Textile
“Fabric” redirects here. For other uses, see Fabric (disambiguation) and Textile (disambiguation).
A textile[1] or cloth[2] is a flexible material consist-

A small fabric shop in canal town Al-Mukalla, Yemen

Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan

Simple textile (magnified)
Late antique textile, Egyptian, now in the Dumbarton Oaks col-

ing of a network of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or lection thread). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands.[3] used for a specific purpose (e.g., table cloth).
Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting.
The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres. Fabric refers to any material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods (garments, etc.). Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but often refers to a finished piece of fabric

1 Etymology
The word 'textile' is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning 'woven', from textus, the past participle of the verb texere, 'to weave'.[4]
The word 'fabric' also derives from Latin, most recently from the Middle French fabrique, or 'building, thing made', and earlier as the Latin fabrica 'workshop; an art,
1

2

3

USES

Alpaca textile at the Otavalo Artisan Market in the Andes Mountains, Ecuador

ing a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz (compare O.Frisian
'klath', Middle Dutch 'cleet', Dutch 'kleed', Middle
High German 'kleit', and German 'kleid', all meaning
“garment”).[6]

2 History
Main article: History of clothing and textiles
Mrs. Condé Nast wearing one of the famous Fortuny tea gowns.
This one has no tunic but is finely pleated, in the Fortuny manner, and falls in long lines, closely following the figure, to the floor.

The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times.[7][8]
The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. However, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill, or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods.

3 Uses
Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and for containers such as bags and baskets. In the household they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art.
In the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include flags, backpacks, tents, nets, handkerchiefs, cleaning rags,
Traditional Romanian table cloth, Maramureș transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes; textiles are also used to provide strengthening trade; a skillful production, structure, fabric', which is in composite materials such as fibreglass and industrial from the Latin faber, or 'artisan who works in hard ma- geotextiles. Textiles are used in many traditional crafts terials’, from PIE dhabh-, meaning 'to fit together'.[5] such as sewing, quilting and embroidery.
The word 'cloth' derives from the Old English clað, mean- Textiles for industrial purposes, and chosen for character-

5.2

Plant textiles

istics other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles
(e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection, and bullet proof vests). In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met.
Woven of threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires, laboratory fabric has been shown capable of “self-powering nanosystems” using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements.[9][10]

3
Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, vicuña wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit.
Qiviut is the fine inner wool of the muskox.
Wadmal is a coarse cloth made of wool, produced in
Scandinavia, mostly 1000~1500 CE.

Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm which is spun into a smooth fabric prized for its softness. There are two main types of the silk: 'mulberry silk' produced by the Bombyx Mori, and 'wild silk' such as Tussah silk. Silkworm larvae produce the first type if cultivated in habitats with fresh mulberry leaves for consumption, while Tussah silk
4 Fashion and textile designers is produced by silkworms feeding purely on oak leaves.
Around four-fifths of the world’s silk production consists
Fashion designers commonly rely on textile designs to set of cultivated silk.[11] their fashion collections apart from others. Armani, the late Gianni Versace, and Emilio Pucci can be easily rec5.2 Plant textiles ognized by their signature print driven designs.
Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making rope.
In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose,
5 Sources and types while in the last two, only fibres from the plant are utilized. Coir (coconut fibre) is used in making twine, and
Textiles can be made from many materials. These ma- also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor terials come from four main sources: animal (wool, tiles, and sacking. silk), plant (cotton, flax, jute), mineral (asbestos, glass fibre), and synthetic (nylon, polyester, acrylic). In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral sources. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas. Microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier.

5.1

Animal textiles

Animal textiles are commonly made from hair, fur, skin
Traditional textile making tools from 14th century Persia or silk (in the silkworms case).
Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with a wax mixture known as lanolin (sometimes called wool grease), which is waterproof and dirtproof . Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, nonparallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel.
Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness.

Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is kapok.
Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper.
Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, modal and even bamboo fibre are all used in clothing. Piña (pineapple fibre) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fibres such as cotton. Nettles have also been used to make a fibre and fabric very similar to hemp or flax. The use of milkweed stalk fibre has also been reported, but it tends to be somewhat weaker than other fibres like hemp or flax.

4

5

SOURCES AND TYPES

The inner bark of the lacebark tree is a fine netting that has been used to make clothing and accessories as well as utilitarian articles such as rope.
Acetate is used to increase the shininess of certain fabrics such as silks, velvets, and taffetas.
Seaweed is used in the production of textiles: a watersoluble fibre known as alginate is produced and is used as a holding fibre; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area.
Lyocell is a synthetic fabric derived from wood pulp. It is often described as a synthetic silk equivalent; it is a tough fabric that is often blended with other fabrics – cotton, for example. A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave

Fibres from the stalks of plants, such as hemp, flax, and cotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, hessian, polynettles, are also known as 'bast' fibres. cotton. 5.3

Mineral textiles

Asbestos and basalt fibre are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, “transite” panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets.
Glass fibre is used in the production of ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Glass fibres are woven and coated with Teflon to produce beta cloth, a virtually fireproof fabric which replaced nylon in the outer layer of United States space suits since 1968.
Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewellery. Hardware cloth (US term only) is a coarse woven mesh of steel wire, used in construction. It is much like standard window screening, but heavier and with a more open weave. It is sometimes used together with screening on the lower part of screen doors, to resist scratching by dogs. It serves similar purposes as chicken wire, such as fences for poultry and traps for animal control.

5.4

Synthetic textiles

Woven tartan of Clan Campbell, Scotland.

rope and outdoor clothing.
Spandex (trade name Lycra) is a polyurethane product that can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make activewear, bras, and swimsuits.
Olefin fibre is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name Tyvek.

Ingeo is a polylactide fibre blended with other fibres such
All synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiraof clothing. tion. Polyester fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone
Lurex is a metallic fibre used in clothing embellishment. or blended with fibres such as cotton.
Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant Milk proteins have also been used to create synthetic fabric. Milk or casein fibre cloth was developed durclothing, cut-protection, and armor. ing World War I in Germany, and further developed in
Acrylic is a fibre used to imitate wools, including cash- Italy and America during the 1930s.[13] Milk fibre fabmere, and is often used in replacement of them. ric is not very durable and wrinkles easily, but has a pH
Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the pro- similar to human skin and possesses anti-bacterial propduction of pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in erties. It is marketed as a biodegradable, renewable syn-

5 warp and weft. This method is mostly used for composite materials; Spread Tow Fabrics can be made in carbon, aramide, etc.
Braiding or plaiting involves twisting threads together into cloth. Knotting involves tying threads together and is used in making macrame.
Lace is made by interlocking threads together independently, using a backing and any of the methods described above, to create a fine fabric with open holes in the work.
Lace can be made by either hand or machine.
Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a tufted layer known as a nap or pile.
Felting involves pressing a mat of fibres together, and working them together until they become tangled. A liquid, such as soapy water, is usually added to lubricate the fibres, and to open up the microscopic scales on strands of wool.
Nonwoven textiles are manufactured by the bonding of fibres to make fabric. Bonding may be thermal or mechanical, or adhesives can be used.

Embroidered skirts by the Alfaro-Nùñez family of Cochas, Peru, using traditional Peruvian embroidery methods.[12]

thetic fibre.[14]

