...BEECH-NUT’S APPLE JUICE By Donna J. Wood and Alden Detwiler During the 1970s and early 1980s, the Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation, with primary plant facilities at Canajoharie, New York, and headquarters near Philadelphia, was the second largest maker of baby foods in the United States, with roughly a 15 percent market share (comparable to Heinz’s market share), compared to Gerber’s 70 percent. From its origins as a meatpacker in 1891 to its modern status as a diversified food manufacturer, the company had built a reputation for pure, natural, high-quality products (Welles, 1988; Traub, 1988). In 1973, lawyer Frank Nicholas and a group of colleagues bought the baby foods division of Beech-Nut from Squibb Corporation, which had acquired the company in 1969. The new owners were undercapitalized and overloaded with debt from the beginning, and the company began to lose money. Beech-Nut signed an agreement in 1977 with a wholesaler run by Zeev Kaplansky, Interjuice Trading Corporation, to purchase apple juice concentrate. Interjuice was able to offer concentrate well below the market price (Welles, 1988), an opportunity that Beech-Nut was reluctant to turn down, given its financial troubles. By 1978, with apple juice products accounting for 30 percent of total sales, the Interjuice contract provided significant cost savings to a firm deeply in debt (Welles, 1988). Early savings from the contract amounted to about $250,000 a year on a $50 million operating budget....
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...RIN DETERGENT: TO POSITION OR REPOSITION In early January 1989, Irfan Mustafa, General Manager, Personal Products and Market Research, Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited, was wondering what action to take regarding the marketing of the laundry detergent bar RIN, which had been introduced to the Pakistani market in April 1984. The product was specially formulated and promoted as a fabric washer. Mr. Mustafa felt the sales volumes for RIN had reached reasonably satisfactory levels in 1988. However, a recent survey confirmed his suspicion that RIN was primarily being used for dish washing. COMPANY Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited (Levers), a subsidiary of Lever Brothers International, produced and marketed a variety of consumer products in Pakistan. The company’s diverse product line consisted of items such as shampoos, skin and shaving creams, edible oils, margarine, toilet soaps, scourers, and laundry detergents in powder and solid bar forms. In 1988, Levers had a profit before tax of Rs 277 million on sales of Rs 3.65 billion.1 MARKET In 1988, the total fabric wash sales of 263,050 tonnes in Pakistan consisted of 247,000 tonnes of laundry soap, 14,500 tonnes of nonsoap detergent (NSD) powders, and 1550 tonnes of NSD bars.2 The laundry soap, NSD detergent, and NSD bar markets had grown by 5 percent, 12 percent, and 29 percent respectively, as compared to 1987. Laundry soap retailed for Rs 10 to Rs 15 per kilogram (kg), whereas NSD detergent powders had a wider price range, retailing...
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...Income Portfolio beta & volatility The purpose of this project is to look at theoretical historical betas for securities included in the income portfolio in order to assess what the volatility of this portfolio might have been had it existed at an earlier point. In effect, this information provides historical performance data in reference to the risk and volatility associated with the income portfolio against market performance, for which the S&P 500 is used. The spreadsheet lists all of the companies on the Income Portfolio watch list that began paying out dividends at the end of the second quarter, July 31, 1980. (This makes up 48 companies.) The first three sections show up, down, and raw betas for each company. The first section shows betas for the 10 years: July 31, 1980 – Dec 31, 1990; the second section shows betas for the 20 years: July 31, 1980 – Dec 31, 2000; and the third section shows betas for the 30 years: July 31, 1980 – Dec 31, 2010. At the bottom of the sections there is a “portfolio average beta” for each of the 10, 20, and 30 years, respectively. The 10, 20, and 30 year portfolio betas are as follows: 10 years: 0.785 20 years: 0.703 30 years: 0.686 *These portfolio betas are compared to the beta for the market (the S&P 500) which is always 1. The fact that the portfolio betas are significantly lower than 1 indicates that the portfolio would have carried significantly less risk than the S&P 500 for each time period shown. The...
