...Chemist and physicist Ernest Rutherford was born August 30, 1871. Ernest, a pioneer of nuclear physics and the first to split the atom was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of atomic structure. He was named “Father of the Nuclear Age.” Ernest Rutherford was very intelligent and responsible for remarkable discoveries. Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30,1871 at Spring Grove in rural Nelson. He was the fourth of twelve children in his family; James and Martha were his parents. Martha believed that knowledge was power, and placed a strong emphasis on her children’s education. He grew up helping on the farm after school. Ernest’s parents and teachers had a major impact on his life. Mr. Ladley, one of Ernest’s teachers,...
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...There are five scientists who helped shape not only atomic theory but also our perspective of the atom. Dalton, Bohr, Rutherford, Planck, and Millikan, each of these scientists contributed to atomic theory in their own way and enhanced our knowledge of the atom. John Dalton is known for his work of gas laws (i.e. Dalton’s law) but also his work to lay the ground work for atomic theory. In the year 1800 Dalton presented a paper which was on the constitution of mixed gasses. This would lead him to develop his gas law and also affect others, such as Charles and Gay-Lussac. This research would also lead him to research atomic weights, which lead to his contribution in 1805. Dalton theorized that elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass and other properties. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds. In chemical reactions, atoms are...
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...Thomson was impressed by Bohr and his findings and knowledge of physics. Bohr presented Thomson with his paper he had been working on, but Thomson insisted that his work was not showing much promise, and he found out that Thomas had still not read his paper, he had worked so hard on that he felt was going to be a huge impact to society and the world. While working with Thomson, Bohr had the chance to attend a lecture from the Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford was very famous due to his discovery of the atom's...
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...iodine and the alkali metal triad of lithium, sodium and potassium he proposed that nature contained triads of elements the middle element had properties that were an average of the other two members when ordered by the atomic weight (the Law of Triads). This new idea of triads became a popular area of study. Between 1829 and 1858 a number of scientists (Jean Baptiste Dumas, Leopold Gmelin, Ernst Lenssen, Max von Pettenkofer, and J.P. Cooke) found that these types of chemical relationships extended beyond the triad. During this time fluorine was added to the halogen group; oxygen, sulfur,selenium and tellurium were grouped into a family while nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth were classified as another. Unfortunately, research in this area was hampered...
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...1]Main articles: Statistical mechanics, thermal fluctuations, and statistical physics Albert Einstein's first paper[88] submitted in 1900 to Annalen der Physik was on capillary attraction. It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Kapillarität Erscheinungen," which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena". Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomicphenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.[88] General principles He articulated the principle of relativity. This was understood by Hermann Minkowski to be a generalization of rotational invariance from space to space-time. Other principles postulated by Einstein and later vindicated are the principle of equivalence and the principle of adiabatic invariance of the quantum number. 2] Main article: History of special relativity Einstein's "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciles Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics, by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light. This later became known as...
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...Arturo Alcaraz (Philippines) - Instrumental in a team of scientists, who in 1967 were able to harness steam from a volcano resulting in the production of electricity. Diosdado Banatao (Philippines) - Improved computer performance throughthe development of accelerator chips, helping to make the Internet a reality. Marie Curie (Poland) - Winner of two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physicsfor her studies into Radioactivity and her discoveries of Radium and Polonium. Paul Dirac (England) - An important contributor in the fields of QuantumMechanics and Electro Dynamics, Dirac was co-winner of the Nobel Prize inPhysics (1933). Albert Einstein (Germany) - Arguably needing no introduction, the most famous scientist that lived and a name that has become synonymous in popular culture with the highest intelligence. Enrico Fermi (Italy) - Heavily involved in the development of the world's first nuclear reactor and his work in induced radioactivity saw him awarded with the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics. Vitaly Ginzburg (Russia) - One of three recipients of the 2003 Nobel inPhysics for their pioneering work in the theory of superconductors and superfluids. Christiaan Huygens (Netherlands) - Most well known for his wave theory of light, Huygens is credited with discovering the first of Saturn's moons. Werner Israel (Canada) - In 1990 Israel co-pioneered a study on black hole interiors. Ali Javan (Iran) - Born in Tehran, Ali Javan is listed as one of the top 100 living...
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...Date: EVENT 1867: Parents Hermann and Pauline marry. 1879 Born 14th March, Ulm, Germany. 1880 Move to Munich. Hermann and brother Jakob establish an electrical engineering firm. 1881 Sister Maria (Maja) born. 1884 Sense of wonder at a compass given to him by his father. Private tuition. 1885 Starts catholic school and violin lessons (until 14.) Jewish religious instruction at home. 1888 Passes entrance exam for Luitpold Gymnasium, Munich. 1889 Meets 21 year old student Max Talmud, introduces Einstein to key science and philosophy texts including Kant’s "Critique of pure reason" 1891: 2nd major sense of wonder with Euclidean geometry. Wrote later: “If Euclid fails to kindle your youthful enthusiasm, you were not born to be a scientific thinker.”Begins to excel in maths and science, despite hating regimentation of school and rote learning. 1892 Einstein is not bar mitzvahed so not technically a member of the Jewish community. 1894 June – Parent’s engineering company go into liquidation, the family move to Milan while Einstein remains in Munich with distance relatives to finish his schooling. 29th December - Einstein leaves school early with a medical certificate, joins family in Milan. He had no school leaving certificate but a letter from his maths teacher confirming his excellent maths abilities. 1895 Essay “On the investigation of the state of the Ether in a magnetic field” in summer sent to his uncle Caesar Kock in Belgium. Einstein’s family...
