...Philippine Constitutions (Concise) In: Other Topics Philippine Constitutions (Concise) The Biak-na-Bato Constitution General Emilio Aguinaldo Established the Biak-na-Bato Republic on July 1897 and issued a proclamation stating the following demands: * Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands to the Filipinos. * Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes. * Freedom of the press and religion. * Abolition of the government’s power to banish Filipinos. * Equality for all before the law. A charter was then drafted based on the Cuban Constitution by Alex Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho. It was ratified on November 15, 1897. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution provided for the establishment of a Supreme Council that would serve as the highest governing body of the Republic. Preamble: “The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent state with its own government called the Philippine Republic has been the end sought by the Revolution in the existing war, begun on the 24th of August, 1896; and therefore, in its name and by the power delegated by the Filipino people, interpreting faithfully...
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...Law Day Essay “No Courts, No Justice, No Freedom” How Do Courts Protect Our Liberties? --- For hundreds of years the forefathers of the United States of America had been undertaking the task of creating and constantly amending a constitution that all men shall abide by. Alexander Hamilton, along with other contributors of the constitution, created essays which are better known as the federalist papers. These documents were created as a form of mutual interpretation and moral assurance between the government and its citizens with one major objective, to gain and retain the trust of its citizens. --- It is said within that no state "shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. A civil liberty is defined as an individual right protected by the Constitution against the powers that be of the government. When our forefathers assimilated to draft the Constitution they anticipated certain belligerencies that might occur between the Federal Government and the individual citizen. It was cause for these concerns that enabled them to include certain civil liberties in the Constitution endowing its citizens with certain inalienable rights. Though civil liberties were put in effect over 200 years ago, over time they have been challenged up until the present day. It wasn’t until the 14th amendment that civil liberties were finally incorporated into state governments. The primary...
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...Bill of Right are the first Ten Amendments that were given to us by our founding fathers under the United States Constitution, which included: freedom of speech, freedom to practice any religion, the right to have weapons, the right of trial with a lawyer, and many more. These rights were opposed due to the fact that the Americans did not want to be controlled by England king any more. They wanted a country that would not be controlled by the country like many other countries around the world they wanted to be different and have the freedom to develop their own right and regulations. The Bill of Rights was written to provide all the people equal rights and freedoms to do as they please, yet they must obey the laws given to them in the United States Constitution, and “the peoples constitutional rights cannot lawfully be denied by government officials” (Patterson, 2011, p. 43). The freedom that was guaranteed to me in the first amendment that is relevant to my personal self is freedom of religion. As states by Thomas E. Patterson, Freedom of “religion: you are protected from having the religious beliefs of others imposed on you, and you are free to believe what you like” (Patterson, 2011, table 4-1). I personally can relate to this specific freedom, since I came of a country that has been in conflicts about who the land of Palestine (Israel) belongs to and which religion should take over. The way I see is that in Palestine (Israel) the Jewish people and the Arab people are not to...
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...The Antifederalist were not for the ratification of the constitution. They believed that the government could be easily corrupted. They were big believer of restraining government power. They were against the federalist papers because they had a lack of protection for individual freedoms. They wrote their own essays such as the “Centinel” against the federalist papers and it was to warn about the danger from tyranny. Samuel Bryan, the author of the letters of centinel, wrote: ‘Without presuming upon my own judgment, I cannot think in an unwarrantable presumption to offer my private opinion, and call upon others for their’s…” The Centinel purpose was to include a bill of rights in the new constitution and to adopt those rights. The Antifederalist achieve their goal and the federalists compromise with the bill of rights added to the Constitution. Many people say that the first amendment would not be here without the “intent of the Framers.”. But they did not adopt the first amendment. The Anti-federalist was still scared because the constitution did not really guarantee that the government could take people’s right to worship away. For example, the first amendment does not say that freedoms of speech or press shall not curtail, it only prevents...
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... 6 3.0 The Rule of Law-------------------------------- 7 4.0 Upholding the Constitution-----------------5.0 Decorum and Morality ----------------------- 8 9 Conclusion 10 Reference 11 Appendices 12-16 1 Acknowledgement We are grateful because we manage to complete our "Pengajian Malaysia 2" assignment within the time given by our lecturer Miss Irna Nursyafina. This assignment can't be done without the effort of my partner, Jesslie Ng Hui Yee. Last but not least, we would like to express my gratitude to our course mates for their constant support and guidance. 2 Introduction What is Rukun Negara? It was born on 31 August 1970 headed by the Malaysia's second prime minister, Tun Abdul Razak and it is formulated by the National Consultative Council. The purpose to form this principles are to created unity of various race in Malaysia after the disturbing peace of different races in 13 May 1969. It had proven in Malaysia that racial issues and stability fragile of the happened riots. After the formation of Rukun Negara in Malaysia, cases of racist incidents that involve hundreds of people death are prevented. Formation of Rukun Negara is one of the method to help Malaysian to stay together in one unity. The Principle of Rukun Negara consists of 5 principles, which is Belief in God, Loyalty to King and Country, Upholding the Constitution, Rule of Law and Decorum and Morality. 3 1.0 Belief in God Believing in God...
