...which is not very relevant to the topic of sustainable urban development. However, it provides some challenges in one aspect of sustainable urban development, transport poverty, such as the lack of public transport in rural areas in the United Kingdom is forcing people to spend a significant part of...
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...Housing Right of Floating Population in China —The Game of Human Rights and Economics on Temporary Workers’ Urban Housing in China Introduction: Housing, as right and commodity In the street sides of Chinese big cities, the large white containers are very striking. What are inside the metal containers? Human beings, who work in somewhere nearby the containers and most likely work as construction workers. With their limited salary, the containers become their first choice on housing in the urban area. However, this is just the initial choice resulted from their limited economic capability and the lack of accountability of the whole society group. Housing is a concept shared by many disciplines, Economics, Politics and Human Rights. When talking...
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..."Greening urban areas is not just about making places look nice. Evaluate the contribution of green areas in cities to meeting the goals of sustainable development" (40 marks) Sustainable development is most frequency defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Thus, sustainable development means finding a balance between the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment. Sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts environmental protection, economic sustainability, and social wellbeing. In this essay I will evaluate how cities have used urban greening to make steps towards sustainable development. To do this I will focus on Singapore and Hamburg. Firstly, green urban areas act as vital regulating ecosystem services meaning they help to control the climate. Metropolitan areas like Singapore are often affected by the urban heat island effect whereby the inner city can be up to 5°C warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activities (e.g. the use of cars). Areas of urban greening, for example Fort Canning Park, Singapore’s 18 hectare conservation park, have the ability to undertake the vital role of offsetting the urban heat island effect (UHI). Due to the parks location it acts as a green lung for Singapore’s CBD. With an estimated 1,700 trees the park absorbs heat and has an evaporative cooling effect. As well...
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...with the negative influence occurring in the third world. There are lots of negative effects on most urban areas city on coast and riverbanks are vulnerable to climate change effects such as a increase in sea level (Nichcolls, cited in Hunt and Watkiss 2004, p.17). Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Parry M.L et al. 2007, p.13). The world’s urban population will rapid increase in the next few year, so the negative effects caused by climate change in cities should be solved necessarily. This essay outlines the major negative impacts by climate change, and evaluates three possible solving measures in many developing countries. The essay argues that three effective solutions are able to solve the problems of climate change in developing countries. Climate change negatively affects the urban in developing countries. The first environmental effect of climate change is a rising sea level. Rosenzweig et al. (2010, p.910) survey that city should obviously contributed to 71% of global energy-related greenhouse-gas. Most chief cities in developing country are located in low altitudes or near the seaside, which are brought calamities by the climate change. As the world warming, the threat from the ocean level increase poses alarming for cities. A rising in sea level has the direct influences on urban areas such as beach erosion and soil loss (Hunt and Watkiss 2011, p. 17). The second impact of climate...
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...Urban sprawl is the product of industrialization. The sprawl pattern of urban development reflects the progress of human society. However, in the original intention of increasing economic benefits and motivating automobile industries, urban sprawl also brings a series of malpractices gradually on contrary to the expectation. It results in not only the ecological problems, but also the social problems. Despite the fact that technological solutions serve humanity, assisting them to alter the natural environment, technological solutions have not achieved the capacity to solve all the problems absolutely in current society. Consequently, this essay holds the view that technological solutions cannot adequately address both the ecological problems and the social problems for the reason that technological solutions are just the makeshift methods to alleviate the exterior problems, and have not raveled out these problems from the fountainhead. Technological solutions only can try to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, but cannot completely cope with global warming at the background of global motorization, which is the deniable fact. Apparently, it is unfair and unpractical for developing countries to limit the carbon emissions. According to Huimin Li and Ye Qi (2012), the carbon emissions have positive correlation with the increasing of GDP. Hence, it is no denying that developing countries like China have tremendous demanding for boosting the industry and the manufacturing. For instance:...
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...Exam series | Sect A Plate Tec(7 marks) | Sect APlate tec(8 marks) | Sect A Plate tec(10 marks) | | Sect CPlate tec essay (40 marks) | June 2010 | Study fig 1 a photo …recent earthquake. Using fig 1 only, comment on the evidence that suggest that an earthquake has recently taken place | Describe how seismic waves and earthquakes can be measured | With reference to two seismic events you have studied from contrasting areas of the world, compare the ways in which earthquakes and their impacts have been managed | | “The hazards presented by volcanic and seismic events have the greatest impact on the world’s poorest people” To what extent do you agree with this view? | Jan 2011 | Study fig 1, a map showing tectonic features in the Philippines. Comment on the degree to which the area of the Philippines might be subject to tectonic hazards | Outline the formation of hot spots and explain their relationship to plate movement | With reference to 2 volcanic events that you have studied from contrasting areas of the world, compare the nature of the volcanic hazard and its impact | | “Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid”. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. | June 2011 | Study fig 1 which is an image of the sea bed of the N Atlantic Ocean … Comment on the extent to which the features shown support the theory of plate tectonics. | Describe the characteristics of, and explain the formation...