Bark cloth is made by pounding bark until it is soft and flat. 7 Treatments

Carbon fibre is mostly used in composite materials, together with resin, such as carbon fibre reinforced plas- Textiles are often dyed, with fabrics available in almost tic. The fibres are made from polymer fibres through car- every colour. The dying process often requires several dozen gallons of water for each pound of clothing.[16] bonization. Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours (tartan or Uzbek Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (embroidery),
6 Production methods creating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dyeing), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them
Main article: Textile manufacturing
(batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. Woodblock printing, still used in India and elseWeaving is a textile production method which involves where today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least interlacing a set of longer threads (called the warp) with
220 CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes bleached, a set of crossing threads (called the weft). This is done on making the textile pale or white. a frame or machine known as a loom, of which there are a number of types. Some weaving is still done by hand, Textiles are sometimes finished by chemical processes to change their characteristics. In the 19th century but the vast majority is mechanised. and early 20th century starching was commonly used
Knitting and crocheting involve interlacing loops of yarn, to make clothing more resistant to stains and wrinkles. which are formed either on a knitting needle or on a Since the 1990s, with advances in technologies such as crochet hook, together in a line. The two processes are permanent press process, finishing agents have been used different in that knitting has several active loops at one to strengthen fabrics and make them wrinkle free.[17] time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with an- More recently, nanomaterials research has led to adother loop, while crocheting never has more than one ac- ditional advancements, with companies such as Nanotive loop on the needle. Knitting can be performed by Tex and NanoHorizons developing permanent treatments machine, but crochet can only be performed by hand. based on metallic nanoparticles for making textiles more
Spread Tow is a production method where the yarn are resistant to things such as water, stains, wrinkles, and spread into thin tapes, and then the tapes are woven as pathogens such as bacteria and fungi.[18]

6

9

REFERENCES

• Textile arts
• Textile manufacturing (terminology)
• Textile preservation
• Textile printing
• Textile recycling
• Textiles of Lampung / Mexico / Oaxaca
• Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
• Units of textile measurement
Brilliantly dyed traditional woven textiles of Guatemala, and woman weaving on a backstrap loom.

More so today than ever before, textiles receive a range of treatments before they reach the end-user. From formaldehyde finishes (to improve crease-resistance) to biocidic finishes and from flame retardants to dyeing of many types of fabric, the possibilities are almost endless.
However, many of these finishes may also have detrimental effects on the end user. A number of disperse, acid and reactive dyes (for example) have been shown to be allergenic to sensitive individuals.[19] Further to this, specific dyes within this group have also been shown to induce purpuric contact dermatitis.[20]
Although formaldehyde levels in clothing are unlikely to be at levels high enough to cause an allergic reaction,[21] due to the presence of such a chemical, quality control and testing are of utmost importance. Flame retardants (mainly in the brominated form) are also of concern where the environment, and their potential toxicity, are concerned.[22] Testing for these additives is possible at a number of commercial laboratories, it is also possible to have textiles tested for according to the Oeko-tex certification standard which contains limits levels for the use of certain chemicals in textiles products.

8

See also
• Bangladesh University of Textiles
• Bangladesh textile industry
• Bettsometer
• List of textile fibres
• Maya textiles
• Fiber art
• Quipu
• Realia (library science)
• Smart textiles

• List of fabric names

9 References
[1] “Textile”. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
[2] “Cloth”. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
[3] “An Introduction to Textile Terms” (PDF). Retrieved August 6, 2006.
[4] “Textile”. The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved
2012-05-25.
[5] Harper, Douglas. “fabric”. Online Etymology Dictionary.
Retrieved 2012-12-11.
[6] Harper, Douglas. “cloth”. Online Etymology Dictionary.
Retrieved 2012-12-11.
[7] Balter, M. (2009). “Clothes Make the (Hu) Man”. Science 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a.
PMID 19745126.
[8] Kvavadze, E.; Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A.; Boaretto,
E.; Jakeli, N.; Matskevich, Z.; Meshveliani, T. (2009).
“30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers”. Science 325 (5946):
1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144.
Supporting Online Material
[9] Keim, Brandon (February 13, 2008). “Piezoelectric
Nanowires Turn Fabric Into Power Source”. Wired News
(CondéNet). Retrieved 2008-02-13.
[10] Yong Qin, Xudong Wang & Zhong Lin Wang (October 10, 2007). “Letter/abstract: Microfibre–nanowire
Nature
hybrid structure for energy scavenging”.
(Nature Publishing Group) 451 (7180): 809–813. doi:10.1038/nature06601. PMID 18273015. Retrieved
2008-02-13. cited in “Editor’s summary: Nanomaterial: power dresser”. Nature. Nature Publishing Group. February 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
[11] Trevisan, Adrian. “Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture”. Sense of Nature.
[12] Art-Gourds.com Traditional Peruvian embroidery production methods
[13] Euroflax Industries Ltd. “Euroflaxx Industries (Import of
Textiles)"