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...HIST Y AN PHILO PHY TORY ND P OSOP Y OF S ENCE SCIE E COMM MON CO OURSE IN ENG E GLISH BBA (I Seme A ester) BA/BS (IV Se Sc emester) 2011 A dmission onwards o UNIV VERSI ITY OF CAL F LICUT SC CHOOL OF DI L ISTANC EDU CE UCATIO ON Calicut Universi P.O. M ity Malappur ram, Kera India 673 635 ala, a 106 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BBA (I Semester) BA/BSc (IV Semester) Common Course in English 2011 Admission onwards HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE MODULE I & II Prepared by : House No. 21 “Pranaam” Keltron Nagar, Kolazhi, Thrissur Ms. GAYATHRI MENON .K MODULE III & IV Prepared by: Ms. SWAPNA M.S. Department of English K. K. T. M. Govt. College Pullut, Thrissur Dr. Anitha Ramesh K Associate Professor Department of English ZG College, Calicut © Reserved 2 Scrutinised by : Layout: Computer Section, SDE History and Philosophy of Science School of Distance Education Contents MODULE I ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1. Introduction 2. Origins of Scientific Enquiry 3. European Origins of Science 4. Contributions of Early India 5. Science in China 6. The role of Arabs in the History of Science MODULE 2 7. Science in the Middle Ages MODULE 3 MODERN SCIENCE 8. Newton and After 9. The Advancing Frontiers: Modern Medicine to Nanotechnology MODULE 4 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 10. Basic concepts in the Philosophy of Science 11. Some Issues in the Philosophy...
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...i The Poor and Their Money An essay about financial services for poor people Stuart Rutherford Institute for Development Policy and Management University of Manchester January 1999 The Department for International Development will be publishing this work in New Delhi during 1999. For further information contact Sukhwinder Arora at the Department for International Development, New Delhi, India. ii PREFACE Over the last 15 years initiatives to provide financial services to poor people (the ‘microfinance industry’) have come on by leaps and bounds in terms of size and reputation. Despite this, the industry is still only in its adolescence and our understanding of why and how poor and very poor people use microfinancial services ( and why many choose not to use the services that are available) remains partial at best. This essay takes the reader on a ‘voyage of discovery’ that seeks to both deepen her/his understanding and encourage her/him to apply that knowledge to the practice of microfinance. The voyage that Stuart Rutherford offers is a unique one based upon years of careful and detailed personal research. It does not take a deductive approach that develops a theoretical model of the financial behaviour of poor people. Nor does it follow the ‘case study plus best practice’ approach that has been favoured by many practitioners when they write of microfinance. Instead, it adopts an inductive approach - based on thousands of conversations and meetings with...
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...registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are hereby acknowledged. Do not make illegal, unauthorized copies of the PhraseBook. The PhraseBook and digital version are protected by copyright law and international treaties. The publisher and authors have striven to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the PhraseBook; however, they can accept no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience as a consequence of use, information or advice contained in the PhraseBook. PhraseBook versions ISBN 978-1-903384-02-2 paperback ISBN 978-1-903384-01-5 digital version (download) ISBN 978-1-903384-00-8 digital multiple user version (CD-ROM) for research groups, departments and universities For PhraseBooks and English books for education, visit EnglishforResearch.com ▪ EnglishforStudents.com ▪ EnglishforSchool.com End User Licence Agreement End User Licence Agreement 1. You must accept the...
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...Міністерство освіти і науки України Національний технічний університет України „Київський політехнічний інститут” Англійська мова професійного спрямування Методичні вказівки для розвитку всіх видів мовленнєвої діяльності на основі автентичних текстів з електроніки Для студентів 3-го курсу всіх спеціальностей ФЕЛ Затверджено Методичною радою НТУУ ”КПІ” Київ «Політехніка» 2005 Міністерство освіти і науки України Національний технічний університет України „Київський політехнічний інститут” Англійська мова професійного спрямування Методичні вказівки для розвитку всіх видів мовленнєвої діяльності на основі автентичних текстів з електроніки Для студентів 3-го курсу всіх спеціальностей ФЕЛ Затверджено Методичною радою НТУУ ”КПІ” Затверджено на методичному засіданні кафедри англійської мови №1. Протокол №1 від 04.10.05 Київ «Політехніка» 2005 Методичні вказівки з дисципліни „Англійська мова професійного спрямування” для розвитку навичок з аналітичного і самостійного читання для студентів 3-го курсу всіх спеціальностей факультету електроніки. /Уклад. Н.Е. Доронкина, Л.С. Петрова. – К. „Видавництво «Політехніка»”, 2005. – 72 с. Рецензент: Л.М. Захарова, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент. Передмова Методичні вказівки для розвитку всіх видів мовленнєвої діяльності на основі автентичних текстів з електроніки для студентів 3-го курсу побудовані відповідно до програми, яка передбачає навчання студентів вмінню працювати з англійською літературою за фахом, збагаченню...
