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In object-oriented programming, polymorphism (from the Greek meaning "having multiple forms") is the characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning or usage to something in different contexts - specifically, to allow an entity such as a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form. There are several different kinds of polymorphism.
1) A variable with a given name may be allowed to have different forms and the program can determine which form of the variable to use at the time of execution. For example, a variable named USERID may be capable of being either an integer (whole number) or a string of characters (perhaps because the programmer wants to allow a user to enter a user ID as either an employee number - an integer - or with a name - a string of characters). By giving the program a way to distinguish which form is being
2) A named function can also vary depending on the parameters it is given. For example, if given a variable that is an integer, the function chosen would be to seek a match against a list of employee numbers; if the variable were a string, it would seek a match against a list of names. In either case, both functions would be known in the program by the same name. This type of polymorphism is sometimes known as overloading.
3) Polymorphism can mean, as in the ML language, a data type of "any," such that when specified for a list, a list containing any data types can be processed by a function. (For example, if a function simply determines the length of a list, it doesn't matter what data types are in the list.)
4) In PHP, polymorphism means that if B is a descendant of A and a function can accept A as a parameter, it can also accept B.
We describe a new basis for the construction of a genetic linkage map of the human genome. The basic principle of the mapping scheme is to develop, by recombinant DNA techniques, random single-copy DNA probes capable of detecting DNA sequence polymorphisms, when hybridized to restriction digests of an individual's DNA. Each of these probes will define a locus.
Loci can be expanded or contracted to include more or less polymorphism by further application of recombinant DNA technology. Suitably polymorphic loci can be tested for linkage relationships in human pedigrees by established methods; and loci can be arranged into linkage groups to form a true genetic map of "DNA marker loci." Pedigrees in which inherited traits are known to be segregating can then be analyzed, making possible the mapping of the gene(s) responsible for the trait with respect to the DNA marker loci, without requiring direct access to a specified gene's DNA. For inherited diseases mapped in this way, linked DNA marker loci can be used predictively for genetic counseling.
FIG. 1. -a, Cuts made in pair of homologous chromosomes by enzyme A and enzyme B; b, hybridization pattern of enzymes A and B given cuts of a.
: Ohm's Law, reboot (warm boot, cold boot), self-destructing email, shared memory, electron, L1 and L2, permittivity (electric permittivity), cardinality, angular velocity (rotational velocity), SKU (stockkeeping unit)
Ans55555 Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid that gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. The name derives from acetum, the Latin word for vinegar. It is also the defining ingredient of vinegar. But vinegar is not the only use of acetic acid. The global demand for acetic acid is around 6.5 million tonnes per year. Industrially, acetic acid is used in a wide range of processes. Acetic acid is produced both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation. The bacterial fermentation accounts for 10% of the world production and is mostly used for vinegar. Glacial Acetic Acid is 99% pure acetic acid, (water-free) and is dangerously corrosive. Pure, water-free acetic acid is a colourless liquid that absorbs water from the environment, and freezes at 16.5 °C (62 °F) to a colourless crystalline solid as seen on the picture right. Glacial acetic acid is also used in many different products such as paint, varnish, lacquer and other related products. It is also an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used in the production of soft drink bottles; cellulose acetate, mainly for photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as synthetic fibres and fabrics. Dilute
Acetic Acid Flat Structure solutions of glacial acetic acid can be used in the clinical laboratory to lyse red blood cells in order to do manual white blood cell counts. Formic Acid Ampules | | |

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Well-suited for HPLC and mass spectrometry applications.

Write the first review Share this product Thermo Scientific Pierce Formic Acid is high-purity solvent supplied in glass ampules as a convenient, contamination-free alternative for preparing elution solvents for HPLC separations of protein and peptides.Pierce Formic Acid is sealed in amber glass ampules under a dry nitrogen atmosphere. A pre-measured aliquot of acid greatly simplifies preparation of liter quantities of mobile phases at the standard 0.1% formic acid concentration. The quality of this formic acid coupled with ampule packaging provides reliability and convenience that adds value to both the chromatographic and MS results.Highlights: * Greater than 99% pure formic acid – consistent LC baselines, no potential interference introduced in LC or MS applications, and no signal suppression in the mass spectrometer * High-performance ampule packaging – amber glass, pre-scored, nitrogen-flushed ampules protect formic acid from light, moisture and contamination * Convenient format – ampule packaging simplifies the preparation of gradient and isocratic mobile phases containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water or acetonitrile; the contents of a single vial in a final volume of 1 L of solvent yields a mobile phase of the most common formic acid concentration.Product Details: General properties of formic acid. | Molecular Formula: | HCOOH (CH2O2) | M.W.: | 46.02 g/mol | Density: | 1.22 g/ml | CAS # | 64-18-6 | Refractive index: | 1.3701-1.3721(20ºC) | Flash Point: | 69ºC | Freezing Point: | 8ºC |
Formic acid is a common component of reverse-phase mobile phases that provide protons for LC/MS analysis. The presence of a low concentration of formic acid in the mobile phase is also known to improve the peak shapes of the resulting separation. Unlike trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), formic acid is not an ion-pairing agent and it does not suppress MS ionization of polypeptides when used as a mobile-phase component. | | | |
555555552bWhat is DNA?
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell rnaRibonucleic acid (RNA) is a biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.