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...consisting of 10 amendments, was ratified into the constitution. The document’s purpose was to spell out the liberties of the people that the government could not infringe upon. Considered necessary by many at the time of its development, the Bill of Rights became the cause for a huge debate between two different factions: The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists were those who thought that there should be a new Union created with a strong centralized government and individual regional governments. They felt that it was not necessary for there to be a bill of rights because it was implied that those rights the Constitution did not specifically state would be handed down to the states. On the other hand, the Anti-Federalists were opposed to such a form of government on the grounds that the Constitution, in which it was outlined, lacked clarity in the protections of the individuals. The Anti-Federalists—whose memory of British oppression was still fresh in their minds—wanted certain rights and guarantees that were to be apart of the constitution (Glasser 1991). A clear demonstration of the Anti-Federalist attitude was performed by Samuel Bryan, who published a series of essays named the ‘Cenitnal Essays,’ which “assailed the sweeping power of the central government, the usurpation of state sovereignty, and the absence of a bill of rights guaranteeing individual liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion (Bran 1986).” Of course, the freedoms stated above...
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...John Locke's contributions in Philosophy and political views are followed and practiced even to this day. Locke’s ideas influenced religion, economics, political change, theories of knowledge and the human understanding that led to governmental and social improvements. John Locke believed in political reform. John Locke is one of the most influential authors and political philosophers in history. His ideas and views have influenced such momentous commodity such as the American constitution. Many of Locke’s ideas were used in the creation of the United States Constitution. John Locke was a British philosopher and medical researcher. Locke was born to Agnes Keene and John Locke on August 29, 1632, in Somerset, England. His father was a Puritan lawyer, who served as a Captain during the English civil war. Locke’s schooling began at Westminster School in 1647. He earned the title of King’s Scholar, which prepared him for the next phase of his education at the Christ Church in Oxford in 1652. He studied literature, physical science, medicine, politics, and natural philosophy. In 1656 he continued for his Master of Arts degree. In 1665 at Oxford, Locke encountered Lord Ashley, a notable statesman looking for medical treatment. After a friendship formed, Ashley invited Locke to join him in London as his personal physician. Locke agreed and left for London in 1667, where he lived for the next eight years. This was the beginning of Locke’s deep political interests, which was...
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...nationally by representative courts of ministers and elders.) but payed very little attention to religious matters in his adulthood in fact no traces or clues of his religion were found however some scholars believe that he leaned toward deism(belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.)...
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...The following is a persuasive essay that argues two points: whether same-sex marriage is wrong and whether it is not. Before this essay is started out, here are a few interesting facts on homosexuality and same-sex marriage. The Netherlands was the first nation to legalize same sex marriage (in 2001). Same sex marriage is outlawed in 76 countries as of 2013. These are just a few out of the ma ny facts about homosexuality/same-sex marriage. This essay has several key points to why same-sex marriage is okay. Same sex marriage/attraction is not a sin and the Bible and history is wrong about the definition of ‘traditional marriage’, it does not affect heterosexual values/attraction, it increases the number of adopted orphans, I) Traditional marriage (same sex marriage isn’t considered a traditional marriage because its same sex) isn’t historically/culturally accurate a. The Random House Dictionary (circa 1970) defines marriage as “the state of being married”. Today, many Americans like to define marriage as “a bond between a man and a woman only”. Traditionally, Christians (who make up America’s religion census) oppose the concept of same-sex marriage because in the Bible it is viewed as a “sin”. Protest and posters that read “Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve” and “God hates fags” all because same sex marriage isn’t “traditional” marriage. The shocking thing is that it isn’t just Christians who believe this; several other major world religions such as Islam and Judaism both...
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...The Constitution of Medina – Islamic Constantinople HIS201 – Middle Eastern History Sama Ibrahim Ayyoub 999028699 October 17th, 2013 In contemporary society, Islam is often depicted as a religion, which lacks in democratic values. Contrary to this popular belief, the importance of human rights in the religion is charted in “The Constitution of Medina.” Furthermore, its body of precedents proves the respect and humanity the Prophet Muhammad showed towards his Non-Muslim equals in early Arabia. This essay will aim to argue that the document titled “The constitution of Medina” is an Islamic attempt at a cosmopolitan multicultural state, which acknowledges the rights of all individuals. For the purpose of organization and analysis, this essay will first attempt to acquire knowledge on the socio-political environment Pre-Islamic Medina. Secondly, the relationship between the early Jewish community and Muslims will be examined, followed by a commentary on the Prophet Muhammad’s accomplishments in the state of Medina. In result, this will prove the democratic influence this constitution had not only on Islamic history but the Middle East as a whole. In order to grasp a clear understanding of the topic, it is most appropriate to begin by inquiring on the socio-political environment Pre-Islamic Medina which is important to understand as it had a historical influence on the constitution. Specifically speaking, the civil wars...
