...Introduction This essay will consider the structure and function of the 11 systems within the human body. It will detail the interrelationship between the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system and between the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. It will then explain the roles of the circulatory and lymphatic systems in the immune response and the role of hormones in metabolism. Human Body Systems The human body is made up of 11 separate but interconnected systems (Sherwood, 2007). These are the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, integumentary, immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. The success and survival of the human body is dependent on the ability of separate body systems to work together. The skeletal system provides structure for the human body, stores minerals, produces blood cells and provides protection for delicate organs (Kelly, 2004). 206 bones are connected with ligaments, muscles and tendons, with cartilage, a softer cushion like material, providing protection in jointed areas. Body movements are controlled by the muscular system, with these muscles being connected to bones via tendons (Adams, 2004). Stimulation of these muscles by the nervous system causes contraction and the resulting movement of bones to which they are attached. A number of involuntary muscles ensure the respiratory and circulatory systems continue with contraction of the heart and lungs (Adams, 2004). The heart is central...
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...Introduction This essay will firstly outline the main anatomical features of the human body. Secondly, it will explain how the body systems interact with each other, to ensure the body functions and develops. References of relevant literature will be used throughout the whole essay. Principles of physiology Task 1 List all the systems of the human body and their functions. Explain how body systems interact to ensure proper functioning and growth of the human body. The human body main anatomical features are: * Central Nervous system The central nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and a network of nerves. This system is responsible for sending, receiving, and interpreting information from all parts of the body. This system has full control over all other systems. * Cardio Vascular/Circulatory system The cardio vascular system is a network made up of the heart, blood, blood vessels, arteries and veins. This system moves blood, nutrients, hormones, oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body. It also gets rid of wastes that needs to be disposed of. * Respiratory system The respiratory system consists of the trachea, the lungs and the diaphragm. This system is where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide removed. This process is called breathing. * Digestive System The digestive system consists of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. This system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption...
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...affected by exercise was the circulatory system. It was the circulatory system because it was the system that increased the most after exercise. I think this is the case because it had to work the most and it had the most effect on the body. Q 2) Which human body system's activity was least affected by exercise? Explain why you think this is the case. A 2) The human body system's activity that was least affected by exercise was the muscular system. It was the muscular system because it only increased by 9% after exercise. I think this is the case because it didn't have a lasting effect on the body. Q 3) On a separate sheet of paper, please type an essay fully explaining how all of the following concepts are related to each other. Include the necessary equations, name any body systems involved. Effectively, create a story linking all of these terms together. • amount of glucose usage • oxygen intake () • heart rate () • rate of breathing () • number of repetitions of a certain muscular-moving exercise • muscle cramping • rate of ATP production () • carbon Dioxide output () A 3) When you Exercise you notice several things about your body. You breathe heavier and faster, you take in more oxygen and let out more carbon dioxide, your heart beats faster, your muscles hurt and might cramp, and you sweat. During exercise almost all of your body systems focus their efforts on helping the muscles do their work. Other systems, like the digestive system for example, just shuts down...
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...it carries characteristics of both groups. This essay seeks to compare and contrast between the earthworms from phylum Annelida and the velvet worms from phylum Onychophora. Internal Velvet worms and earthworms are superficially similar animals. Both have a bilateral symmetry and an organ system level of body organisation. With regards to their tissue development, both are triploblastic animals with three tissues layers. These layers are the endoderm,...
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...easier and faster to pick up a big mac, super-sized fry, and large coke at McDonald’s rather than to go home and cook a healthy meal. Adding all this greasy and unhealthy food in our daily diet is putting the dietary chemicals off balance in our system. This allows our bodies to be more suitable to disease and poor health. Along with poor nutrition, lack of daily vitamins, and the absence of physical activity are growing factors in the link between unhealthy bodies and cancer. Going to school fifteen hours a week, working a part time job, and making time for yourself and the ones we love is hard to balance as a college student. Majority of college students gain a significant amount of weight their freshman year due to the inability to balance those things properly. Many times the physical activity is non-exist and unhealthy habits are gained. Without the physical activity our bodies cannot healthily process our circulatory system the correct way and allows toxins in our body to start building up. If a habit is not started at a young age it is less likely to be one in the future. If a habit of exercise is never gained that means the body will never achieve the correct way of releasing the toxins from the circulatory system. Creating an agent in the body that is more suitable to getting cancer, because of the unhealthy...
