A _______ address is an internetwork address with universal jurisdiction. logical 
A ________ is a local address. Its jurisdiction is over a local network. physical 
If a host wants to send a packet to another host on the same network, the sender must find out the physical address mapped to __________________. the destination IP address in the IP header

A Router has received a datagram destined for a host on another, remotely connected network. router must find the physical address mapped to ______________________. the IP address of the next hop router found in the routing table

_______ is a dynamic mapping protocol in which a physical address is found for a given logical address.
ARP

An ARP request is normally _______. broadcast 
An ICMP packet is carried in an __________ .
IP packet

The destination MAC address in an Ethernet frame that carries an ARP request is _______.
0xFFFFFFFFFFFF

The value of the target hardware address field in an ARP request message sent on an Ethernet is _______.
0x000000000000

A _______ is an ARP that acts on behalf of a set of hosts. proxy ARP

ICMP is a _________ layer protocol. network 
ICMP messages are divided into two broad categories: _____________. query and error reporting messages

Which of the following is true about ICMP messages?
An ICMP error message may be generated only for the first fragment.

In _______ delivery, the destination of an IP packet is on the same network as the source or deliverer of the packet. a direct

In _______ forwarding, the mask and destination addresses are both 0.0.0.0 in the routing table. default 
In _______ forwarding, the destination of a forwarded IP packet is a network address in the routing table. network-specific 
In _______ forwarding, the routing table holds the address of just the next router instead of complete route information. next-hop 
The use of address aggregation can ________ the size of the routing tables. reduce 
The principle of ________ states that the routing table is sorted from the longest mask to the shortest mask. longest mask matching

_______ deals with the issues of creating and maintaining routing tables.
Routing

A _______ routing table is updated periodically using one of the dynamic routing protocols. dynamic 
The routing processor of a router performs the ________ layer functions of the router. network 
____________ is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administration.
An autonomous system

Routing inside an autonomous system is referred to as _______________. intradomain routing

Routing between autonomous systems is referred to as ____________. interdomain routing

In ________, each node maintains a vector (table) of minimum distances to every network. distance vector

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an intradomain routing based on _________ routing. distance vector

In RIP, each node shares its routing table with _________ periodically and whenever there is a change. its immediate neighbors

The metric used by _______ is the hop count.
RIP

The _________ routing uses the Dijkstra algorithm to build a routing table. link state

The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is an intradomain routing protocol based on _______ routing. link state

The _______ protocol allows the administrator to assign a cost, called the metric, to each route.
OSPF

An OSPF area is _______. a part of an AS

In ________ routing, we assume that there is one node (or more) in each autonomous system that acts on behalf of the entire autonomous system. path vector

___________ is an interdomain routing protocol using path vector routing.
BGP
______ is more powerful and complex than _______.
IMAP4; POP3

_______ is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to another. none of the above

________ is part of a local hard drive, a special file with permission restrictions.
None of the above

________ provides service to the user to make the process of sending and receiving a message easier.
A UA

_________ is a repository of information linked together from points all over the world.
The WWW

_________ is a supplementary protocol that allows non-ASCII data to be sent through email.
MIME

__________ control regulates the amount of data a source can send before receiving an acknowledgment from the destination.
Flow

___________ is a technology that creates and handles dynamic documents.
CGI

_____________ is a language for creating Web pages.
HTML

A _______ document is a fixed-content document that is created and stored in a server. The client can get a copy of the document only. static 
A _______ document is created by a Web server whenever a browser requests the document. dynamic 
A _______ is a server whose zone consists of the whole tree. root server

A ________ server loads all information from the primary server. secondary 
A _________ is a subtree of the domain name space. domain 
A cookie is made by the ________ and eaten by the _________. server; server

A full domain name is a sequence of labels separated by ________. dots 
A host with the domain name <i>pit.arc.nasa.gov</i>. is on the _______ level of the DNS hierarchical tree. (The root is level one.) fifth 
A pointer query involves the _______ domain. inverse 
A port address in UDP is _______bits long.
16

A response message always contains _______. a status line and a header

A SYN + ACK segment cannot carry data; it consumes _____ sequence number(s). none of the above

A SYN segment cannot carry data; it consumes _____ sequence number(s). one 
A TCP segment is encapsulated in __________. an IP datagram

A user needs to send the server some information. The request line method is _______.
POST

A(n) _________ machine is a machine that goes through a limited number of states. finite state

ACK segments consume _______ sequence number(s) and _______ acknowledged. no; are not

