...Shiquita Jones 6/5/08 Expository Essay Every culture has some form of music they practice or enjoy listening to. Music can have a huge impact around the world. Music has important themes or meanings that can be positive or negative. Music originated around the globe. Music is created for all ages to listen to; however it can be harmful to certain people for various reasons. Some cultures musical styles are similar; however many are also different. African Americans have quite different musical rhythms and instruments from the musical traditions of Native Americans. In this essay I will explain the differences and similarities between Iroquois, a Native American tribe and African American music. Music is used for various reasons between Iroquois and African Americans. It is used for recreation, rituals and ceremonies, story telling, and language. For example, African Americans sung spiritual songs to help one another during slavery, so the master wouldn't know what they were talking about. Music was also used in Iroquois and Africans Americans society by communicating with others parts of the world. Music was used as an early sign of general cultural diffusion. (Plantinga, p.6) Music is used to help expand our world and cultures. Music is a part of most activities that African Americans and Iroquois tribes enjoy. Music is taught and learned orally by both cultures. This means that they are sung and played together easily;...
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...Kinship is a culture’s way of establishing and recognizing the relationships between a family or group of people. It can define their roles, obligations, interactions between each other, and the rights among the group. According to Chegg.com, “Kinship and family ties may be defined through genetic relationships, adoption, or other ritualized behavior such as marriage and household economies. Kinship systems range in size from a single, nuclear-family to tribal or intertribal relationships” (2014). There are many different varieties of kinship and how they are addressed within many cultures. There are six different types of kinship in anthropology (Schwimmer, 2001). The two cultures being addressed in this essay are the Crow kinship and the Iroquois kinship. The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsaalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone river valley. Women within these tribes have a highly significant role (Crystallinks.com, 2012). The Crow people are of a matrilineal line. They are a matriarchal tribe and in marriage the husbands moving in with the wife’s family. Following the matrilineal line, Crow kinship further addresses the women within the family. Relatives in the kinship diagram on the mother’s side have descriptive terms whereas the father’s side has more classificatory terms. A relatively distinctive note in the Crow kinship that is different from other kinship disgrams is that they do not distinguish between generations...
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...definitions. The first definition of cosmology is: “the branch of philosophy dealing with the origin and general structure of the universe, with its parts, elements, and laws, and especially with such of its characteristics as space, time, causality, and freedom (Drew).” The second definition of cosmology is: “the branch of astronomy that deals with the general structure and evolution of the universe (Drew).” Therefore, cosmology is the study of the origin of the universe, and it can be interpreted through a philosophical or scientific perspective. But for this essay, I will interpret cosmology in a philosophical, literary perspective to study “cultural perspective which the universe is shaped, ordered, operated, and men's role in it.” The goal in this essay is to illustrate philosophical, literary similarities and differences between Eastern and Western cosmologies by using King James' The Fall and David Cusick's The Iroquois Creation Story. The Eastern and Western cosmologies are defined by philosophical and literary perspectives, not based on geography, culture, and language. The Eastern cosmology is based on collectivism and Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang is Chinese philosophy which describes “opposite or contrary forces and actually complementary, interconnected, and inter-depended in the natural world (Palmer, 25).” This means that evil is necessary for good to exist and vice versa because they complement each other. Collectivism is “the idea that the individual's life belongs...
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...Five Nations of the Iroquois: History of how they came together and exist now. Marceline Kilbourn Bryant and Stratton Professor Sheehan July 22, 2014 The Five Nations (Haudenosaunee) originally known as the Iroquois League is presently based in upstate New York. Originally, the League consists of the nations of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. In 1722, the transition to what is called the Six Nations came to being when Tuscarora joined. According to history, the Five Nations started as distinct tribes by the middle of the 15th century. Each nation occupies a distinct territory and performs a different task. Iroquois influence and earlier domination ranges from Canada, to the Great Lakes and from Allegheny Mountains to Virginia and Kentucky. To live harmoniously with each other, the people from each nation came together and formed the Iroquois League which means Nations of Peace and Power as per their language. Would this change prove to be affluent or detrimental to the future of the Iroquois people? The League also known as the confederacy was known to have been established before contact with Europeans (Tooker, 1978) and its influence through alliances with other Indians, stretched east to west from New England to the great lakes, with Canada and south of Georgia. Strategically...