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...CASE: M-313A DATE: 02/07/08 RIN DETERGENT: TO POSITION OR REPOSITION In early January 1989, Irfan Mustafa, General Manager, Personal Products and Market Research, Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited, was wondering what action to take regarding the marketing of the laundry detergent bar RIN, which had been introduced to the Pakistani market in April 1984. The product was specially formulated and promoted as a fabric washer. Mr. Mustafa felt the sales volumes for RIN had reached reasonably satisfactory levels in 1988. However, a recent survey confirmed his suspicion that RIN was primarily being used for dish washing. COMPANY Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited (Levers), a subsidiary of Lever Brothers International, produced and marketed a variety of consumer products in Pakistan. The company’s diverse product line consisted of items such as shampoos, skin and shaving creams, edible oils, margarine, toilet soaps, scourers, and laundry detergents in powder and solid bar forms. In 1988, Levers had a profit before tax of Rs 277 million on sales of Rs 3.65 billion.1 MARKET In 1988, the total fabric wash sales of 263,050 tonnes in Pakistan consisted of 247,000 tonnes of laundry soap, 14,500 tonnes of nonsoap detergent (NSD) powders, and 1550 tonnes of NSD bars.2 The laundry soap, NSD detergent, and NSD bar markets had grown by 5 percent, 12 percent, and 29 percent respectively, as compared to 1987. Laundry soap retailed for Rs 10 to Rs 15 per kilogram (kg), whereas NSD detergent powders had...
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...OIL PRICE VARIATIONS INTRODUCTION ..... .... .... So in this chart wich is a line graph chart we can immediately see that in 1960 oil price gradually declined from 1.0 to 0.5 % of the gdp per head in 1970 Then we can observe a slight rise from 1970 to 1973 From this moment (1970) oil price skyrocked till 1974 Between 1974 to 1978 oil price decreased from 2.0 to 1.6 % of the gdp per head Then oil price sharply increased to reach a peak in 1980 From 1980 to 1984 oil fell from 3.4 to 1.9 % of the gdp per head CONCLUSION first we would like to say that on the period of the graph GDP has grown steadily. In 1960 it was 1600 US dollars per head / capita whereas it is 42000 US dollars per head / capita today To conclude we can say that for oil price there have been 3 big trends. So the first trend was an upward trend who appeared between 1960 and 1980. The second one has appeared from 1980 to 1997 and has been a downward trend. And finally there have been a third one who was an upward trend from 1997 to our current days. We can also say that people have been right to think that oil price never been so high that now because with our money (the Euro) it is the case. But in the same time salary has also increased, it has doubled. In fact the price of gasoline has been divided by 2 compared to the salary. Another way to understand that is that in reality a regular person has to work half long in 2010 than in 1970. For the future we can imagine that oil price...
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...[G. R. No. 127094. February 6, 2002] ALEJANDRIA PINEDA and SPOUSES ADEODATO DUQUE, JR., and EVANGELINE MARY JANE DUQUE, petitioners, vs. COURT OF APPEALS and SPOUSES NELSON BAÑEZ and MERCEDES BAÑEZ, respondents. FACTS: Appellees Nelson Bañez and Mercedes Bañez are the original owners of a parcel of land together with its improvements located at 32 Sarangaya St., White Plains, Quezon City while Ms. Alejandria Pineda is the owner of a house located at 5224 Buchanan St., Los Angeles, California. “On January 11, 1983, the appellees and Alejandria Pineda, together with the latter’s spouse Alfredo Caldona, executed an ‘Agreement to Exchange Real Properties’ . In the agreement, the parties agreed to: 1) exchange their respective properties; 2) Pineda to pay an earnest money in the total amount of $12,000.00 on or before the first week of February 1983; and 3) to consummate the exchange of properties not later than June 1983. It appears that the parties undertook to clear the mortgages over their respective properties. At the time of the execution of the exchange agreement, the White Plains property was mortgaged with the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) while the California property had a total mortgage obligation of $84,000.00. “In the meantime, the appellees were allowed to occupy or lease to a tenant Pineda’s California property and Pineda was authorized to occupy appellees’ White Plains property . Pursuant to the exchange agreement, Alejandria Pineda paid the appellees...
