...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology Paper This will paper discuss one of the deadly disease in the world call Tuberculosis (TB). The goal is to prevent the disease and prevent the spread of the disease from the teaching that the community health nurse will provide. An individual can die if TB is left untreated. Active Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This respiratory disease that in most common in the lungs. (World Health Organization, 2014). Other parts of the body are affected by TB is the brain which causes tuberculosis meningitis, genitourinary TB, gastrointestinal TB, tuberculosis lymphadenitis, cutaneous TB, Uterus ovarian TB and Osteo articular skeletal bone and joint TB(articles base, 2008). It is curable and preventable. TB is contagious and is transmitted through the air from a person with the active respiratory disease and then another person inhale this infectious droplet. Active TB symptom from the lung are coughing, and with bloody sputum present sometimes, weakness, chest pain, fever, weight loss and night sweats. Once the germs enter the air it takes only a few of them to infect another person (World Health Organization, 2014). People with active TB usually have positive TB skin test and blood test. The chest x-ray is usually positive and positive sputum culture (Centered for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Latent Tuberculosis Another form of TB is called...
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...Benchmark Assignment: Tuberculosis Epidemiology Paper Aynalem Elfay Grand Canyon University ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to describe tuberculosis, evaluate the determinants and see how these factors contribute to the development of the disease. In addition, the paper describes how the community health nurse will play a role in providing treatment and prevention towards the disease. WHAT IS TUBERCULOSIS? Tuberculosis is most commonly known as TB. It is a bacterial infection that can spread to any organ in a person’s body. It is a disease most commonly found in the lungs. Individuals who are most exposed to this particular disease do not develop the symptoms since the bacteria itself can reside as an inactive form in the human body (WebMD, 2016). However, if the body’s immune system weakens then the TB can be very active and harmful to the individual. As a result, the TB bacteria can cause death to the tissues in the organs that are infected. If the disease is left untreated, it can be very harmful and fatal to the human body. The bacteria that cause Tuberculosis are air transmitted. In other words, the disease can be very contagious and the infection from the bacteria is most likely to occur. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES? Individuals who are exposed to TB often acquire the disease from other individuals already infected. The individuals who have active TB infections can easily spread the disease if they are in close proximity. Through coughing, sneezing, and...
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...Epidemiology Paper on Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), also known as TB, is a disease spread by respiratory inhalation of droplets that contain the bacteria. Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has been traced back at least 9000 years. In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible for tuberculosis. However, treatment that was evidenced based was not put into practice until the 20th century. It is estimated that 2 billion people around the world are infected with the TB bacteria. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of these infected people will actual develop active TB and experience the life-threatening symptoms of the disease. Tuberculosis remains a deadly infection around the world claiming 1.7 million lives per year. TB is generally recognized as a respiratory disease but can also attack the brain and spine, circulatory system, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems as well as the skin, bones and joints. (Furlow, 2010) The groups of people in the United States that are at risk of developing tuberculosis are those infected with HIV, the homeless, prisoners, poor individuals who live in urban areas, minorities such as African American’s, Hispanics and Asians. Healthcare workers are also at risk in the US and around the world. Countries outside of the US hardest hit by TB are in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Rates for infection among American born individuals has...
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...Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Rebecca J Buck NUR 408 July 29, 2013 Felita Patterson Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Among many misconceptions, tuberculosis is not a disease of the past. Tuberculosis remains a public health issue. It is estimated that one-third of the total world population is infected by tuberculosis (TB). The American lung association (2013) states, in 2011 alone there were nearly 9,000,000 new diagnosed cases of tuberculosis around the world and an estimated 1.4 million deaths because of this disease. In the United States, TB is not as common (but still a problem). In 2011, only 10,500 people reported having TB (Trends in Tuberculosis Morbidity and Mortality). Research shows that there are many preceding factors that predispose a person and increase the risk of contracting TB. Epidemiologists have studied and determined that many of these preceding factors are evident in vulnerable populations around the world, particularly the homeless population. The science Daily (2013) reports that “one in five homeless people with tuberculosis die within a year of their diagnosis” (Death Rate from Tuberculosis in Homeless Alarmingly High). In addition to the high death rate for TB among homeless people, public health officials also recognize a growing threat of drug resistant strains within these vulnerable populations. Theses drug resistant strains of tuberculosis require longer, more consistent treatments...