7

[14] Fonte, Diwata (August 23, 2005). “Milk-fabric clothing raises a few eyebrows”. The Orange County Register. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
[15] “India overtakes Germany and Italy, is new world No. 2 in textile exports”. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
[16] Green Inc. Blog “Cutting Water Use in the Textile Industry.” The New York Times. July 21, 2009. July 28, 2009.
[17] “What makes fabric “wrinkle-free"? Is it the weave or a special type of fiber?". Ask.yahoo.com. 2001-03-15.
Retrieved 2011-12-04.
[18] “The Materials Science and Engineering of Clothing”.
Tms.org. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
[19] Lazarov, A (2004). “Textile dermatitis in patients with contact sensitization in Israel: A 4-year prospective study”. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 18 (5): 531–7. doi:10.1111/j.14683083.2004.00967.x. PMID 15324387.
[20] Lazarov, A; Cordoba, M; Plosk, N; Abraham, D (2003).
“Atypical and unusual clinical manifestations of contact dermatitis to clothing (textile contact dermatitis): Case presentation and review of the literature”. Dermatology online journal 9 (3): 1. PMID 12952748.
[21] Scheman, AJ; Carroll, PA; Brown, KH; Osburn,
AH (1998).
“Formaldehyde-related textile allergy:
An update”.
Contact dermatitis 38 (6): 332–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05769.x. PMID
9687033.
[22] Alaee, M; Arias, P; Sjödin, A; Bergman, A (2003).
“An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release” (PDF). Environment International 29 (6): 683–9. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1. PMID 12850087.

10

Further reading

• Fisher, Nora. Rio Grande Textiles (Paperbound ed.).
Museum of New Mexico Press. Introduction by
Teresa Archuleta-Sagel. 196 pages with 125 black and white as well as color plates. Fisher is Curator
Emirta, Textiles & Costumes of the Museum of International Folk Art.
• Good, Irene (2006). “Textiles as a Medium of Exchange in Third Millennium B.C.E. Western Asia”.
In Mair, Victor H. Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 191–214. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4.
• Arai, Masanao (Textile Industry Research Institute of Gunma). "From Kitsch to Art Moderne:
Popular Textiles for Women in the First Half of
Twentieth-Century Japan" (Archive). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. Textile Society of America, January 1, 1998.

