...BANKING ON SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS Understanding the social and environmental performance of our business clients is now a core element of risk assessments at ANZ. How a client identifies and manages these issues is just as important as the more traditional concerns of credit risk, quality of management and business strategy. Over the past five years, we have established a framework to help us better understand how the clients we bank, and the projects we finance, impact society and the environment. This framework 24 ANZ CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY REVIEW 2008 assists us in managing challenging issues and making better decisions about the transactions we should or should not be involved in. This year, we’ve seen specific examples of how this work can improve our decision-making processes and encourage real improvement in our clients’ practices. “Our approach is not all about declining clients or deals. Instead, we will measure our success in this area based on how many businesses we help to transform.” — CHRIS PAGE, CHIEF RISK OFFICER BUILDING STANDARDS AND CHANGING PRACTICES ANZ released four social and environmental management policies in 2008 which set out the standards that guide our decision-making on transactions involving clients in sensitive sectors. We will use the policies as a framework for working with clients to respond to the social and environmental issues facing their business. The policies also help us meet society’s expectations ...
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...surplus at the equator and deficit at the Poles. This surplus or deficit would be the result of differential heating of the surface of the Earth by the sun. As suggested by the name, the model is made of three air masses known as cells which redistribute heat energy and control movement of air. There a three cells in each hemisphere: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell and the Polar cell. Convection Cells Convection cells are self-contained zones in which warmer air in the centre is pushed upwards and is balanced by the downward motion of cooler air on the edge. UV radiation from the sun is absorbed which heats the ground before it is re-emitted with a longer wave length. As a result of this the temperature rises causing the air to expand and rise upwards due to convection; generating low pressure. Low pressure conditions are usually associated with cloud formation and precipitation. This is because as air cool when it ascends meaning that it can hold less water vapour which in turn condenses to produce water droplets forming clouds. When the temperature decreases, the air contracts causing it to become denser and sinks, generating high pressure (associated with dry conditions). Originally, it was suggested that only two cells where present (The Hadley cells) on in the North and the other in the South Hemisphere. Heat would have been transferred from Equator as the Warm tropical rises to the Polar region at a much higher altitude. Air would then return to the equator as it cooled...
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...(7 pts) 2. The Anza-Borrego desert is at 33°N of the equator. In terms of global influences, why do we find a desert there? - There is a desert 33°N of the equator because air expands and rises at the equator and moves towards the poles high in the troposphere. Due to this, this creates low pressure at the surface near the equator. Since the desert is 33°N of the equator, the air moving from the poles up creates high pressure at the surface. Through the high pressure, air flows back towards the equator and the air sinks down which replaces the air that is moving towards the equator. What this does is rises air at the equator and then descends it once it hits 33°. The winds which blow back to the equator at the surface are due to the Coriolis effect. Since rising air produces cloud and rain, it cannot happen at 33°N because the air is descending which produces little to no cloud which would not allow rainfall, only desert. (7 pts) 3. Imagine that a sample of plants are taken from Yosemite National Park and a sample of plants are taken from Merced and grown together in the same location (i.e., in a common garden). If plants from the two...
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...Geography • Study of the relationship between man and environment in course of time and space • The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity. Latitude: is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. [pic] Some important Latitudes are: • Equator (0( latitude); • Tropic of Cancer (23.5(north latitude); • Tropic of Capricorn (23.5( south latitude); • Arctic Circle (66.5( north latitude); and • Antarctic Circle (66.5( south latitude). The Equator refers to the Earth's equator and is an imaginary line on the Earth's surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. The latitude of the Equator is 0° (zero degrees). The length of Earth's equator is about 40,030.2 kilometres (24,873.6 mi). Tropic of Cancer: also referred to as the Northern tropic, is the circle of latitude on the Earth that marks the most northerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead at its zenith. This event occurs once per year, at the time of the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent. Tropic...
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...pursuing the campaign? The last thing Oxfam wanted to do was get into a spitting match with Starbucks, an organization that had once partnered with Oxfam to raise awareness about coffee issues. It could take years before both sides came to an agreement, and Petchers wondered whether pressing this issue would damage all of Oxfam’s efforts. Petchers knew that people were watching this campaign very closely. The way in which he proceeded would not only affect their efforts to support Ethiopian coffee farmers, but also Oxfam’s campaigns across the world. In 2007, it was estimated that US$9,167,691 worth of unroasted, caffeinated coffee entered the global marketplace.1 This coffee is grown in approximately 53 countries, all located along the equator between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.2 The three most prominent regions for the exportation of coffee beans are Latin America (accounting for 65.75% of global coffee exports), Asia (21.14%) and Africa (9.24%).3 The vast majority of these beans (96%) are exported to Europe, North America and the Caribbean, and Asia. Xavier Benavides, Tamara Jones, Rishi Moudgil and Rebecca Taylor developed this case under the supervision of Christie L. Nordhielm, Clinical Associate Professor of Marketing at the Stephen M. Ross...