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...g Easier! Making Everythin ™ heory tring T S Learn: • The basic concepts of this controversial theory • How string theory builds on physics concepts • The different viewpoints in the field • String theory’s physical implications Andrew Zimmerman Jones Physics Guide, About.com with Daniel Robbins, PhD in Physics Get More and Do More at Dummies.com® Start with FREE Cheat Sheets Cheat Sheets include • Checklists • Charts • Common Instructions • And Other Good Stuff! To access the Cheat Sheet created specifically for this book, go to www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/stringtheory Get Smart at Dummies.com Dummies.com makes your life easier with 1,000s of answers on everything from removing wallpaper to using the latest version of Windows. Check out our • Videos • Illustrated Articles • Step-by-Step Instructions Plus, each month you can win valuable prizes by entering our Dummies.com sweepstakes. * Want a weekly dose of Dummies? Sign up for Newsletters on • Digital Photography • Microsoft Windows & Office • Personal Finance & Investing • Health & Wellness • Computing, iPods & Cell Phones • eBay • Internet • Food, Home & Garden Find out “HOW” at Dummies.com *Sweepstakes not currently available in all countries; visit Dummies.com for official rules. String Theory FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Andrew Zimmerman Jones with Daniel Robbins, PhD in Physics String Theory For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www...
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...of our times that I know ... Of all the books that I have read in the last 20 years, it is by far the one that has taught me the most." THE TIMES OF INDIA: "To the elite ... who often get committed to age-old institutions or material goals alone, let Toffler's FUTURE SHOCK be a lesson and a warning." MANCHESTER GUARDIAN: "An American book that will ... reshape our thinking even more radically than Galbraith's did in the 1950s ... The book is more than a book, and it will do more than send reviewers raving ... It is a spectacular outcrop of a formidable, organized intellectual effort ... For the first time in history scientists are marrying the insights of artists, poets, dramatists, and novelists to statistical analysis and operational research. The two cultures have met and are being merged. Alvin Toffler is one of the first exhilarating, liberating results." CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR: "Packed with ideas, explanations, constructive suggestions ... Revealing, exciting, encouraging, brilliant."...
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...Bloodlines of Illuminati by: Fritz Springmeier, 1995 Introduction: I am pleased & honored to present this book to those in the world who love the truth. This is a book for lovers of the Truth. This is a book for those who are already familiar with my past writings. An Illuminati Grand Master once said that the world is a stage and we are all actors. Of course this was not an original thought, but it certainly is a way of describing the Illuminati view of how the world works. The people of the world are an audience to which the Illuminati entertain with propaganda. Just one of the thousands of recent examples of this type of acting done for the public was President Bill Clinton’s 1995 State of the Union address. The speech was designed to push all of the warm fuzzy buttons of his listening audience that he could. All the green lights for acceptance were systematically pushed by the President’s speech with the help of a controlled congressional audience. The truth on the other hand doesn’t always tickle the ear and warm the ego of its listeners. The light of truth in this book will be too bright for some people who will want to return to the safe comfort of their darkness. I am not a conspiracy theorist. I deal with real facts, not theory. Some of the people I write about, I have met. Some of the people I expose are alive and very dangerous. The darkness has never liked the light. Yet, many of the secrets of the Illuminati are locked up tightly simply because secrecy is a way...
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...Creative Problem Solving for Managers Second edition How can managers tackle complex problems? How do you encourage innovation? How do you implement new solutions? Is creativity the key to management success? This accessible text provides a lively introduction to the essential skills of creative problem solving. Using extensive case studies and examples from a variety of business situations, Creative Problem Solving for Managers explores a wide range of problem solving theories and techniques, illustrating how these can be used to solve a multitude of management problems. Thoroughly revised and redesigned, this new edition retains the accessible and imaginative approach to problem solving skills of the first edition. Features include: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Blocks to creativity and how to overcome them Key techniques including lateral thinking, morphological analysis and synectics Computer-assisted problem solving Increased coverage of group problem solving techniques New website containing in-depth cases and a PowerPoint presentation As creativity is increasingly being recognised as a key skill for successful managers, this book will be welcomed as a readable and comprehensive introduction for students and practising managers alike. Tony Proctor is Professor in Marketing at Chester University College Business School and was formerly Senior Lecturer in Marketing and Head of the Department of Management at Keele University. Creative Problem Solving for Managers Developing skills...
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