8

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text

• Textile Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile?oldid=700611246 Contributors: Marj Tiefert, Derek Ross, Vicki Rosenzweig, Bryan
Derksen, The Anome, Andre Engels, Khendon, Hajhouse, Karen Johnson, William Avery, Anthere, Safrax, Heron, Camembert, Montrealais, Renata, DevilRaysFan, Edward, Patrick, GABaker, Paul Barlow, Liftarn, Ixfd64, Sannse, GTBacchus, Delirium, Ellywa, Laura
Elizabeth, Александър, Ike9898, Daniel Quinlan, WhisperToMe, Itai, Nv8200pa, Omegatron, Traroth, Wetman, Robbot, Fifelfoo, Altenmann, Nurg, Rursus, LGagnon, Davodd, Sheridan, Hadal, Cedars, Jpo, Mintleaf~enwiki, Zora, Beardo, Jason Quinn, Solipsist, Gcom,
Alvestrand, Barneyboo, Chowbok, Andycjp, Quadell, Antandrus, Fuper, Jackiespeel, Neutrality, Apwoolrich, Mike Rosoft, Amxitsa, Eyrian, Noisy, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Andros 1337, Mani1, Bender235, Closeapple, JoeSmack, Nabla, El C, Joanjoc~enwiki,
Mwanner, Chairboy, RoyBoy, Bobo192, Shenme, Damast~enwiki, Vortexrealm, Of~enwiki, Kjkolb, Idleguy, Haham hanuka, Ranveig,
Alansohn, Ninio, Velella, Ubernostrum, BDD, Carbenium, HenryLi, Ceyockey, Saxifrage, Natalya, Ikiwaner, OwenX, Guy M, Brunnock, Polyparadigm, WadeSimMiser, Sonelle, Jwanders, TotoBaggins, John Hill, Zzyzx11, Mandarax, BD2412, FreplySpang, Dvyost,
Rjwilmsi, Kelora, Marasama, Darguz Parsilvan, Krash, The wub, Sumanch, RJP, Loggie, Kyriakos, Otets, BradBeattie, Newsjunkie, DaGizza, Scoops, PKM, DVdm, Bgwhite, Cactus.man, YurikBot, Wavelength, Borgx, Sceptre, Huw Powell, Red Slash, Casey56, Stephenb,
Lord Voldemort, Gaius Cornelius, Akhristov, Macukali, GeeJo, NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Grafen, Joel7687, BirgitteSB, Caiyu, Anetode,
Brandon, PhilipO, Syrthiss, Bota47, Asarelah, Wknight94, Rwxrwxrwx, Scheinwerfermann, 21655, Zzuuzz, Ninly, GraemeL, Vicarious,
Davidcraig, Allium, Luk, Cithara, SpLoT, Yvwv, Sardanaphalus, Veinor, SmackBot, Punkgeek, C.Fred, Blue520, Feezle, SarcasticDwarf,
Wittylama, Emysuperstar, Gilliam, Skizzik, Kevinalewis, Rst20xx, Durova, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Biatch, TDS, Quinsareth, Ce1984,
Master of Puppets, DMS, TheScurvyEye, PrimeHunter, The Rogue Penguin, Deli nk, Kobayen, Konstable, Kururu, Tsca.bot, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, KaiserbBot, Nixeagle, Rrburke, VMS Mosaic, Ines it, Whpq, Khoikhoi, Friendlyliz, PiMaster3, MichaelBillington,
DMacks, Just plain Bill, Kukini, John, Accurizer, Aleenf1, The Man in Question, 16@r, Beetstra, Lone wolf~enwiki, Stizz, Polanico,
TastyPoutine, Hogyn Lleol, MTSbot~enwiki, Onionmon, Ecurran, Wwagner, Levineps, Iridescent, MFago, Courcelles, Fibre2fashion,
Dlohcierekim, JForget, SleekWeasel, The Librarian, Neelix, Ahayweh, Erencexor, Pro bug catcher, Pika2chu, Petewailes, Cydebot, Clappingsimon, Gogo Dodo, Flowerpotman, ZaydHammoudeh, Dancter, Tawkerbot4, DumbBOT, Richinud, Optimist on the run, DJBullfish, Epbr123, HappyInGeneral, Andyjsmith, Missvain, John254, James086, Edal, KimMart, SusanLesch, Escarbot, I already forgot,
KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, TextileTeacher, Quintote, Luckylu77, Textilestudent1, John2727, Modernist, Farosdaughter,
Storkk, Cbrodersen, JAnDbot, Dan D. Ric, Iscaria, MER-C, Sarasays, BlindEagle, Epeefleche, Inks.LWC, Simon Burchell, Cynwolfe,
Severo, Acroterion, Geniac, Kimbalee1, VoABot II, JNW, Eilicea, Lucyin, Brewhaha@edmc.net, Alexandermiller, Laziz, Indon, Allstarecho, Davideilbeck, PoliticalJunkie, Glen, PrattTA1, Pax:Vobiscum, Peter coxhead, DGG, S3000, MartinBot, Arjun01, Ravichandar84,
Anaxial, Siliconov, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Dalelotherington, Mintz l, Acalamari, Natural fibre, Johnbod, TimofKingsland, Seochris, (jarbarf), Artware~enwiki, LittleHow, Belovedfreak, NewEnglandYankee, KylieTastic, Juliancolton, Cometstyles, Jamesontai, Bonadea, Red