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...Fantastic Voyage Desire Fleming HS130, Section 03 Unit 9 Assignment Kaplan University 6/13/2014 Fantastic Voyage This essay will discuss the travels of a hamburger, french fries, and a root beer through the gastrointestinal tract of a 55 year old man. There will be a lot of sights to explore along the way. A description of the entire digestive process will take place. After the description, the voyage will continue on through the distal ilium through the mucosal membrane. Then travels will resume in the bloodstream via the superior mesenteric vein. All major passageways and structures will be described going through the superior mesenteric vein all the way to the left renal artery. Once the voyage gets to the kidney, the nearest nephron will be entered. All structures will be discussed passing through on the way to the urinary tract where the voyage will exit out through the urethra. This journey is quite far but very interesting. The gastrointestinal tract is also known as the alimentary canal. Its main function is to digest food through various muscle movements and hormone and enzyme release. The tract is around 20-25 feet in length (wisegeek, 2014). The gastrointestinal tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. It also consits of accessory organs which include the tongue, mouth glands, pancreas, liver, and the gallbladder. Each and every one of these parts work together to break down food so it can be easily...
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...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
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...people maintain good health and away from deceases. Western medicine relies more on scientific proof “Western medicine places strong emphasis on the physical structures of the body, which are made up of different organic and inorganic substances, proteins, tissues and cells.” (Shen Lung Ltd, 2002) Unlike western medicine, TMC originates and relies very much on Chinese philosophical theories. And the theory of qi is one of them. This essay will be explaining what qi is in Chinese medicine, including its general concept, movement and flow in human body, functions, what would be...
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...Assessment task 1: Written Assessment Anaphylaxis is a respiratory disease that can be both acute and severe. It has a 3% mortality rate within Australia caused from a range of triggers that may or may not be known to the victim. Although anaphylaxis prevalence has increased, death rates have decreased due to understanding of the disease pathophysiology alongside better and faster management of life threatening symptoms (Liew, Williamson & Tang, 2009). This essay will discuss these points in detail as well as the pharmacological actions of adrenaline, the drug used to fight anaphylaxis in a pre-hospital setting. Anaphylaxis is Type 1 hypersensitivity response as it is ‘IgE mediated’. This involves an antigen/antibody response. To develop hypersensitivity a person must first be exposed to the antigen. On the initial exposure, the antigen activates the immune system and a hyper-production of IgE (immunoglobin) antibodies, which are produced by plasma B cells. The IgE antibody is specific to only that antigen and will bind to basophils and mast cells in the blood and blood vessel tissues, remaining inactive until that same antigen is introduced to the body again. Upon secondary exposure to the antigen, many chemical reactions are undertaken at a rapid rate. The antigen binds to IgE resulting in degranulation of basophil and mast cells and release of chemical mediators such as histamine and leukotriene’s (Arnold & Williams, 2011). Histamine especially have a fast acting...
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...chordate embryo? a. tail c. notochord b. pharyngeal pouches d. hollow nerve cord _____ 5. The notochord is responsible for which function in an embryo? a. processing wastes c. respiration b. structural support d. processing nerve signals _____ 6. Which chordate characteristic is visible on the outside of an adult cat? a. notochord c. pharyngeal pouches b. hollow nerve cord d. a tail that extends beyond the anus _____ 7. All animals eat to obtain a. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. b. ammonia. d. nutrients. _____ 8. Muscles work together with a support structure called a a. segment. c. blastopore. b. skeleton. d. coelom. _____ 9. Animals have an excretory system that eliminates all wastes except a. oxygen. c. ammonia. b. carbon dioxide. d. nutrients. _____ 10. To maintain homeostasis, land animals that hunt and feed in salt water a. drink salt water. b. have adaptations that let them get rid...