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...the U.S. Constitution is pretty simple. This essay will compare this amendment to other rights that other countries have. The first Amendment of the United States of America is this: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This means to me that I basically have the right to believe any religion that I want to, and Congress can’t do anything about it. It also means that I have the right to speak freely, and use any kind of words and language that I want to, without punishment. Next, it means that I have the right to assemble into a large group of people peacefully, an example would...
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...net/administrative-law/essays/sources-of-the-malaysian-legal-system-administrative-law-essay.php Sources Of The Malaysian Legal System These essays have been written by students for you to use to help you with your studies. If you need your own custom law essay then we can help.... Get a quote for your own law essay... Share & Download Malaysia practices the mixed legal system which includes the Common Law, Islamic law and Customary Law. Malaysia’s legal system comprises laws which have arise from three significant periods in Malaysian history dating from the Malacca Sultanate, to the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia, and following the absorption into the indigenous culture of British colonial rule which introduced a constitutional government and the common law. The Malaysian Legal System is based on English common law. The sources of Malaysian law means the legal rules that make the laws in Malaysia, which can be classified into written and unwritten law. Written law is the most important source of law. It refers to the laws contained in the Federal and State Constitutions and in a code or a statute. The written laws are much influenced by English laws as the Malaysian legal system retains many characteristics of the English legal system. The Written law includes the Federal Constitution, State Constitutions, Legislation and Subsidiary legislation. Malaysia is a Federation of thirteen States with a written constitution, the Federal Constitution, which is the supreme law...
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...Objectives: WEEK ONE SUBMITTED ____________________________________________________________________________________ WEEK TWO **Individual Assignment** 2. Resources: Ch. 6–10 of Colonial America and MyHistoryLab Write a 350- to 700-word essay response to each of the following questions: Question 1: How was trade in the New World a source of revenue for monarchies and for the colonies? Question 2: What are the similarities and differences between early colonial and contemporary American beliefs about religious freedom and tolerance? Question 3: Examine Bacon’s Rebellion or Leisler’s Rebellion and address the following questions: What were its causes and consequences? Do you think the rebellion is best viewed as a precursor to the revolutionary war or as an unrelated event? Cite at least one primary source in each of your short essays. Format your essays consistent with APA guidelines. Submit your essays in a single Microsoft® Word document. _____________________________________________________________________________________ WEEK THREE **INDIVDUAL ASSIGNMENT** 3. Resources: Ch. 11–19 of Colonial America and MyHistoryLab Write three 350- to 700-word letters; one written from the point of view of each of the following people: Letter 1: A merchant living in a New England urban center Letter 2: The wife of a religious leader living in Pennsylvania Letter 3: A plantation worker living in South Carolina ...
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...What is the role of faith and religion in the liberal political culture of the United States where citizens in theory play a significant role in the formulation of public policies? Some would argue that the United States is a Christian nation, and as such, faith and religion has a central place at the messy table of politics. Moreover, some would argue that the United States is an exceptional nation because of the blessing of having enlightened founders. In addition, American democratic principles are universal, thus religious followers, clergy and institutions ought to be directly involved in political affairs. Others would caution too heavy of a reliance on faith and religion in politics, the manipulation of Christian symbols and beliefs by religious leaders as well as civic leaders for political gain should be a warning to liberals. Moral panics, President Kennedy having to defend his religious faith to potential voters, the symbolic role of “cheap grace” are illustrative of the nightmarish influence of religion on American political culture. Finally, the messianic impulse that often drives American politics has the potential of destroying the fabric of the nation. What do you think? Do people of faith have to leave their religion at the door when entering public life? Everyone knows that it is impolite to argue religion or politics with strangers and dangerous to do so with friends. These topics are treated with such delicacy because they evoke strong passions;...
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...Amendment Essay Twenty-seven amendments have been ratified since the original signing of the Constitution, the first ten of which are known as the Bill of Rights. The Amendments to the United States Constitution have had a major effect on American life. A major feature of the Constitution is the capability of changing the document in order for it to become accustomed to the changing times and conditions. There are a few methods in order to change the Constitution. An amendment proposed by 2/3rds vote in each house of congress could be approved by either one of two ways. It must be either ratified by 3/4ths of the State Legislature or by the Constitutional Conventions in 3/4ths of the states. To approve an amendment proposed at a National Constitutional Convention it must also be ratified by 3/4ths of the State Legislatures or by a Constitutional Convention in 3/4ths of the States. The First Amendment, freedoms, is one of the most known and the most important of all. A historical event that led to this amendment was that the new American settlers brought with them a desire for democracy and openness after the American Revolution. They left behind a history of tyranny and official control of information. Using this experience as their guide, the constitutional fathers wrote into their new Constitution a Bill of Rights, which contained the First Amendment. This Amendment was created so that the people would have the freedom to express themselves without worrying. Disagreement to...
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