...Empirical Investigation of Indian Stock Market and Debt Market Post Liberalization Prepared by Group I Monika Aggarwal (1) VipulAggarwal (2) VrindaAilani (3) ParasharAnand (4) PraneetBattina (5) Rahul Balyan (6) Supervised & Mentored by Dr.Nupur Gupta Bhattacharya Faculty, K J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research Contents Abstract..................................................................................................................................3 Literature Review....................................................................................................................4 Introduction............................................................................................................................6 1) Debt Market.........................................................................................................................6 2) Equity Market......................................................................................................................8 Relation between Debt and Equity Market................................................................................10 Empirical Relation.................................................................................................................12 Limitations of Study................................................................................................................15 Conclusion.....................................
Words: 4550 - Pages: 19
...International Review of Finance, 11:1, 2011: pp. 1–17 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2443.2010.01125.x Two Common Problems in Capital Structure Research: The FinancialDebt-To-Asset Ratio and Issuing Activity Versus Leverage Changes IVO WELCH Brown University, RI and NBER ABSTRACT This paper points out two common problems in capital structure research. First, although it is not clear whether non-financial liabilities should be considered debt, they should never be considered as equity. Yet, the common financial-debt-to-asset ratio (FD/AT) measure of leverage commits this mistake. Thus, research on increases in FD/AT explains, at least in part, decreases in non-financial liabilities. Future research should avoid FD/AT altogether. The paper also quantifies the components of the balance sheet of large publicly traded corporations and discusses the role of cash in measuring leverage ratios. Second, equity-issuing activity should not be viewed as equivalent to capital structure changes. Empirically, the correlation between the two is weak. The capital structure and capital issuing literature are distinct. I. INTRODUCTION Leverage is defined as the sensitivity of the value of equity ownership with respect to changes in the underlying value of the firm. Empirically, leverage ratios are frequently independent variables (sometimes as part of a hypothesis, sometimes as a control). Leverage ratios are also the dependent variable in the empirical capital structure literature. This literature tries...
Words: 7159 - Pages: 29
...TAXATION PAPERS WORKING PAPER N.33 - 2012 Serena Fatica Thomas Hemmelgarn Gaëtan Nicodème The Debt-Equity Tax Bias: consequences and solutions Taxation and customs union Taxation Papers are written by the staff of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union, or by experts working in association with them. Taxation Papers are intended to increase awareness of the work being done by the staff and to seek comments and suggestions for further analyses. The views expressed in the Taxation Papers are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Comments and inquiries should be addressed to: TAXUD TAXATION-PAPERS@ec.europa.eu Cover photo made by Milan Pein Despite all our efforts, we have not yet succeeded in identifying the authors and rights holders for some of the images. If you believe that you may be a rights holder, we invite you to contact the Central Audiovisual Library of the European Commission. This paper is available in English only. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through EUROPA at: http://europa.eu. For information on EU tax policy visit the European Commission's website at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/index_en.htm ...
Words: 7352 - Pages: 30
...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Pecking Order, Trade-off, Signaling, and Market-Timing Theories of Capital Structure: a Review Anton Miglo University of Bridgeport 2010 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46691/ MPRA Paper No. 46691, posted 6. May 2013 19:07 UTC The Pecking Order, Trade-off, Signaling, and Market-Timing Theories of Capital Structure: a Review Anton Miglo Associate professor, University of Bridgeport, School of Business, Bridgeport, CT 06604, phone (203) 576-4366, email: amiglo@bridgeport.edu. This version: 2013 Initial version: 2010 Abstract. This paper surveys 4 major capital structure theories: trade-off, pecking order, signaling and market timing. For each theory, a basic model and its major implications are presented. These implications are compared to the available evidence. This is followed by an overview of pros and cons for each theory. A discussion of major recent papers and suggestions for future research are provided. Introduction The modern theory of capital structure began with and the famous proposition of Modigliani Miller (1958) that described the conditions of capital structure irrelevance. Since then, been changing these conditions to explain factors driving capital many economists have structure decisions. Harris and Raviv (1991) synthesized major theoretical literature in the field, related these to the known empirical evidence, and suggested promising avenues for future research. They argued...