RNA comes in a variety of different shapes. Double-stranded DNA is a staircase-like molecule. Image Credit: National Institute of General Medical Sciences
RNA is very similar to DNA, but differs in a few important structural details: in the cell, RNA is usually single-stranded, while DNA is usually double-stranded; RNA nucleotides contain ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom); and RNA has the base uracil rather than thymine that is present in DNA.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). Image Credit: National Institute of General Medical Sciences
RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and is generally further processed by other enzymes. RNA is central to protein synthesis. Here, a type of RNA called messenger RNA carries information from DNA to structures called ribosomes. These ribosomes are made from proteins and ribosomal RNAs, which come together to form a molecular machine that can read messenger RNAs and translate the information they carry into proteins. There are many RNAs with other roles – in particular regulating which genes are expressed, but also as the genomes of most viruses.
RNA and DNA are both nucleic acids, but differ in three main ways. First, unlike DNA which is double-stranded, RNA is a single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides. Second, while DNA contains ''deoxyribose'', RNA contains ''ribose'' (there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2' position in DNA). These hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more prone to hydrolysis. Third, the complementary base to adenine is not thymine, as it is in DNA, but rather uracil, which is an unmethylated form of thymine. For instance, determination of the structure of the ribosome—an enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation—revealed that its active site is composed entirely of RNA.
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The existence of two or more compounds with same molecular formula but different properties (physical, chemical or both) is known as isomerism; and the compounds themselves are called isomers. The term was given by Berzelius. The difference in properties of two isomers is due to the difference in the arrangement of atoms within their molecules. Isomerism may be of two types:
Structural isomerism

When the isomers differ only in the arrangement of atoms or groups within the molecule, without any reference to space, these are known as structural isomers and the phenomenon as structural isomerism.
Thus the structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but possess different structural formulae. Structural isomerism may again be of several types.

(i) Chain, nuclear or skeleton isomerism
This type of isomerism is due to the difference in the nature of the carbon chain (i.e. straight or branched) which forms the nucleus of the molecule, e.g.,

(ii) Position isomerism
It is due to the difference in the position of the substituent atom or group or an unsaturated linkage in the same carbon chain. Examples are

(iii) Functional isomerism

This type of isomerism is due to difference in the nature of functional group present in the isomers, e.g.,

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(iv) Metamerism

It is due to the difference in nature of alkyl groups attached to the same functional group. This type of isomerism is shown by compounds of the same homologous series. For example,

(v) Tautomerism
Tautomerism may be defined as the phenomenon in which a single compound exists in two readily interconvertible structures that differ markedly in the relative position of at least one atomic nucleus, generally hydrogen. The two different structures are known as tautomers of each other.
Sometimes the term tautomerism is also called as desmotropism (Greek desmos-bond; tropos-turn), since the interconversion of the two forms involves a change of bonds or dynamic isomerism as the two forms are in dynamic equilibrium with each other. Other names for tautomerism are kryptomerism, allelotropism or merotropy; however, tautomerism is the most widely accepted term.
There are several types of tautomerism of which keto-enol tautomerism is the most important. In this type, one form (tautomer) exists as a ketone while the other exists as an enol. The two simplest examples are of acetone and phenol.

However, the most widely studied example of keto-enol tautomerism is that of acetoacetic ester (ethyl acetoacetate).

Bsc 2nd years ans 99999999999In mathematics, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality (also known as the Bunyakovsky inequality, the Schwarz inequality, or the Cauchy–Bunyakovsky–Schwarz inequality), is a useful inequality encountered in many different settings, such as linear algebra, analysis, probability theory, and other areas. It is considered to be one of the most important inequalities in all of mathematics.[1] It has a number of generalizations, among them Hölder's inequality.
The inequality for sums was published by Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1821), while the corresponding inequality for integrals was first stated by Viktor Bunyakovsky (1859) and rediscovered by Hermann Amandus Schwarz (1888) (often misspelled "Schwartz").

If a and b are linearly dependent, we write b=a . So we get: aa2=2aa2=2a4=a2b2 So we have equality if a and b are linearly dependent. In the other case we look at the quadratic function xa+b2=x2a2+2xab+b2 This function is positive for every real x , if a and b are linearly independent. Thus it has no real zeroes, which means that ab2−a2b2 is always negative. So we have: ab2a2b2 which is the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality if a and b are linearly independent.