Active documents are sometimes referred to as _________ dynamic documents. client-site 
An ACK segment, if carrying no data, consumes ______ sequence number(s). no 
An applet is _______ document application program. an active

An HTTP request message always contains _______. a request line and a header

Because the sending and the receiving processes may not write or read data at the same speed, TCP ________. uses buffers

Connection establishment in TCP is called __________ handshaking. none of the above

Currently two message access protocols are available. _______ and _________.
POP3; IMAP4

DNS can use the services of ________ using the well-known port 53. either (a) or (b)

During an FTP session the control connection is opened _______. exactly once

During an FTP session the data connection is opened _______. as many times as necessary

Dynamic documents are sometimes referred to as _________ dynamic documents. server-site 
Each node in the tree has a _______, which is a string with a maximum of ___ characters. label; 63

For control, NVT uses US ASCII characters with the highest order bit set to ______.
1

For data, NVT uses US ASCII characters with the highest order bit set to ______.
0

For many applications, we need a program or a script to be run at the client site. These are called _______________ documents. active 
For the control connection, FTP uses the __________ character set
NVT ASCII

FTP uses the services of ________.
TCP

HTTP uses the services of _________ on well-known port 80.
TCP

HTTP version 1.1 specifies a _________connection by default. persistent 
If a label is not terminated by a null string, it is called a __________.
PQDN

If a label is terminated by a null string, it is called a __________.
FQDN

If a segment carries data along with an acknowledgment, this is called _______. piggybacking 
If the ACK value is 200, then byte _______ has been received successfully.
199

If the sender wants an option disabled by the receiver, it sends a _______ command.
DONT

If the sender wants an option enabled by the receiver, it sends a _______ command.
DO

If the sender wants to disable an option, it sends a _______ command.
WONT

If the sender wants to enable an option, it sends a _______ command.
WILL

In __________ resolution, the resolver expects the server to supply the final answer. recursive 
In __________ resolution, the server returns the IP address of the server that it thinks can resolve the query. iterative 
In a _______ name space, a name is assigned to an address. A name in this space is a sequence of characters without structure. flat 
In a ___________ connection, one TCP connection is made for each request/response. nonpersistent 
In a ___________connection, the server leaves the connection open for more requests after sending a response. persistent 
In a _________name space, each name is made of several parts. hierarchical 
In a URL, an optional ________ can be inserted between the host and the path, and it is separated from the host by a colon. none of the above

In a URL, the ______ is the computer on which the information is located. host 
In a URL, the _______ is the client-server program used to retrieve the document. protocol 
In a URL, the _______ is the full name of the file where the information is located. path 
In FTP, _______ is the service type used by the IP protocol because this is an interactive connection between a user (human) and a server. minimize delay

In FTP, a file can be organized into records, pages, or a stream of bytes. These are types of an attribute called _______. data structures

In FTP, ASCII, EBCDIC, and image define an attribute called _______. file type

In FTP, the well-known port ____ is used for the control connection and the well-known port ________ for the data connection.
21; 20

In FTP, there are three types of _______. stream, block, and compressed. transmission modes

In FTP, when we _______, it is copied from the client to the server. store a file

In HTTP, a _______ server is a computer that keeps copies of responses to recent requests. proxy 
In HTTP, the first line in a request message is called a _______ line; the first line in the response message is called the ________ line. none of the above

In TCP, one end can stop sending data while still receiving data. This is called a ______. half-close 
In the ____ mode, line editing (echoing, character erasing, line erasing, and so on) is done by the client. line 
In the _______ mode, each character typed is sent by the client to the server. character 
In the _______ mode, the echoing is done by the client. default 
In the DNS, the names are defined in ___________ structure. an inverted-tree

In the domain name chal.atc.fhda.edu, _______ is the least specific label. edu 
In the domain name chal.atc.fhda.edu, _______ is the most specific label. chal 
In the Internet, the domain name space (tree) is divided into _______ different sections. three 
In the Internet, the email address consists of two parts. a _______ and a _______. local part; domain name

In the sending computer, UDP receives a data unit from the _______ layer. application 
In the sending computer, UDP sends a data unit to the _______ layer.
IP

IP is responsible for _______ communication while TCP is responsible for _______ communication. host-to-host; process-to-process

Multiply the header length field by _______ to find the total number of bytes in the TCP header.
4

NVT uses two sets of characters, one for _____and one for __________. data; control

One of the responsibilities of the transport layer protocol is to create a ______ communication. process-to-process 
One way to create an active document is to use __________.
Java applets