Words: 8184 - Pages: 33
...wake of the Great Depression, its founders established a longstanding policy to “not to carry any significant debt for long periods of time”. Prior to 1979, acquisitions that served to diversify the company’s product offering and geographic presence were typically paid for with a combination of cash and loans that were repaid early. While Stone completed an initial public offering in 1947, the business remained conservatively capitalized thereafter with family ownership in the majority at 57%. Roger Stone, with highly leveraged acquisitions of distressed producers, stimulated much higher financial and equity risks with the addition of layered debt. He was able to expand capacity more than 5 times at one-fifth of the normal cost of building new plants; however the high degree of operating leverage inherent in the production of paper/ paperboard exposed the company to a greater degree of cyclicality and pricing risk. Given the high fixed-cost nature of paper manufacturing, Roger’s aggressive capacity expansion left the company particularly exposed to periods of decline where producers will cut prices before production. Further, via additional equity offerings overseen by Roger, the Company’s family ownership was diluted to 30% by the late 1980’s. Initially, Roger’s strategy was fairly successful as he was growing the earnings of the business and fulfilling debt obligations. While the acquisition of Bathurst turned Stone into an industry juggernaut with new access to the...
Words: 1639 - Pages: 7
...Debt Versus Equity Financing ACC400/University of Phoenix June 13, 2011 Debt Versus Equity Financing In the accounting industry financing is an important concept. Many companies would not be operable without acquiring some for of financing options. Although there are many types of financing, the two that will be discussed in this paper are debt financing and equity financing. Also this paper will give two examples of each type of financing and discuss which option will be the best choice for the company that will utilize them. Debt Financing Many businesses use debt financing which is money that a business borrows to run the company. The interest rate amount at the beginning of financing the loan is the most important fact to consider, however this is a factor that some companies fail to investigate or research. There are two categories of debt financing; short term and long term. Operating loans are short term debt financing because the repayment that is scheduled if for a period of less than one year. An example of short term debt financing is a line of credit. Long term debt financing are for loans that are for a period of more than one year or the life of the asset. Some examples of assets that a business would purchase with long term financing are machinery, buildings and property. (Ward. 2009) Equity Financing Whereas debt financing is used for operation purposes raising capital by selling stock to various investors is the objective of equity financing...
Words: 444 - Pages: 2
...higher the firm’s fixed cost the greater its Operating Leverage. In Jacque’s words, this has to do with volatility of the top line. Those firms are usually highly automated, capital intensive, hire highly skilled individuals (read pay them huge salaries), and engage into costly R&D activities. Effects of Operating Leverage on Business Risk: (if all other things held constant) the higher a firm’s Operating Leverage, the higher its business risk. This is because in lower economical cycles, the firm will still be incurring its fixed cost. However, remember that higher risk usually commands for a higher return on investment. Financial leverage is the use of debt to finance the activities of a business. Financial risk is the additional risk put on the shareholder when management decides to finance with debt. The more debt a firm takes on, the more concentrated the business risk on the shareholder because the shareholder is a residual claimant. This results in a higher expected rate of return on the investment by the shareholder. Consequences of an increase in leverage (Leverage ↑): * Expected ROE ↑ * Stockholder risk ↑ * Standard deviation ↑ * Coefficient of variation ↑ 2) Cash-Flow statement and valuation: Natalia Cash-Flow Statement and valuation Cash-Flow Statement: * reflects firm’s sources and uses of cash during an accounting period; since not based * breaks cashflows down into three categories: * Cash-Flow from Operations (captures...
Words: 8553 - Pages: 35
...Empirical Evidence from the Indian Automobile Industry Himanshu Joshi This paper provides insights into the way in which the capital structure is determined by product market determinants, research and development activity and profitability. This paper is an attempt to test relevance of empirical evidences found in matured markets to the Indian market condition. Automobile industry is taken up for the study because of its oligopoly nature and easy availability of product prices. Some of the results are very different from the similar studies conducted in the advanced economies. It is found that the firms in the same industry can have different capital structures and there is a negative correlation between the profitability and capital structure of the companies. Interestingly, no correlation is found between R&D expenses and capital structure of the company. It was also concluded that no extra market power is attained because of high leverage. Keywords: Capital Structure, Product Market, Market Structure, Profitability, Market Power, Capital Expenditure Introduction Capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities. A firm’s capital structure is thus, the composition or ‘structure’ of its liabilities. The modern theory of capital structure began with the celebrated paper of Modigliani and Miller (1958). Their paper paved way for the development of alternative theories by showing under what...