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...AEP9 – ASSIGNMENT TWO: ESSAY Immoderate expansion of urban area, known as ‘urban sprawl’, becomes a wide-spreading phenomenon in most countries nowadays. This is majorly due to the improvement of mobility at all levels and the great economic benefits lying behind the sprawled urban areas. However, urban sprawl not only degrades the environment and changes global climate, but also generates a number of social problems, such as polarization and inequality. To solve the problems resulting from urban sprawl, many international organizations put technology forward as the most efficient and economically feasible approach. This essay will outline how urban sprawl results in these problems and point out the risks of depending on technologies to address environmental issues as well as its limitation to solve the social ones. In many countries in the world, urban sprawl imposes great stress on both of ecological and social well-being. In the first place, urban sprawl causes a lot of environmental problems. One of the burning issues for the international community is global warming. In order to support the running of current transportation, the utilities to warm or cool spacious houses and household appliances in neighborhoods on the outskirts of cities, energy mainly created by fossil fuels becomes greatly demanded, thus giving rise to higher emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, which is considered as one of the arch-criminals causing global warming (Gonzalez, 2005)...
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...Lee Ho Ting 3035049110 Essay 1: Compare and contrast the main characteristics of the urbanization process in the First and Third Worlds Introduction As a necessary step towards development, both the First world and Third world countries have been undertaking the process urbanization. Urbanization is referred to the process of the increase in the total population living in the urban areas through immigration to the areas and net increase in the urban population (Pacione, 2009). Although the processes of urbanization are similar among countries, there are still differences as the First world is defined as capitalist industrial market economies where the Third world is referred to states that failed to develop economically after independence (Pacione, 2009). The differences in the social and economic situations in the First and Third world as well as the different global environment have led to distinct characteristics in the urbanization process of countries. Understanding these characteristics is essential to the understanding the challenges faced by states in the process. Therefore this essay is going to discuss the similarities and differences between the urbanization processes starting from the eighteenth century up till now from the social and economic aspects in respect of the global environment. Similarities – Economic based urbanization The major similarity between the urbanization of the two different worlds is that economic development played a significant role...
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...SLUM REDEVELOPMENT - POST PANSHET FLOODS OF 1961 Sejal Nagori 50. The Panshet dam disaster in 1961 redefined the city’s geography, wiped out the modest Pune settings in peth . Nearly half of Poona City was under six feet of water today as the swollen Mutha River completely washed away the earthen Panshet Dam and made a 100-foot breach in the Khadakvasla Dam. The first wave came in the forenoon when the raging river destroyed the Panshet Dam. Another mass of water cascaded into the city when the Khadakvasla Dam gave way in the afternoon. The failure of the dam occurred because of the breach that developed in Panshet Dam, upstream of the Khadkawasla reservoir. The upstream dam released a tremendous volume of water into the downstream reservoir at a time when the Khadkawasla reservoir was already full, with the gates discharging at near full capacity. This caused overtopping of the dam because inflow was much above the design flood. The entire length of the dam spilling 2.7 m of water. Vibration of the structure was reported, as the incoming flood was battering the dam. Failure occurred within four hours of the visiting flood waters. The gushing flood water rendered homeless hundreds of families in just a few hours, besides damaging popular landmarks of that time like the then newly reconstructed LAKDI PUL (SAMBHAJI BRIDGE) and OMKARESHWAR TEMPLE to name a few,” . The top of the STATUE of RANI LAXMIBAI OF JHANSI on JM Road was visible while rest was completely submerged in flood...
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...Why is regional development considered to be an important EU policy? “The mission in the Directorate General for Regional Policy is to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion by reducing disparities in the level of development among regions and Member States. This means investing in regions’ indigenous potential to promote the competitiveness of regional economies and the permanent catch-up of those lagging behind the more prosperous areas” (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/regional_policy/index_en.htm) I chose this essay as I found it very interesting to learn about how and why the EU develops regions when I was doing my presentation for this module. I found it surprising to discover just how important an EU policy it is and to learn why both poorer and wealthier regions require development funding, often for very different reasons. My aims for this essay are firstly to give an insight into the history of EU policy over the past fifty years, with particular reference to the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) that was established in 1975. I will then begin with examples from Ireland, in regions where the EU consider development an important policy. From there, I will contrast this development with poorer regions in Europe, where regional development is now a major EU priority (especially regarding new Member States). As I conclude, I will highlight current and future regional development actions of the European Union. During the period 1957-1988, the European...