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...relative roles of sub-tropical anticyclones and the inter-tropical convergence zone in creating the characteristic features of the climate of one tropical region that you have studied. (40 marks) The area that is affected by subtropical anticyclones and the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) that we studied was the transitional climate of Kano in Nigeria. The wet dry/climate of Kano is split into 6-month periods, November to April is the dry season and March to October is the wet season. The dry season sees no more than 20mm of rainfall in one month whereas the wet season can bring more than 260mm of rainfall in the same time period. The wet season also receives 95% of the annual rainfall. Kano is located at 12 degrees north of the equator and is around 630m above sea level. Temperatures range from 26 degrees to 34 degrees all year round and the annual precipitation is 920 mm of rainfall. This wet dry climate is due to many effects, most of them caused by subtropical and anticyclone and the movement of the ITCZ. In this essay I will assess factors that create Kano’s wet dry climate. In Kano temperatures are high throughout the year due to the sun being overhead for many months. The angle of the sun affects the amount of atmosphere the sun's radiation has to pass through. This then determines the amount of radiation that reaches the earth's surface. When the sun is directly overhead and radiation travels through least amount of atmosphere enroute to the earth's surface temperatures...
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...of the earth's equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.Longitude- The angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at Greenwich, England, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial...: "at a longitude of 2° W"; "lines of longitudeEquator- An imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheresNorth Pole- also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.South Pole-also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North PoleInternational Dateline-An imaginary line through the Pacific Ocean roughly corresponding to 180° longitude, to the east of which, by international agreement, the calendar date is one day earlier than to the west. 1. Prime Meridian-A planet's meridian adopted as the zero of longitude. 2. The earth's zero of longitude, which by convention passes through Greenwich, England.Grid-A framework of spaced bars that are parallel to or cross each other; a grating.Tropic of Cancer-The parallel of latitude 23°27 north of the equator, the northern...
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...winds are not steady, the surface of the earth is not smooth, there is uneven heating due to land and water contrasts, and the wind flow can become unstable. What mechanisms produce the most precipitation in the tropics? That comes from rain, snow, and sleet all of these result in high precipitation. This occurs when water vapor of condensation in the atmosphere is pulled down by gravity and is put on earth's surface. It happens when the atmosphere gets too full of water, this causes trade winds causing air to rise. As the air cools, clouds and rain develop. They form Hadley cells which are a tropical atmospheric circulation that can be defined by the average over longitude. These bands of clouds and rain rise towards the equator creating tropical conditions. Solar heating of the plant due to the rotation and the sun produce most of the precipitation at temperatures latitudes....
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...University of Phoenix Material Earth’s Dynamic Ocean and Atmosphere I Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Sections 12.1 and 12.2 of the text discuss the origin and composition of the world ocean’s seawater. 1. What is the current theory on the evolution of the world ocean?the theory of the earth’s ocean, is possibly the earth was formed between 4 and 4.56 billion years ago. The most ancient grain discovered was a mineral grain of zircon in the middle of west austraillia. That element shows to have made contact with water, but the origin of the water is still unkown. 2. Discuss the origin of the salinity of seawater and how the ocean maintains salinity. The salinity of the ocean is created after the seawater evaporates. At that point three quarters of dissolved matter becomes sodium chloride. (table salt). The ocean maintains its salinity because it constantly receives fresh water from parcipitation and river flow. Often times other elements parcipitate out of mineral form and settle to the seafloor. As a result the composition of the seawater does not change. Part 2 Surface currents obtain their energy from the wind blowing over the surface waters. The currents do not exactly follow the wind direction because of an apparent force known as the Coriolis force. Using Figure 12.11 from the text, briefly explain surface currents of...
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...SC260 Introduction to Ecology 1. Describe global patterns of atmospheric heating and circulation.? The patterns of atmospheric heating and circulation occur through air movement, and typically happen through convection where there is energy transfer from the earth’s surface (Satoh, 2013). This process takes place because of unequal heating on the earth’s surface, which then influences precipitation patterns. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air by which heat is distributed on the surface of the Earth. The wind belts and the jet streams girdling the planet are steered by three convection cells: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell. While the Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells are major players in global heat transport, they do not act alone. Disparities in temperature also drive a set of longitudinal circulation cells, and the overall atmospheric motion is known as the zonal overturning circulation. The global circulation of the atmosphere shifts cold air from high latitudes in the direction of low latitudes, and warm air from low latitudes in the direction of high latitudes. As air rises above the surface it moves away near the top of troposphere and moves to the pole region. Advancing toward the pole the air begins to come together at about 30 degrees north and south latitude. Mechanisms that produce high precipitations in the tropics, mechanisms that produce high precipitation at temperate latitudes and mechanisms produce low precipitation...