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...Black Robe Introduction There were several clashes of cultures between the European and the Native Americans during the 17th century. The film, ‘Black Robe’ depicts some of the differences in culture and beliefs between the French and the native Indians. The film attributes an event that took place during the war between the French funded Algonquin and the British and Dutch funded Iroquois tribe. The film features Father Laforgue a Jesuit priest. This essay will discuss the various challenges that Father Laforgue faces (as portrayed by the film) while trying to spread Christianity to the Native Americans due to the cultural differences. Discussion The film begins by showing how the French settlers were struggling to convert the local tribe of Algonquin (with whom they were collaborating) to Christians with no success. In turn, the leader of the French settlers decided to send one of their Jesuit priest to try saving and accomplishing their failed mission in converting the local tribes into Christianity. The Jesuit priest selected was father Laforgue. He was accompanied by an assistant named Daniel (who was not a member of the Jesuit priests) and a number of locals from the Algonquin tribe. On the way to the village of Huron, Daniel fell in love with one of the locals. This was not an ambiguous occurrence to the locals; however, father Laforgue did not feel at ease with the issue because he was a member of the Catholic Church male congregation that practiced celibacy. While...
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...keeps the audience guessing who the real ‘savages’ are. Franklin really hit it on the head in this oppositional essay written in 1784. In this brilliant essay Franklin makes observations on how the society of Indians (mostly the six nations of the confederation of Iroquois tribes) differs from that of the white English in America, the main point of his essay being how the Indians are anything but savages. He makes a lot of interesting observations in this essay, first being when he compares the government in the Indian public councils to that of the British House of Commons. First, he talks about how in the Indian council when someone is to speak he rises while the others stay quiet and listen, then wait after he is done for him to recollect anything he has missed, for they see it as "highly indecent" to interrupt the speaker (Lawrence, 1961). Then, he talks about how in the British House of Commons people talk over each other so much that frequently the speaker has to call the house to order. He goes further in comparing European society to the Indians that when the society speaks they have to do so "with great rapidity" otherwise being cut off in the middle of a sentence "by the impatient loquacity of those you converse with" This is a good observation of how Indians, in fact, are more civil to our standards than we are. My favorite part by far of this essay is when the Indian tribes, after...
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...Essay n°2: the early thinkers and the Native American Societies This essay is trying to seek elements of answer to the question of the absence of state structures in Native American societies in the writing of Lafitau, Jefferson and Locke. It will also deal with the advantages that the Europeans colonists gained from this disorganization. Joseph François Lafitau, a very famous French Jesuit priest made a big contribution in the elements we today have about the period of the American colonization. He is still known today, as the father of anthropology. Lafitau in his famous book Customs of the American Indians compared with the Customs of Primitive Times published in 1724 made a deep study of the customs of the Iroquois (a tribe from North...
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...Meaning of alcohol in five different societies: Native Americans, Maori, Chinese, French and Russian This essay was conducted in order to look over whether the meaning of ‘alcohol’ differs across various cultures. The essay will compare how tribal people conceptualise the definition of this substance and how it is explained by contemporary societies in developing and developed countries, and also in the post-Soviet country. Contemporary or postmodern period is known as the latter 20th and the 21st century (Johnson, 2001). This paper will provide examples of indigenous societies from North America and New Zealand, and also societies from China, France and Russia. The essay will briefly review the way their attitude to alcohol changed since earlier times. It seems that in practice relation with alcohol is usually understood by drinking alcoholic liquids. The behavioural consequences of drinking depend as much as on a people’s idea of alcohol does to a person as on the physiological processes that can result from alcohol abuse. It would be advisable to say that alcohol as a ‘drink’ played an important role in almost all societies’ cultures since Neolithic times. Alcohol helped to drive the globalisation of trade since 17th century (Hames, 2012). The role of this substance was usually described in relation to religious experiences or by enhancing the enjoyment of life. Historically, alcoholic beverages also were widely used as sources of antiseptic nutrients in medicine. In modern...