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...Tuberculosis The Purpose of this report is to understand Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, a communicable infection disease, discuss insight and contribution of Community Public Health Nurses and deliberate role of NCHHSTP play in prevention, treatment and controlling of TB on national basis. TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious multisystem infectious disease. Ancient Greece consultants classified such sickness as “phthisis or phthisis pulmonails” referring as a wasting away disease. First sign of tuberculosis was found in 8000BC cadavers that’s indicates a long relationship of TB with humans. This infectious bacterium only found in human beings not yet discovered in soil, insects or animals. CAUSES Tuberculosis (TB) generally occurred in a body by a result of rod shaped, slow growing, aerobic bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discovered by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882 which was also known as “Koch’s bacillus” while other TB causing bacteria are: Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium microti or Mycobacterium canetti, and it mainly hit the function of lungs. Mycobacterium avium complex doesn’t cause Tuberculosis in humans. This disease may circulate in different human tissues/organs by blood or lymphatic alleyways or enters into the person’s lungs through inhaling process in polluted air. SYMPTOMS There are two broad types of tuberculosis: * Latent TB Infection hit the body but bacteria remain inactive mode so usually no prompt...
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...Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cintia Jimenez-Mendoza Microbiology Summer I 2012 Taxonomy Scientific classification | Kingdom: | Bacteria | Phylum: | Actinobacteria | Class: | Actinobacteria | Order: | Actinomycetales | Suborder: | Corynebacterineae | Family: | Mycobacteriaceae | Genus: | Mycobacterium | Species: | M. tuberculosis | Binomial name | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | M. tuberculosis was discovered by Robert Koch in March 24 1882, who was a German physician and scientist. This specie is a pathogenic organism from the kingdom bacteria and genus Mycobacterium. This bacterium has caused most cases of tuberculosis which is an infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria. Koch said once that the importance of this organism was huge due to the fact that M. tuberculosis is lethal to humans; he said "If the importance of a disease for mankind is measured by the number of fatalities it causes, then tuberculosis must be considered much more important than those most feared infectious diseases, plague, cholera..” [1] Fig.1.Taxonomy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [2] The genus Mycobacterium includes pathogens that cause serious diseases like mentioned before tuberculosis and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). M. tuberculosis was also known as ‘tubercle bacillus’ or ‘Koch's bacillus’. . The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex of organisms consists of other species like, Mycobacterium africanum which is mostly found in the West African...
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...Concepts of Epidemiology: Tuberculosis Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V 10-26-2014 Concepts of Epidemiology: Tuberculosis “In 2013, 9 million people fell ill with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease” (WHO, 2014). Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable. TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected. About one-third of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria, but is not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease. (WHO, 2014). “Tuberculosis mostly affects young adults, in their most productive years. However, all age groups are at risk. Over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries. People who are infected with HIV are 26 to 31 times more likely to become sick with TB” (WHO, 2014). Risk of active TB is also greater in persons suffering from other conditions that impair the immune system. Common symptoms of active lung TB are cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. “TB is a treatable and curable disease. Active, drug-sensitive TB disease is treated with a standard six-month course of four antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the...