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...The Earth’s Hydrosphere -The abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that distinguishes our planet from the other planets. It is also the reason why Earth has been called “blue planet” Various parts of the earth: * Oceans- contains 97% of the Earth’s water supply. The largest ocean is the Pacific Ocean followed by the Atlantic Ocean then the Indian Ocean and lastly the Arctic Ocean. The deepest part of the oceans is in the Pacific at the Marianas Trench where it is about seven miles deep. Oceans together have an area of about 143 million square miles. * Ice sheets- Substantial quantity of water, about 24 million cubic kilometres, is present as in the ice sheets of the Earth. Ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain. * Groundwater- About 24 million cubic kilometre water is present under the ground surface at depths of up to two kilometre. Groundwater is water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. * Lakes and rivers- On the land surface, approximately 0.18 million cubic kilometre water is present in lakes while about 0.002 million cubic kilometre water is found in rivers. * Atmospheric moisture- The amount of water...
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...the Earth had no continents and did not turn, then the circulation of the atmosphere would appear much like this. [pic] http://maritime.haifa.ac.il/departm/lessons/ocean/lect14.htm The air at the Equator would be heated by the warm Earth and so rise, flow toward the poles where it is cooled by the cold Earth, subside at the North Pole and South Pole, and then flow back to the Equator along the surface of the Earth. But the Earth does have continents and it does spin on its axis, so the “General Circulation” of the atmosphere actually looks more like the images on the next page. These are sometimes referred to as the three-cell general circulation model. Air rises at the Equator and near 50( to 60(, and it sinks near 30( and 90( (the poles). The winds do not blow directly north and south due to the coriolis effect. The coriolis “force” deflects moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Winds are named for the direction from which they blowing. As indicated, the general circulation of the atmosphere is from the East at latitudes poleward of about 50( North Latitude and 60( South Latitude. The general circulation of the atmosphere is also from the East at latitudes equatorward of about 30( north or south of the Equator. The general circulation is from the west at middle latitudes, and these are the “Prevailing Westerlies” that we experience in most of the continental United States. This is why weather systems generally...
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...earth’s surface and atmosphere drives circulation of the atmosphere and influences patterns of precipitation. The mechanisms that produce high precipitation in the tropics is the warm moist air cools as it rises, since cool air holds less water vapor than warm air, the water vapor carried by this rising air mass condenses and form clouds, which produce the heavy rain fall associated with tropical environments. The mechanisms that produce high precipitation at temperate latitudes, as air mass rises moisture is picked up from desert regions at lower latitudes condenses to form the clouds that produce the abundant precipitation of temperate regions. The mechanisms that produce low precipitation in the tropics, the sun heats air at the same equator, causing it to expand and rise. This warm, moist air-cools as it rises. Since cool air holds less water vapor than warm air, the water vapor carried...
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...rainforest: * What: Hot and wet areas with broadleaved evergreen forest * Where: Within 5°N and S of the equator * Climate, limiting factors: High rainfall(2000-5000 mm yr-1), high temperatures( 26-28°) and high insolation, P>E rain washes nutrients out of the soil, so nutrients may limit plant growth * Structure: amazingly high levels of biodiversity: plants compete for light thus growing tall to absorb it, so there is a multi-storey profile to the forests called stratification. Many niches and habitat for animals and large mammals can get enough food * Net productivity: produce 40% of NPP of terrestrial ecosystems. Fast rates of decomposition, respiration and photosynthesis. Biomass gain very high, rapid recycling of nutrients * Human activity: more than 50% of world’s human population live in the tropics/subtropics forests exploited e.g. nutrients quickly exhausted by agriculture, commercial logging of timber * Issues: logging, conversion to grazing and to plantations forests exploited for economic development * Examples: Amazon rainforest, Borneo rainforest Desert: * What: dry areas usually hot in the day and cold at night as skies are clear and there is little vegetation to insulate the ground. Tropical, temperate, cold deserts * Where: cover 20-30% of the Earth’s land surface, about 30°N and S of the equator where dry air descends. Most are in the middle of continents * Climate, limiting factors: water limiting, E>P...
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...Heating of the earth exterior and atmosphere and influences patterns of precipitation the sun heats the air at the equator causing it to expand and rise. This warm moist air cools as it rises. Since cool air holds less water vapor than warm air the water carried by the rising air mass condenses and forms clouds which produce the heavy rain fall associated with the tropical environment. Eventually this equatorial air mass ceases to rise and spreads north and south. The high altitude air is dry since the moisture it once held fell as a tropical rain fall. When the air mass flows north and south it cools which increases its density. It sinks back to the earth’s surface at about 30 latitude and spreads north and south. The air draws moisture from the lands over which it flows and creates deserts in the process. Temperature is plotted on the left vertical axis and precipitation on the right vertical axis. Temperature and precipitation are potted on different scales so 10 C is equivalent to 20 mm of precipitation. Climate diagrams for wet areas such as tropical rain forest compress the precipitation scale for precipitation above 100mm so that 10C is equivalent to 200mm of precipitation. This will change in scale rainfall data from very wet climates can be fit on a graph of convenient size. The temperature and precipitation scales are constructed so that 10C equals 20mm of... The circulation of air over the earth is largely due to the unequal heating of the surface. The global...
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