Words: 3270 - Pages: 14
...technical the capital asset pricing model relevant to ACCA Qualification Paper F9 the cost of equity Section F of the Study Guide for Paper F9 contains several references to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). This article introduces the CAPM and its components, shows how it can be used to estimate the cost of equity, and introduces the asset beta formula. Two further articles will look at applying the CAPM in calculating a project-specific discount rate, and will review the theory, and the advantages and disadvantages of the CAPM. Whenever an investment is made, for example in the shares of a company listed on a stock market, there is a risk that the actual return on the investment will be different from the expected return. Investors take the risk of an investment into account when deciding on the return they wish to receive for making the investment. The CAPM is a method of calculating the return required on an investment, based on an assessment of its risk. SYSTEMATIC AND UNSYSTEMATIC RISK If an investor has a portfolio of investments in the shares of a number of different companies, it might be thought that the risk of the portfolio would be the average of the risks of the individual investments. In fact, it has been found that the risk of the portfolio is less than the average of the risks of the individual investments. By diversifying investments in a portfolio, therefore, an investor can reduce the overall level of risk faced. There is a limit to this risk...
Words: 1805 - Pages: 8
...French – 1998 4 22 Graham (2000) ‘How Big Are the Tax Benefits of Debt?’ 25 GRAHAM (2000) 2 28 Graham 3 29 How big are the tax benefits of debt? John Graham – 2002 4 29 Lecture 2 32 Myers (1984) ‘The Capital Structure Puzzle’ 32 MYERS (1984) The Capital Structure Puzzle 2 36 Myers 3 39 The capital structure puzzle Myers – 1984 4 40 Andrade & Kaplan (1998) ‘How Costly is Financial (Not Economic) Distress? Evidence from Highly Leveraged Transactions that Became Distress’ 44 Kaplan 2 46 Andrade & Kaplan (1998) 3 51 Andrade & Kaplan – 1998 4 52 Lecture 3 56 Myers & Maljuf (1984) ‘Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions when Firms have Information that Investors Do Not Have’ 56 Myers and Majluf 2 61 Myers & Mailuf (1984) 3 66 Myers & Majluf – 1984 4 68 Frank & Goyal (2007) ‘Trade-off and Pecking Order Theories of Debt 74 Frank, Murray and Goyal, Vidhan 2 75 Frank & Goyal (2007) 3 83 Trade-off and pecking order theories of debt Frank & Goyal – 2007 4 85 Lecture 4 92 Ross (1977) ‘The Determination of Financial Structure: the Incentive-Signaling Approach’ 92 ROSS (1977) 2 94 Ross (1977) 3 95 Ross – 1977 4 95 Riley (2001) ‘Silver Signals: Twenty-Five Years of Screening and Signaling’ 99 Riley – 2001 2 101 Harris & Raviv (1990) ‘Capital Structure and the Informational Role of Debt’ 106 Harris & Raviv (1990) 2 108 Harris & Raviv – 1990 3 109 Heinkel & Zechner (1990) ‘The Role of Debt and Preferred Stock as a Solution to Adverse Investment Incentives’...
Words: 61282 - Pages: 246
...global spirits companies. What started as a young salesperson idea to sell top grade whiskey in sealed glass bottles has now flourished in to a company with sales of $3.8 billion dollars (BROWN-FORMAN Our Company, 2012.) The following will contain information on the organizations most recent financial statements. Corporate debt Securities A debt security in finance is when a lender such as a bank or corporation lends money to an interested party looking for financial gain in the form of bonds. Debt securities are interesting because they serve the purpose of creditors who loan money to a borrower and accrue interest to sell them. They have value. For example, a creditor creates a binding agreement with a borrower listing all the financial terms for loan payment in the form of a contract in which will carry value because of the accrued interest attached to it. So with the accrued interest attached, these contracts carry value and now can be sold or even traded; hence debt security (secure debt). This is how creditors secure debt. According to Introduction to Financial Statements reading material, a debt security is also called bonds. Bonds are debt instruments to gain capital. In the Brown-Forman company,...