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...Tuberculosis also known as TB, is a serious disease that affects millions of people world-wide each year. This respiratory illness usually infects the lungs, although it can affect any part of body or both at the same time. The agent that causes TB is mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria can be found easily in the environment such as soil and water but M. tuberculosis can only survive in its human hosts. About one-third of the human population has tuberculosis. This highly contagious disease is spread through droplets in the air when an actively infected person coughs, spits, talks, sings, or sneezes and an uninfected person is close and catches the bacteria by inhaling it. A large majority of those infected do not have symptoms, which is known as latent tuberculosis. Ten percent of those with latent TB developed an active infection in their lifetime and about half of those with active TB will die from the disease. Symptoms may be mild the first few weeks or months of the disease, easily spreading to others due to how highly contagious it is. The farthest back scientists have discovered TB is 2400BC through the spinal fragments of ancient Egyptian mummies. It was also found in bone fragments in South American from 750BC. Records prior to the 19th century have described this disease which then was also called consumption, white plague, dread disease, or the king’s evil. The spread of TB reached a peak during the 19th century Industrial Revolution in...
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...Benchmark Assignment: Tuberculosis Epidemiology Melinda A. Graham Grand Canyon University: NRS 427 November 15, 2015 Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that has been present in history for many years. Even with modern medicine and the advances that have been made to treat TB it is still claiming lives. This disease is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transferred from person to person ultimately affecting the lungs, but can cause harm to other parts of the body (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Although this disease is not as common as it once was in the United States it is still present in our world and causing mortalities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB “ranks as the second leading cause of death from a single infections disease” (2015, para 1). Therefore, it is necessary and important for healthcare individuals to be familiar with TB and understand the epidemiology behind the disease. Being aware of the role of the community health nurse plays in regards to this disease and being aware of resources that can help the community is fundamental in providing for the wellbeing of all. To become familiar as to how the community health nurse can provide for community members with TB it is important to understand the typical signs and symptoms a patient may display. Some of the symptoms a patient may report in association to TB is generalized weakness, recent weight loss, and reports of a fever, night sweats...
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...Description Causes Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria tubercle bacillus or mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria was discovered by a microbiologist Robert Koch in 1882. Transmission When a person who is infected with TB exhale, sneezes, cough, speaks or sings tiny droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air. The mist, or aerosol is inhaled through the nasal passage. The bacteria can stay in the air for several hours. A fetus can be infected with tuberculosis by inhaling or swallowing the amniotic fluid of an infected mother. Once inhaled tubercle bacilli reach the alveoli and are spread by the lymph vessels to nearby lymph nodes. The bacilli moves through the blood vessels to distant organs. They may become inactive or latent or they may cause the active disease. The tissue damage is caused by the reaction of the person’s tissue to its presence. After several weeks the host develops an immune response to the bacilli, cells attack the bacilli and permit the initial damage to heal and prevent future disease permanently. Being infected with the bacteria does not mean that the person is contagious or ill. They might have symptoms of the disease. The chest x-ray will remain negative. However they can become ill after many years. Symptoms The symptoms of Tuberculosis disease are weight loss, fever, night sweats, coughing, chest...
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...Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , must have basic understanding of epidemiology, microbiology, treatments, and knowledge about public health system and the legal system. Although, the United states attained a significant success in attaining the control over the communicable diseases, compared to the other parts of the world since 1940s, communicable diseases are still leading cause of death in the United States.(Maurer &Smith, 2012). Tuberculosis(TB) is a air bourn infectious disease which is caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. People who are living in poor socioeconomic background and who are living in medically underserved communities are more prone to this deadly , but preventable and curable disease. This disease continue to be as an indicator of poverty and low socio-economic background. Most of the time people affected with this deadly disease are undiagnosed early and affected with malnutrition or immunologically compromised. Tuberculosis can affect several organs...
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...6. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Chapter 8 Disease is not constant • Emerging Diseases – are recently “discovered” diseases, or diseases that have become increasingly important. • Some are old diseases just discovered – like Hepatitis C • Some are truly new like HIV • Many are taking advantage of some niche – like air conditioners in large buildings – Legionella pneumophila • Diseases moving to new parts of the world – West Nile Virus • Re-emerging Diseases – are diseases that became less important, but are again increasing in importance. • Tuberculosis is an old disease that is again rapidly increasing in some populations. 1 2 Health Science Microbiology David L. Beck, B.S., A.M., Ph.D. FYI Emerging Diseases - Examples FYI Re-emerging Diseases - Examples 3 4 Known Species The Tip of the Iceburg • How many species are there? • 1980 there was 1,792 described species • 1990 there was 3,393 species (173 new per year) • 2000 there was 6,386 species (299 new per year) • 2010 there was 12,926 species (654 new per year) • Oct 2011 there was 13,563 species (Yikes!!!) (Most of these we know nothing about other than their name.) WE KNOW VERY LITTLE 80% of bacteria are unculturable – what you do not know about can hurt you! 61% of the known 1415 species infectious (and counting) to man are from animals (zoonoses) • • • • 5 Want to know the current number of described species? See: http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/number.html Updated daily. 6 Normal...