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...and Sub-Saharan in economic growth and development This essay will try to analyse the difference between China and Sub- Saharan region countries on the economic growth and development issue from an overall view. In order to contrast the different development and growth methods between china and a whole Sub-Saharan region of countries, the essay will introduce the solow model in order to simplify the analysis, because in order to conduct a precise research, too many factors need to be controlled, so introducing a model which can simplify but not change the fact is appropriate. The basic assumptions of the solow model remain unchanged in this essay because the first assumption of constant returns will stand as both China and Sub- Saharan countries are economy which are large enough “that the gains from the specialization have been exhausted” (D. Romer (2011), "Advanced Macroeconomics", McGraw–Hill, New York, 1996.). The second assumption which neglects other impacts on the economy development will be discussed in the later paragraphs like policy, population, human capital and so on. Figure 1. China and Nigeria’s annual growth rate of GDP per capita (%). Data source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Figure 2. China and Nigeria’s broad money of GDP per capita (%). Data source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Figure 3. China and Nigeria’s labor force of total population (%). Data source: World Bank, World Development Indicators As we can see from the...
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...Rural-urban migration is people moving from small areas of the country side into urban areas.Rural-urban migration is important to the growth and development of countries because as countries pursue growth and development areas,people need to build urban centres and modern buildings.This calls for people in the rural areas desiring to move to the urban areas.Nowadays in Myanmar there are a lot of changing happened likes construction and transportation.Consequences of this effect,the population of people in Myanmar will higher than before and also the part of financial and the country's economy.This essay will discuss two positive and negative effects of rural-urban migration to the growth and development of Myanmar country. Firstly,it's about the positive effect of rural-urban migration.Finding jobs is the one of the advantage of the effect.Being a big city there must be a lot of companies,banks and malls.That's why people have a lot of work opportunities and a better salary can be earn.For example,in rural areas people can only earn a small amount of money and finding a jobs in urban areas may be easier than in rural areas.The second is the education.Now people in urban areas have science labs, operation rooms and technical supplement for education.There are many improvement in the quality of education because the study method and school should be same standard as the other countries.For example,in Myanmar...
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...This essay is going to expose the extent to which development has taken place in Zambia under the Patriotic Front (PF) government. Development in this essay will be looked at according to Dudley Seers’ definition. As we proceed looking at the current extent of development in Zambia in view of Seers three pointers of development, recourse will be made to a number of authorities, such as books written by renown authors and or any other valid sources to support the argument. The essay will be concluded by making a summary of the whole essay and suggest possible way in which the government may deliver or even improve on the delivery of development to its people. Before proceeding to look at the extent of development in Zambia under the current government, it is important first to understand what “development” is according to Dudley Seers. According to Seers, (1969:5), to consider whether development has taken place in a particular country; you need to ask what has been happening to poverty, unemployment and inequality. He further states that, “If all the three of these have declined from high levels, then beyond doubt this has been a period of development for the country concerned. However, if one or two of these central problems have been growing worse, especially if all the three, it would be strange to call the result ‘development’ even if per capita income had doubled” ibid. Hence, the truth can be deduced from the aforementioned that ‘development’ according to Seers, is the...
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...The Department of Housing and Urban Development U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development, HUD’s mission is to create strong, sustainable, inclusive communities and quality affordable homes for all. HUD is working to strengthen the housing market to bolster the economy and protect consumers; meet the need for quality affordable rental homes: utilize housing as a platform for improving quality of life; build inclusive and sustainable communities free from discrimination; and transform the way HUD does business. The Housing Act of 1937, also known as the Wagner-Seagull Act. The Act provides subsidies paid from the U.S. government to local public housing agencies. The purpose is to improve living conditions for low-income families (The Housing Act of 1937, 2011). According to writes D. Bradford Hunt, historians miss-understood the intent of the Housing Act of 1937. The Act was known to be the housing program comprised by amendments originating from real estate and conservative interests. Rather the 1937 Housing Act should be considered as a Progressive bill that maintained quite well in the legislative process (Hunt, 2005). The Housing Act of 1937 was developed out of the National Housing Act of 1934, which created the Federal Housing Administration. The primary lead in the developments was Catherine Bauer; she drafted most of the legislation, also served as Director in the U.S. Housing Authority. The purpose of the Housing Authority was to aid the control of...
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...scale and in prominent pervasiveness, Nigeria is generally perceived as a newly-emerged modern state, which is characterized by rapid industrialization and extensive urbanization (Jiboye,2011).In particular, the term “State” is defined as the politically organized people of a particular land(Antai& Moradi, 2010). When it comes to the cohesion and stability of modernized state, it refers to the condition of a system which is the condition of Nigeria as a whole. In this essay, the threats on the cohesion and stability of Nigeria induced by industrialization and urbanization are assessed in threefold: health threats, criminal threat and threat regarding food insecurity. The aforementioned threats to be analyzed are intertwined with the concept of urbanization and industrialization and the repercussions of food insecurity and the physical health threat in urbanized cities are interrelated with the criminal threat, which could be accounted by mental illness(Antai& Moradi, 2010). With this introductory overview, the essay proceeds to outline the modern situation of urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria with definitions conceptualized. The following part is an evaluation of the health threats comprised of two section, in which the overcrowding issue is explored and illustrative case study focusing on health surveillance in Niger Delta is examined. The next part dwells on the positive correlation between crime rate and urbanization. In the final part, the risk of imperative food...
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