Words: 1289 - Pages: 6
...Issues of Financial Reporting Case Study Air Canada: Bond Ratings and Off-Balance Sheet Operating Leases Prepared by: Sidra Manzoor Wajeeha Masood Sidra Waseem Nuzhat Gul BBA-MBA-8 Faculty of Management Sciences International Islamic University, Islamabad. Prepared for: Ma’am Najam-us-Saher Faculty of Management Sciences International Islamic University, Islamabad. CASE STUDY Air Canada: Bond Ratings And Off-Balance Sheet Operating Leases Question #1 How should the operating lease be treated in the assessment of quality of firm’s bonds? Answer A rating agency assigns a bond to a rating category. The standard and poor’s publishes an internet version of Corporate Ratings Criteria. The process is based on an analytical framework that considers both qualitative and quantitative issues. The process begins by assessing the issuer’s competitive position and operating environment and then using the company’s business risk profile to determine the level of financial risk appropriate for any rating category. Financial risk is basically assessed financial ratios and these ratios are used to assess, a company’s profitability, interest coverage, leverages and cash flow adequacy. Before analyzing ratios, a general assessment of the accountability quality of the financial statements is conducted. A number of accounting issues reviewed such as the off-balance sheet liabilities such as operating leases. Adjustments for it are made to ensure that the companies are...
Words: 922 - Pages: 4
...01 Technical risk management relevanT To acca QUalificaTion PaPer P4 The management of risk is a key area within a number of ACCA papers, and exam questions related to this area are common. It is vital that students are able to apply risk management techniques, such as using derivative instruments to hedge against risk, and offer advice and recommendations as required by the scenario in the question. It is also equally important that students understand why corporations manage risk in theory and in practice, because risk management costs money but does it actually add more value to a corporation? This article explores the circumstances where the management of risk may lead to an increase in the value of a corporation. Risk, in this context, refers to the volatility of returns (both positive and negative) that can be quantified through statistical measures such as probabilities, standard deviations and correlations between different returns. Its management is about decisions made to change the volatility of returns a corporation is exposed to, for example changing a company’s exposure to floating interest rates by swapping them to fixed rates for a fee. Since business is about generating higher returns by undertaking risky projects, important management decisions revolve around which projects to undertake, how they should be financed and whether the volatility of a project’s returns (its risk) should be managed. The volatility of returns of a project should be managed if...
Words: 2727 - Pages: 11
...acknowledge from the bottom of my heart those who were solicitous and benevolent enough to guide me throughout the period. First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to my college and my research project mentor Prof. Kedar Subramanian whose profound encouragement, cooperation, guidance and keen supervision at every stage of my research paper inspired me in pursuing and completing it successfully and within schedule. I also heartily thank the Head of the Department Prof. RC Agrawal and the Respected Dean for the continuous help and encouragement and the friendly atmosphere of education provided by them. Kritika Goel ABSTRACT The paper is divided into two major segments- Introduction and Review of Literature. Former, gives a foundation of capital structure decisions with its purpose, significance and methodology. Later, provide the development of the present research by examining the earlier literature or secondary data on the same. Capital Structure is a basically a structure or mixture of different types of funding employed by an organization to get the necessary resources for its performance, growth and efficiency. This paper is enriched with the thorough study of capital structure choices and analyses the decisions that a firm(s) makes in its initial year of operation or in the middle if it desire for expansion, to acquire the data mine by getting the sink of future results of their firm. The...
Words: 3466 - Pages: 14
...BUS 330 Business Finance Online Road King Trucks Case Paper Instructor Richard Hasse March 15, 2015 Outline Summary Mission Objectives Paper Road King Trucks Road King Trucks, Inc has been in business since 1880 and it specializes in transportation. The company was establised by the Smith brothers and it manufactured wagons. With the advance technologies and keeping up with the population they started manufacturing school buses in 1940. The school buses accounted for 50% of it's revenues. Michael Livingston is a newly hired CEO of Road King Trucks, Inc. and he's proposing a new product to the top management, chief design and manufacturing engineers. How much inportantce should be given to the energy cost situation? What are the project's cash flows for the next twenty years? What assumptions did you use? What is the company's cost of capital? What is the appropriate discount factor for you to use in evaluationg the bus project? If you decide to go ahead with the project, which of the two engines should be used in the bus, and why? Evaluate the quality of the project, by using appropriate capital budgeting techniques. Would you recommend that Road King Trucks accpet or reject the project? What are the key factors on which you base your recommendation? Capital is the source of fiancé through which resources are provided. It may be debt financing or equity financing. The cost of debt financing is interest which is the before tax cost of capital...
Words: 694 - Pages: 3