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...CONCEPTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY Mfon Umanah Grand Canyon University: NRS 427V 11/29/2015 Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that affects mainly the lungs, it is caused by germs that travels through the blood stream and the lymph node, TB is contagious infectious disease and can spread from person to person through the air. It can also affect brain, the kidneys, or the spine. An infected person can die if prompt treatment is not initiated. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria named Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB can be in active or inactive form, if a person with active tuberculosis of the lungs coughs or sneezes, a person who is nearby can inhale the bacteria, a casual or briefed contact with an infectious person may not lead to an infection, It takes long hours of exposure to transmit the infection, unless the contacted person is ill or have a weakened immune system. TB spread easily in a crowded environment. TB is airborne disease and can stay in the air for several hours, depending on the environment. Symptoms includes cough, with bloody sputum, chest pain especially with TB of the lungs, general symptoms of tuberculosis includes malady, weakness, fever, weight lost, excessive night sweat. Other symptoms depends on the part of the body that is affected. TB can be fatal without treatment, it typically affects your lungs, and can spread to other parts of the body through bloodstream, the following complications occurs with untreated infection; Spinal pain, a back pain and stiffness...
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...Epidemiology Grand Canyon University Concepts In Community and Public Health NRS-427V-0102 Epidemiology The communicable disease that I have selected is Tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of my paper in to describe, in detail the communicable disease and its impact on the global nations over time. It also addresses the role of a community health nurse in breaking the chain of infection and preventing the spread of the deadly disease. On March 24, 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB). During this time, TB killed one out of every seven people living in the United States and Europe. Dr. Koch’s discovery was the most important step taken toward the control and elimination of this deadly disease. The world health organization has set this day aside for remembering the great discovery that won a noble prize as well a day of global awareness. There were 1.5 million reported deaths related to TB in 2010, an astounding statistic. The bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is responsible for causing the disease. It is a Highly infectious disease that primarily affects the lung. It’s mode of transmission is Airborne, meaning it is spread through the air when someone coughs, sneezes or even talks. The bacteria can also affect other parts of the body including lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary tract and bones. Latent TB occurs when the bacteria is present but the person does...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis Sara Abayneh NRS – 427V Grand Canyon University 12/22/2014 Tuberculosis is a multi-systematic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod-shaped bacterium, which most commonly affects the lungs, as well as any part of the body such as kidney, spine, lymph nodes, bones and, brain. According to CDC (2014), the universal symptoms of TB disease includes sickness, weight loss, weakness, fever and night sweat. The signs of lung (pulmonary) TB also includes coughing, with or without blood, and chest pain. This silent killer disease is primarily airborne, spreading from person to person when tiny microscopic droplets of germs are released into the air when an individual with vigorous tuberculosis infection of the lungs or esophagus coughs, sneezes, communicates, or laughs. These microorganisms can remain alive in the air for some hours, depending on the conditions of the environment (WHO, 2014). Severity of TB ranges from minor to severe complication, which may lead to death. Some severe impediments include damaged lung functions, bone pain, meningitis, kidney and/or liver malfunction or unusual disturbances. According to Mayo Clinic (2014), medications are vital for TB treatments, however if taken much longer time than other bacterial infections for TB treatment antibiotics must be taken for six - nine months where the exact drugs of lengths treatment depend on age, general condition, medicine conflict, the system of TB and...
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