Thrush, Ja 62, Fashiononly, Swiktorek, Idioma-bot, Red Thrush’s Bot, Yns18, VolkovBot, ABF, Jlaperre, Philip Trueman, Mercurywoodrose, Chopanov, Mbvanleeuwen, Qxz, Mkeane1019, Anna Lincoln, JhsBot, Monkeynoze, Mknight44, Billinghurst, Meters, Enviroboy, Aberges, Brianga, Javidnia, Bluedenim, Symane, Logan, Helelen, LuigiManiac, Neparis, Davinis, Cosprings, SieBot, Tiddly Tom,
Caltas, RJaguar3, Storytellershrink, Jbterweele, SorrryCharlie, VAwebteam, DGGenuine, Hearingpocket, AngelOfSadness, Bagatelle, OKBot, Stlsnyde, Vice regent, Thelmadatter, David Trumbull, Escape Orbit, Jordan 1972, ShelleyAdams, WordyGirl90, WikipedianMarlith,
Atif.t2, ClueBot, LAX, The Thing That Should Not Be, Enthusiast01, 5hin3, Arakunem, Meekywiki, Mild Bill Hiccup, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Dfielke, Excirial, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Three-quarter-ten, Adimovk5, Renaediane2000, N p holmes, Dekisugi, Vlatkovedral,
Versus22, SpartanPhalanx, MelonBot, T71024, Qwfp, Johnuniq, SoxBot III, DumZiBoT, MoiAussie, Skunkboy74, Pdiddy07, Dazianllc,
Tranquilizenando, XLinkBot, Roxy the dog, Bilsonius, Rio4tense, Ost316, Skarebo, Mifter, Sazidrahman, ZooFari, Shoemaker’s Holiday, HexaChord, Felix Folio Secundus, Earthwin, Addbot, DOI bot, Betterusername, Blechnic, Misscheeseychips, CanadianLinuxUser,
Fluffernutter, Download, DFS454, ChenzwBot, 5 albert square, Tide rolls, William S. Saturn, Lightbot, Middayexpress, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Themfromspace, Pink!Teen, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Ptbotgourou, Membre, GateKeeper, Aboalbiss, Cochas, Shiner149, Eric-Wester, Tempodivalse, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Rubinbot, Winmor9, Adeliine, Jim1138, JackieBot, Materialscientist, Axwe8, Lobbybob,
Rehansaccount, Xqbot, Wanker bear, Magellan the luko, Capricorn42, Semiblanca, Patricia0139, GrouchoBot, Abce2, Sunilbharatpur,
Jezhotwells, SassoBot, Karghazini, Mufin337, Shadowjams, Gnuish, Appeltree1, Tct13, Originalwana, Io Herodotus, Mìthrandir, Ratpole,
Citation bot 1, Texarun, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Timyeomans33, Gamfordex, Brad Polard, Jschnur, Σ, Jtslm, FoxBot, AlYarg, Lam
Kin Keung, Lotje, Fox Wilson, Vrenator, Zvn, 777sms, Bluefist, Executional, Reaper Eternal, Aniten21, Annewikigenie, Onel5969, Mean as custard, TjBot, Razon ali, Salvio giuliano, LcawteHuggle, Gf uip, EmausBot, Milkunderwood, Heracles31, Super48paul, Racerx11,
JustinTime55, Donald Draper, Kana12357656w4562, Wikipelli, Daniachury, Mdubbs11209, Mark344, Lobsterthermidor, ZéroBot, John
Cline, Rocketry, Érico, Lateg, Shumdum, Medeis, Gz33, Erianna, Spinnr, Orange Suede Sofa, ChuispastonBot, Markbiplob, Nafeezabrar,
DASHBotAV, Rockman03, Ninjazebra, Wafaashohdy, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Pocky-yori, Andrei S, Invitrovanitas,
Gilderien, Satellizer, Piast93, Ecoyaa, Castncoot, Rezabot, Khaled147, Widr, HotWinters, Mtking, Helpful Pixie Bot, Alafarge, I am genral hahahahaha, Грищук ЮН, Calabe1992, SarahBeeFree, Analyst46289, Lowercase sigmabot, Vardusu, Aa1232011, ElizabethCB123,
Seoman1Snowlock, Minsar, AvocatoBot, Rm1271, Silvrous, OttawaAC, Altaïr, Cpgdaarfob, Michael12345678910, Glacialfox, Rutebega,
Daniyar, Nevbezz, ChrisGualtieri, NitRav, BuzyBody, Silver Bison, Cerabot~enwiki, July20100110, Graphium, Mahomid, Corinne, The
Anonymouse, Reatlas, Melonkelon, Eyesnore, Ravioli dog, Harlem Baker Hughes, Jodosma, DavidLeighEllis, Arina 23, Khafesho, Pradeepkumarkoduru, Md.Azad Hosen, BethNaught, Gich Joe, Trackteur, Sazzedhossain, KasparBot, Butthole01, Terry Finer, Dingding12345,
Abhinav3711 and Anonymous: 601