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...Essay #2 Compare/Contrast ENG 099/011 Professor Ficarotta Patrick St. Fleur The Creation The creation of the world has been told in many ways and through the cultures has significant differences. The concept of creation that I’m most familiar with come from the bible, Genesis: Chapter 1-3. However during my recent studies on creation myths, I’ve learned many others. A common theory of the earth started is reflected in the bible and occurred within six days. Creation myths are beliefs and stories on the earliest beginnings of the world. Oral traditions throughout the different cultures are regarded as truth for the “creation” and served as the historical reference we know today. Common element s of creation myths begin with a birth, a supreme being, human and animals and instructions from the creator. Almost all cultures have at least if not all these elements in the creation myths but vary to some degree. Every revolving culture has developed creation myths centered on historical interpretation, factual events and cultural influence however the African Bushmen and the Egyptian’s are similar on morals however different in the creation. All creation myths consist of a supreme being of some kind or form. The being is not always represent but is importance is just as equal. The Greek and the Japanese show gods and goddesses, whereas the Aborigines had to supreme beings: Father of All Spirits and the Sun Mother.(Murtagh). The Japense also has two gods Izanagi...
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...Serena Reavis ENG 111-0003S 4 June 2013 America: A Multinational Society The American author Ishmael Reed has written numerous novels, poems, and essays. In his essay, “America: A Multinational Society” Reed argues that America is viewed as a monocultural society, yet we cannot be monocultural because we are a nation of immigrants. Reed provides many arguments and examples from past and present-day America that prove America is a melting pot of cultures, and therefore is already a multinational society. Reed states that in any major city in America you can see evidence of this mixing of nationalities and cultures. For example, you can find Islamic mosques and hear airport commands in both English and Spanish. The mixing of nationalities and cultures is a growing movement that if or when it continues, will affect the majority of our country in just a few years. Already in Texas the largest minority, population is Mexican American. Reed goes on to talk about how, in Milwaukee, he heard a professor speak to a crowd about the African cultures’ influence in America, in an African language (instead of their native tongue of English). In this same city, another example of the mixing of cultures comes at a most unexpected place, the local McDonald’s. At this restaurant, the manager has hung paintings that depict African symbols and images. Even with all of this evidence of a mixing of cultures, Reed asserts that the “cultural Elect” of our country still holds on to...
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...This essay will examine the lives of Michel Sarrazin, Thomas Wright, David Douglas, Archibald Menzies, and James Finley Weir Johnston, who were all scientists. The themes by which these individuals will be compared are country of origin, branch of scientific study, number of children, and lifespan. In this discussion, five sources will be the biography of each explorer, as found in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, and a sixth source will be J.M. Bumsted's book, A History of the Canadian Peoples. This Research Project will consist of a Graphic Analysis, and an Essay. In the Graphic Analysis, these scientists' lives will be compared under the themes mentioned above; in the Essay, the events that occurred during these peoples' lives...