SMTP is a __________protocol. push 
TCP allows the sending process to deliver data as a _______of bytes and allows the receiving process to obtain data as a _________ of bytes. stream; stream

TCP assigns a sequence number to each segment that is being sent. The sequence number for each segment is the number of the _______ byte carried in that segment. first 
TCP delivers _______ out-of-order segments to the process. no 
TCP groups a number of bytes together into a packet called a ___________. segment 
TCP has ____________; SCTP has ____________. segments; packets

TCP is a ___________ protocol. connection-oriented 
TCP is a __________protocol. stream-oriented 
TCP is a(n) _______ transport protocol. reliable 
TCP sliding windows are __________ oriented. byte 
TCP uses _________________ to check the safe and sound arrival of data. an acknowledgment mechanism

TELNET is a ________ client-server application program. general-purpose 
TELNET is an abbreviation for ____________. terminal network

TELNET uses only one TCP connection. The server uses ________ port and the client uses ________ port. a well-known; an ephemeral

The _______ domains define registered hosts according to their generic behavior. generic 
The _______ is software residing on the remote system that allows the remote system to receive characters from a TELNET server. pseudoterminal driver

The _______ translates local characters into NVT form.
TELNET client

The _______ translates NVT characters into a form acceptable by the remote operating system.
TELNET server

The _________ domain is used to map an address to a name. inverse 
The _________ is a standard for specifying any kind of information on the Internet.
URL

The acknowledgment number is ________. cumulative 
The actual mail transfer is done through ____________.
MTAs

The bytes of data being transferred in each connection are numbered by TCP. The numbering starts with a __________________. randomly generated number

The combination of an IP address and a port number is called a ____________. socket address

The documents in the WWW can be grouped into ______ broad categories. three 
The FIN + ACK segment consumes _____ sequence number(s) if it does not carry data. one 
The FIN segment consumes ____ sequence numbers if it does not carry data. none of the above

The first level in the generic domains section allows ______ possible labels. none of the above

The formal protocol that defines the MTA client and server in the Internet is called ___________.
SMTP

The HTTP request line contains a _______ method to get information about a document without retrieving the document itself.
HEAD

The HTTP request line contains a _______ method to request a document from the server.
GET

The inclusion of the checksum in the TCP segment is ________. mandatory 
The local host and the remote host are defined using IP addresses. To define the processes, we need second identifiers called ____________. port addresses

The message contains the ________ and the __________. header; body

The MIME _______ header uses text to describe the type of data in the body of the message. content-description 
The options field of the TCP header ranges from 0 to _______ bytes.
40

The ports ranging from 49,152 to 65,535 can be used as temporary or private port numbers. They are called the ________ ports. dynamic 
The process of transferring a mail message occurs in ________ phases. none of the above

The root of the DNS tree is _______. an empty string

The SYN flooding attack belongs to a group of security attacks known as a _____ attack. denial of service

The third stage in an email transfer needs a ________ protocol. pull 
The third stage in an email transfer uses a(n) ________ protocol.
MAA

The value of the acknowledgment field in a segment defines the number of the ______byte a party expects to receive. next 
The value of the window size is determined by _________. the receiver

The WWW today is a _______ client-server service, in which a client using a browser can access a service using a server. distributed 
There are two types of user agents. _________ and ___________. command-driven; GUI-based

To accomplish flow control, TCP uses a ___________ window protocol. sliding 
To distinguish data from control characters, each sequence of control characters is preceded by a special control character called ________.
IAC

To have a hierarchical name space, a ______________ was designed. domain name space

UDP and TCP are both _______ layer protocols. transport 
UDP does not add anything to the services of IP except for providing _______ communication. process-to-process 
UDP is an acronym for _______.
User Datagram Protocol

UDP is called a ________________transport protocol. connectionless, unreliable

UDP needs the _______ address to deliver the user datagram to the correct application process. port 
UDP packets are called __________. user datagrams

UDP packets are encapsulated in ___________. an IP datagram

UDP packets have a fixed-size header of _______ bytes.
8

UDP uses _______ to handle incoming user datagrams that go to different processes on the same host. demultiplexing 
UDP uses ________ to handle outgoing user datagrams from multiple processes on one host. multiplexing 
Urgent data requires the urgent pointer field as well as the URG bit in the _______ field. control 
What a server is responsible for or has authority over is called a _________. zone 
When a user logs into a local time-sharing system, it is called ________ login.
local