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...1970 – Colder Winters Held Dawn of New Ice Age – Scientists See Ice Age In the Future (The Washington Post, January 11, 1970). 1970 – Is Mankind Manufacturing a New Ice Age for Itself? (L.A. Times, January 15, 1970). 1970 – New Ice Age May Descend On Man (Sumter Daily Item, January 26, 1970). 1970 – Pollution Prospect A Chilling One (Owosso Argus-Press, January 26, 1970). 1970 – Pollution’s 2-way ‘Freeze’ On Society (Middlesboro Daily News, January 28, 1970). 1970 – Cold Facts About Pollution (The Southeast Missourian, January 29, 1970). 1970 – Pollution Could Cause Ice Age, Agency Reports (St. Petersburg Times, March 4, 1970). 1970 – Pollution Called Ice Age Threat (St. Petersburg Times, June 26, 1970). 1970 – Dirt Will.Bring New Ice Age (The Sydney Morning Herald, October 19, 1970). 1971 – Ice Age Refugee Dies Underground (The Montreal Gazette, Febuary 17, 1971). 1971 – U.S. Scientists Sees New Ice Age Coming (The Washington Post, July 9, 1971). 1971 – Ice Age Around the Corner (Chicago Tribune, July 10, 1971). 1971 – New Ice Age Coming – It’s Already Getting Colder (L.A. Times, October 24, 1971). 1971 – Another Ice Age? Pollution Blocking Sunlight (The Day, November 1, 1971). 1971 – Air Pollution Could Bring An Ice Age (Harlan Daily Enterprise, November 4, 1971). 1972 – Air pollution may cause ice age (Free-Lance Star, February 3, 1972). 1972 – Scientist Says New ice Age Coming (The Ledger, February 13, 1972). 1972 – Scientist predicts new ice age (Free-Lance...
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...Case Brief Sinthasomphone Estate of Sinthasomphone v. City of Milwaukee, 838 F.Supp 1320 (1993) Facts: Konerak Sinthasomphone, a 14-year-old boy, was lured to an apartment by Jeffery Dahmer to take nude photographs for money. Once in the apartment, Dahmer drugged Sinthasomphone so that he could keep him subdued for later torture and execution. Sinthasomphone escaped the apartment while Dahmer was out. He was seen wondering the streets naked and physically hurt. Law enforcement arrived after being summoned by a 911 call. Dahmer arrived soon after. Dahmer claimed to be a friend of Sinthasomphone stating that he had consumed too much alcohol. After evaluating the situation, the police officers determined that Dahmer was telling the truth and assisted...
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...The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (White Australia Policy) was one of the world's oddest race-based government policies in that much of the impetus for it came from white men who liked and respected non-white races to the point they felt inferior by comparison. In addition, many of the opponents of the policy said extremely racist things when arguing for its abolition. Reflecting the nuanced psychological issues associated with it, the Act instructed migration officials to use a dictation test that allowed non-whites to be excluded without publicly acknowledging that they were being targeted for exclusion. In other words, it was widely understood to be an Act designed to exclude non-whites but officially it wasn’t. The reluctance to officially recognise the Immigration Restriction Act as a policy to exclude non-whites could be partly explained as flowing from the popularity of non-whites in Australia for much of the 19th century. Ironically, this could be seen as a legacy of Australia's penal foundations. Specifically, in 1820, nearly 80 per cent of the colonial population was a Convict, Emancipist or of Convict descent. As a consequence, the majority of the population were second class-citizens and the exclusive free settlers were the disliked minority. Race was insignificant compared to the stigma of criminality and the majority of the population shared that stigma together. An English newspaper of the time wrote: "Historically, the greatest rift has been between...
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