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...Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a contagious viral disease that can even cause paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death its most severe form. This disease can affect anyone at any age but it primarily affects children under 5 years old. In this essay, I will talk about the transmission, types of polio and symptoms, treatments, and prevention of the disease. First, polio is transmitted from person to person. It is mainly transmitted through a fecal- oral route. “Poliovirus virions are very stable, especially in in acidic pH, and can remain infectious for relatively long periods in food and water, its main routes of transmission. The incubation period ranges from 6 to 20 days” (1). Once the virus is ingested it multiplies in the mucosa of the throat or small intestine. From here, the virus goes into the tonsils and lymph nodes of the lymph nodes in the neck and the terminal potion of the small intestine. Sometimes the virus enters the blood stream and causes viremia. In more than 99% of those cases, the viremia lasts only for a short time and does not result in clinical disease. In the other less that 1% cases, the viremia persists and goes into the central nervous system and this causes paralytic polio. Next, there are three different types of polio. These three types include subclinical, non- paralytic, and paralytic. Subclinical polio does not affect the brain nor the spinal cord. About 95% of the cases of polio are subclinical...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL REPORT ON CANDIDATES’ WORK IN THE CARIBBEAN SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE JANUARY 2008 HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY Copyright © 2008 Caribbean Examinations Council ® St Michael Barbados All rights reserved -2HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY GENERAL PROFICIENCY EXAMINATIONS JANUARY 2008 The 2008 examination was the third January sitting of Human and Social Biology offered at the General Proficiency level. The format of the examination was the same as in previous years. Paper 01 consisted of 60 Multiple Choice items. Paper 02 consisted of ten compulsory structured questions in Section A, each worth ten marks, and four essay questions in Section B, each worth 20 marks. Candidates were required to answer any two of the four essay questions. General Comments There was significant improvement in candidate performance in 2008. Seventy-seven per cent of the candidates achieved Grades I – III in 2008 compared with 47 per cent in 2007. This improvement was also reflected in the performance in both profiles, Profile 1, Knowledge and Comprehension, and Profile 2, Use of Knowledge. While performance on Paper 01, the Multiple Choice paper, declined slightly, analysis of the equating items reveals that except for two items, the profiles are parallel and at the same level in 2008 and in 2006 (the year with which the items were equated). Candidate performance on Paper 02 improved significantly. This may be attributed to at least two factors: 1. This is the third...
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...structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye. a. Regional anatomy is the study of all body structures in a given body region. b. Systemic anatomy is the study of all structures in a body system. c. Surface anatomy is the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin. 2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. a. Cytology is the study of individual cells. b. Histology is the study of tissues. 3. Developmental anatomy is the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime; embryology focuses on development that occurs before birth. 4. Specialized Branches of Anatomy a. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes associated with disease. b. Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques. c. Molecular biology is the study of biological molecules. 5. Essential tools for studying anatomy are the mastery of medical terminology and the development of keen observational skills. C. Topics of Physiology (p. 2) 1. Physiology has several topics, most of which consider the function of specific organ systems. 2. Physiology often focuses on cellular and molecular events. D. Complementarity of Structure and Function (pp. 2–3) 1. The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that...
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...In this essay I will be looking at the social and psychological determinants of health in the client group that I work with. This group is known as one of the most vulnerable group within the society and this is evident in its inequalities in health care. ‘Determinants of health’ is a term introduced in the1970s as part of a wider critique of public health research and policy. It was argued that too much research attention and too much health expenditure were being devoted to individuals and their illnesses and too little invested in populations and their health….. Public health, it was concluded, should be more concerned with social policies and social determinants than with health services and disease outcomes’ (Graham, 2004). The World Health Organisation (WHO) sees ‘inequalities in health care’ as the differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups. It can be the differences in mobility between elderly people and younger populations or differences in mortality rates between people from different social classes. Some inequalities in health are attributable to biological variations or free choice and others are attributable to the external environment and conditions mainly outside the control of the individuals concerned. The group of people I work with are people with ‘Learning disabilities’ (LD): “Learning disabilities is a state of arrested or incomplete development of the mind” (DH, 1995). A person with LD...
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...Cancer VS. Diabetes Diabetes and cancer are common diseases with a tremendous impact on health worldwide. These diseases have more differences than similarities, but can have the same outcome if not taken care of properly. There is evidence that says people with diabetes are at a greater risk for many forms of cancer. Studies show that some medications used to treat diabetes are associated with increased or a reduced risk of cancer. The mortality rate of each has increased in recent years, but with proper diet and a healthy lifestyle, these diseases can sometimes be controlled. Diabetes and cancer have the same risk factors which include age, gender, race, obesity, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol. You should lose weight and eat healthy if you are at risk for either of these two diseases. For your diet, incorporating fruits and vegetables is a step in the right direction. So far, there is no real cure for diabetes, but with regular medical care and taking care of yourself, you can manage your diabetes; reducing considerably, the risk of serious complications such as heart disease and stroke. Treatment for diabetes varies depending on what type of diabetes you have. Managing all forms of diabetes include regular monitoring of blood sugar levels; eating a well-balanced, healthy diet, and following a regular exercise program. Insulin is the most common diabetes drug. It can be injected or taken orally. Beyond medications...
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