable – what you do not know about can hurt you! 61% of the known 1415 species infectious (and counting) to man are from animals (zoonoses) • • • • 5 Want to know the current number of described species? See: http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/number.html Updated daily. 6 Normal...
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...alcoholism. This population is predisposed to a number of medical, psychiatric, and social problems such as tuberculosis, HIV infection, hepatitis, alcoholism and substance use, skin and foot disease, schizophrenia and related psychoses, malnutrition, and trauma. Many of these veterans have lost their families, homes or even both as a result of the inability to adapt to civilian life. America's homeless veterans have served in all wars including some of our most recent like Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn. The Veterans Administration (VA) currently provides specialized homelessness programs to almost 150,000 homeless veterans. “Since 1987, VA's programs for homeless veterans have emphasized collaboration with such community service providers to help expand services to more veterans in crisis." ("National Coalition for Homeless Veterans", n.d.). Epidemiology Paper Roles This paper will explain the role epidemiology plays in the surveillance of mental illness and substance abuse among America’s Homeless Veteran population. It will also discuss the definition and description of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle and levels of prevention that is related to homelessness, mental illness, and substance abuse associated with our veterans. What is Epidemiology? To better comprehend the role epidemiology...
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...discussed the methods used, which was a questionnaire, which contained 46 safety climate items, which were tested on 789 health care workers based in hospital health facilities. This research was conducted in order to perform evaluations in different settings in order to define the new safety climate scale. In order to target additional problems in hospital safety and guide to reduce incidents that may occur because of failure to follow regulations. Gampper, R. N., George, J., Carter, J., & Jesdale, M. (1998, April). Co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV in high risk clinical care settings in Rhode Island. AIDS Care, 10(2), 221-9. The article is in relevance to infections in health care settings because this article discusses the main focus of researching and developing an identification method and data collections. Health facilities were unable or were not keeping track or record of HIV and Tuberculosis patients, such as failure to show up, or document important developments lacked the records and date increasing the diagnosed rates of HIV and...
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...Communicable Disease and Epidemiology Communicable Disease and Epidemiology As part of human history, there have always been disease processes that have been known to pass from a person or something else to other people through physical contact, sharing most any item with an infected person or just breathing the same air where the disease exists, these disease processes are known as communicable diseases. Basically, communicable diseases are diseases that you can catch from other organisms. There are noted to be approximately 165 known communicable diseases in the environment (Wisconsin, 2014). The disease addressed in this paper is known as Tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that cause TB. This particular bacteria is not passed through physical contact with an infected person but rather is passed through airborne transmission as an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. The mode of transmission for TB is known as airborne transmission. In the hospital setting a person suspected to have or proven to have TB will be placed on airborne precautions and located in a negative pressure room where the air is continually being pulled from the room and replaced with fresh air. The health care professional (HCP) taking care of the person suspected to have TB is to wear a special respiratory mask known as an N95 mask as well as a gown, gloves. These masks are fit tested yearly to improve the safety of the HCP. A person having active TB can spread the...
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...Epidemiology Paper Ericka Williams NUR/408 October 5, 2015 Willadene Walker-Schmucker Epidemiology Paper According to A Dictionary of Epidemiology (2014), Epidemiology is the science that studies the causes, patterns and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Epidemiology is an evidence-based practice that identifies risk factors and targets preventative healthcare. Epidemiology is a quantitative science built on the working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research. Epidemiology research looks at the population to see how many people are infected by the disease and study the disease over time to see if there is a change and what affects the disease have on our population. It is a tool used to promote and protect the public’s health. Steps and Methods of Epidemiology The steps and methods of epidemiology are routinely collecting data, epidemiologic data, and collecting data for other purposes these methods study health-related events. Routinely collected data can vary depending on time and region, this is data collected in a general population, such as births, deaths, and infectious diseases, (Stanhope & Lancaster 2012). Epidemiologic data uses surveys in specific populations to answer questions of concern and interest (Stanhope & Lancaster 2012). Data collected for other purposes is for research or investigative purposes within a region or area of interest (Stanhope & Lancaster 2012). Epidemiological triangle The...