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...Welcome to BioInspire, a monthly publication addressing the interface of human design, nature and technology. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BioInspire.16 5.19.04 The following essay first appeared on CYSI ONLINE: http://cysionline.chattablogs.com Please post all comments and reflections on this essay at http://cysionline.chattablogs.com/archives/012868.html#comments CYSI Online is a monthly online publication that takes hope in the thousands of young people across the US engaged in creative initiatives for social progress. It features short articles by a broad range of social innovators, generally between 20-30 years old, and focuses on identifying creative solutions to old social problems; and building bridges and crossing barriers that divide our movements and the country. Join CYSI Online’s distribution list for free by emailing cysionline@hotmail.com --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Faith in Sustainability John Mlade Institute for the Built Environment Colorado State University johnm@biomimicry.net When someone asks me about who I am, or what I believe, I invariably draw upon my affinity for sustainability. Increasingly just a buzzword, and sometimes out of context, for me the word "sustainable" is a way to describe restorative human social systems and designs. These are systems and designs that create positive impacts on our environment and the well-being...
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...problems and multiculturalism Abstract: The history of Canada has gone through various events, some of which produced a nightmare for the country and from which the people as well as the leaders are still trying to awake, while making sure that such events do not take place ever again. In this essay I discuss the Canadian Ethnic problems and it's multiculturalism by mainly focus on two typical examples :the aboriginal people and the Chinese who have suffered injustice through out the history in different aspects such as politics and cultural. And later ,by looking at the current situations of the Canadian ethnicity in general and going over the past decisions that the government had made, I try to suggest the possible solutions. Introduction: As we all know, Canada is a country with large immigrants. Therefore , the history of Canada is largely the history of the meeting of different cultures. As its early settlers are mostly immigrants from Central and Western Europe, European culture is playing a dominant role in Canada's culture. Since the eightieth of the twentieth century, as the number of immigrants from different parts increased significantly, the new immigrants brought in their own culture with them as well. Thus, people are now feeling more of the tensions between those cultures and of prejudice felt among these groups toward one another. For this reason, how to deal with the relationship between the different...
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...THE FAMILY The Consanguine Family (The First Stage of the Family) The Punaluan Family The Pairing Family The Monogamous Family The Iroquois Gens The Greek Gens [The Rise of Private Property] The Rise of the Athenian State The Gens and the State in Rome The Gens Among Celts and Germans The Formation of the State Among the Germans Barbarism and Civilization Appendix: A Recently Discovered Case of Group Marriage INTRODUCTION After Marx’s death, in rumaging through Marx’s manuscripts, Engels came upon Marx’s precis of Ancient Society – a book by progressive US scholar Lewis Henry Morgan and published in London 1877. The precis was written between 1880-81 and contained Marx’s numerous remarks on Morgan as well as passages from other sources. After reading the precis, Engels set out to write a special treatise – which he saw as fulfilling Marx’s will. Working on the book, he used Marx’s precis, and some of Morgan’s factual material and conclusions. He also made use of many and diverse data gleaned in his own studies of the history of Greece, Rome, Old Ireland, and the Ancient Germans. It would, of course, become The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State – the first edition of which was published October 1884 in Hottingen-Zurich. Engels wrote The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State in just two months – beginning toward the end of March 1884 and completing it by the end of May. It focuses on early human history, following...
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...general and specifically sports participation? Finally, I will conclude with my ideas on the subject, with a specific focus on schools, and sports participation. Throughout history, transgender people has been around participating in all society. This concept has been around since ancient times in many cultures: European, Asian and in the Americas. Were there issues with transgender peoples in these cultures? That entirely depends on the individual culture itself. It was noted that some Native Americans did except those individuals at that time, but some did not. This did come into conflict with western culture when westerners missionaries started to live with the Native Americans. One could interpret that Europeans did not think to highly about the issue with the account made by a Jesuit missionary Joseph-Francois Lafitau when he observed Iroquois culture, "women with manly courage who prided themselves upon the profession of a warrior as well as men cowardly enough to live as women." FitzGerald Et all In Modern times I think the ideas about transgenders have evolved a bit with people being more accepting than the previous years. But there are still individuals that do not favor the idea of transgenders in general. In modern history, there have been several instances of transgender people throughout American history living there life in quiet obscurity. During the time of the civil war, many women donned men's uniforms to fight in the civil war, and after that lived the rest...
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