11.2

Images

• File:Alpackaull.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Originally from sv.wikipedia; description page is (was) here * 26 september 2005 kl. 16.42 633×567 (389 332 bytes) (sv:Alpackaull Foto:sv:Damast
This template will categorize into Category:Wikipedia license migration candidates. sv:Kategori:Textilier) Original artist: Foto:Damast. User Damast on sv.wikipedia
• File:Batik_Indonesia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Batik_Indonesia.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 nl Contributors: self-made - Eigen werk Original artist: MartijnL

11.3

Content license

9

• File:Cloth_800.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Cloth_800.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Woman as decoration by Burbank, Emily http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18901 Original artist: Unknown
• File:DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/
DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kenneth Mayer
• File:Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/
Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cochas
• File:GuatemalaWeavings79.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/GuatemalaWeavings79.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: photo taken by Infrogmation Original artist: Infrogmation
• File:Jute_nahtlos.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Jute_nahtlos.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Original artist: SoylentGreen
• File:Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg
License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Steve Evans from Bangalore, India
• File:MacLachlan_hunting_tartan_(D._W._Stewart).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/
MacLachlan_hunting_tartan_%28D._W._Stewart%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: This file was derived from MacLachlan hunting tartan (D. W. Stewart).jpg:
Original artist: MacLachlan_hunting_tartan_(D._W._Stewart).jpg: Celtus
• File:Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: David Adam Kess
• File:P1080828.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/P1080828.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors:
Template:Photo maden by Gryshchuk Yuriy (Грищук ЮН), Odessa, Ukraine Original artist: Грищук Юрий Николаевич, г.Одесса
• File:Simple-textile-magnified.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Simple-textile-magnified.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Edal Anton Lefterov
• File:Tablecloth_romanian_1full_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Tablecloth_romanian_ 1full_view.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Groupsixty. Original artist: The original uploader was Paulnasca at English Wikipedia
• File:Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Textile_-_Persian_Traditional_tools_-_Photo_by_Seraj_Mirdamadi.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/6/61/Textile_-_Persian_Traditional_tools_-_Photo_by_Seraj_Mirdamadi.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: PersianDutchNetwork
• File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs), based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

11.3

Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0