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...Epidemiology Paper Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that predominantly affects the respiratory system but has capability of affecting and damaging all organs. In the past this disease has been referred to as Pott's disease, Consumption, scrofula, phthisis, and the White Plague ("History of," 2014). There are many theories regarding the origins of this disease. Popular theory states this disease originated under 6000 years ago and the first human acquired case was in Africa less than 5000 years ago ("History of," 2014). From Africa it spread over trade routes and also spread to animals such as cows and dogs ("History of," 2014). Sea lions and seals breeding on African beaches are believed to be the carriers of TB across the Atlantic ocean to South America where it then was spread to hunters thus introducing the first cases of TB to the western world ("History of," 2014). TB is caused by a mycobacterium named Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Symptoms of TB are chest pain, hemoptysis, cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, weakness, fatigue, appetite and weight loss, chills, fever and night sweats ("Tuberculosis (TB)," 2014). TB’s mode of transmission is airborne through small microscopic droplets that travel through the air after a person with the disease in their lungs coughs, speaks or sings or sneezes ("Tuberculosis (TB)," 2014). Latent and active TB are the two different types of TB conditions one may experience after exposure. Latent TB infection occurs in an individual who has...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis Kyle J. Patzner Grand Canyon University: Concepts in Community and Public Health January 12, 2014 Tuberculosis has long been a disease that the human culture has been dealing with which entails significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With dealing with such a horrific disease over the years, discoveries and evolution on the appropriate ways to contain, diagnose, and challengingly treat the disease has changed. One of the most concerning complications of this worldwide public health issue is the ability for it to quickly spread in high populated areas while becoming ever more resistant to forms of treatment not available in all locations around the world. This is a serious public health concern and poses major implications for current and future treatment of the disease (Chan, B., Khadem, T., & Brown, J. 2013). With the help of the community and the leadership of strong, resourceful organizations, we can come together to overcoming such a hideous disease which affects the lives of millions annually. In this paper, the writer will discuss the incidence of Tuberculosis, treatment, social determinants, organizations involved, and the role public health nursing has on overcoming the presence of this disease. Tuberculosis is an airborne communicable disease which is rapidly spreading. Tuberculosis infection is the result of the exposure to the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is the agent as it applies to...
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...Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 1 Management Interview Paper Lisa Patterson HCS413 December 13, 2010 Mr. Jeffrey Dodd Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2 CDC Director- Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Administrator (CDC), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in June 2009. Dr. Frieden has worked with communicable and noncommunicable diseases in the United States and around the whole world. He worked for the New York City’s program from 1992-1996, to control tuberculosis and reduced cases by 80 percent. From there, he resided in India for five years and assisted with national tuberculosis control efforts. It has treated well over 10 million patients and has saved more than one million lives. From 2002-2009, he was Commissioner of New York City Health Department which is one of the world’s largest public health agencies with a yearly budget of $1.7 billion and a staff of more than 6,000. By being a part of Tobacco Act, he has reduced the number of smokers by 350,000, cut teen smokers by 50%. The first place in the U.S. which was New York has shrunk trans-fats from restaurants, to gather calorie information to certain restaurants and screen the diabetes epidemic. The New York City Health Department has also created colon cancer screening rates increased. The department also has furnished the biggest community electronic health...
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...Epidemiology Paper on Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), also known as TB, is a disease spread by respiratory inhalation of droplets that contain the bacteria. Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has been traced back at least 9000 years. In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible for tuberculosis. However, treatment that was evidenced based was not put into practice until the 20th century. It is estimated that 2 billion people around the world are infected with the TB bacteria. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of these infected people will actual develop active TB and experience the life-threatening symptoms of the disease. Tuberculosis remains a deadly infection around the world claiming 1.7 million lives per year. TB is generally recognized as a respiratory disease but can also attack the brain and spine, circulatory system, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems as well as the skin, bones and joints. (Furlow, 2010) The groups of people in the United States that are at risk of developing tuberculosis are those infected with HIV, the homeless, prisoners, poor individuals who live in urban areas, minorities such as African American’s, Hispanics and Asians. Healthcare workers are also at risk in the US and around the world. Countries outside of the US hardest hit by TB are in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Rates for infection among American born individuals has...
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