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ACADEMIC PHRASEBANK
(http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/index.htm)

ABSTRACT

Motivation
...

Problem Statement
An experimental investigation was conducted to explore …
The effect of …… is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of …
This article provides numerically study of the …..
In this study, ….. was analyzed.
This article presents an exhaustive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments. Approach
… is investigated by a numerical study.

Results
The results reveal that …
Based on the results, ….
The calculation in this work suggest that ….
The results also show that …
The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the ….
It was found that …

Conclussion
…, and areas for future research are recommended.
Implications of the results and future research directions are also presented.
The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the …

INTRODUCTION

Establishing the importance of the topic:
The topic of natural convection in enclosures is one of the most active areas in heat transfer research today ...
One of the most significant current discussions in nanotechnology is ....
The knowledge of the X in Y is important for an understanding of ...
The X has been investigated by many researchers using ...
In the recent decades, X has been one of the major interesting research subjects due to ...
In the past two decades, X spaces have been studied extensively.
Recent developments in X have heightened the need for ....
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ....
Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ....
Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ......
The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ....
The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of ....
Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in ....
In the past years, the X has attracted much attention as a ...
The primary goal of turbine cooling research during the past years was to develop
Film cooling on turbine components has been studied since the 1970’s, and...
X has been studied over the latest few decades because ...

General descriptions of the relevant literature:
Researchers have studied the effect of ...
Previous studies have primarily concentrated on …
There have been several studies in the literature reporting ….
A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ....
There is a large volume of published studies describing ....
The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1980s with ....
During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ....

In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ....
A large and growing body of literature has investigated ....
In recent years, several studies have focused on …


General reference to previous research
Many researchers have argued that .... [1-3].
There is a consensus among social scientisits that ....[1-3].
Numerous studies have attempted to explain .... [1-3]
Recent evidence suggests that .... [1-3]
Several attempts have been made to .... [1-3]
Several studies have revealed that ..... [1-3]
Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ....[1-3]
Previous studies have reported .... [1-3].
Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory [1-3]
A number of studies have found that .... [1-3].
A number of study analyses have examined the relationship between .... [1-3]
The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated [1-3]
The causes of X have been widely investigated [1-3].
It has been suggested that .... [1-3]
It has conclusively been shown that .... [1-3]
Previous research has shown that….. [2]
Studies have found that …. [1-3].
More recent studies have confirmed that …. [1-3]

Time frame references
In 1975, Author et al. published a paper in which they described ....[4]
In 1990 Author et al. demonstrated that .... [4]
Thirty years later, Author reported that .... [4]
In the 1970s Author pointed that …. [4]
In 1981, Author and co workers demonstrated that.... [4]

In 1990, Author et al. reported.... [4]
In 1984 Author et al. Concluded that .... [4]

Author as subject
Author identifies ....
Author lists three possibilities....
Author traces the development of ....
Author provides in-depth analysis of the work of ....
Author highlights the need to....
Author discusses the challenges and strategies for ....
Author mentions the siginificant relationship between ....
Author questions whether ....
Author argued that/the ….
Author carried out numerical study of ….
Author describes ….
Author discovered ….
Author found that ….
Author has demonstrated that ....
Author have proposed ….
Author indicated that ….
Author investigated on….
Author investigated the ....
Author measured the ….
Author noted that ....
Author observed that ….
Author posited that ….
Author proposed ….
Author raised several concerns about …. They suggested that….
Author reported that/the ....
Author researched the ….
Author showed … .
Author studied ….

Author suggested that ....
Author summarized that ....
Author presented ....
Author extended this work to ….
Author presented a comprehensive review of ….
Author performed experimental investigations on …
Author performed numerical analysis of …
Author analyzed ….
Author studied the … Their analysis revealed that ….
Author reviewed the available literature on …

Research topic as subject
…, such as the works of Author et al. were carried out by Author. was done by Author were investigated by Author. was attemted by Author
… is analyzed by Author

Others
For example, Author found that….
Recently, Author gave a comprehensive review on ….
In a different study, Author examined….
In another study, Author examined ....
Another studies by Author....
According to Author….
According to an investigation by Author, ….
The study by Author examined the ….
A study by Author suggests there should be ...
As highlighted by Author, ….
According to Author, ....

Study by Author found that ….
…. model was used by Author to do research on ….
…. model was used by Author to predict ….
The study of Author was the ….
With the same objective, Author conducted numerical experiments on …..
More recently, Author investigated ….
Early studies by Author ….

Highlighting contradict findings
However, a number of studies show that significant differences do exist, albeit findings are somewhat contradictory.
Author found differences suggesting that….
In contrast, Author concluded that ....
In contrast, the study by Author indicated that ....
The above findings contradict the study by Author. Author examined…
However, interestingly, this is contrary to a study conducted by Author.
Despite prior evidence [2],….
These results were contradicted by the experiments of Author who considered ….
However, it was later shown by Author that ….

Highlighting similar findings
The research study by Author also found ....
Author also found that ....
Furthermore, Author concluded that ....
Furthermore, Author showed that ....
In addition, according to Author …
In addition, Author showed that …
The finding is consistent with findings of past studies by Author, which ....
The above finding is consistent with the study by Author. Author examined…
Research finding by Author also points towards..
…is consistent with literature [4].

Similarly, Author found …
Author added that the …..
This is supported by Author study which reveal that …..
Author also provided ...
.... and found similar results to those obtained by Author.
In addition to work of Author A, Author B provides …
..... by Author also showed similar results.
This is consistent with the …. of Author, which showed that ....

Highlighting a knowledge gap in the field of study
However, to the best of authors knowledge, no report has been found so far using ....
As far we know, the problem has not been considered before.
Although X have been widely used on the X, there has been limited use on ....
Literature reviews have indicated that there were no ....
So far, however, there has been little discussion about ....
However, far too little attention has been paid to .....
Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
In addition, no research has been found that surveyed ....
So far this method has only been applied to ....
However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ....
The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ....
However, there is no reliable evidence that ....
As shown above, most studies examined ....
On the other hand, no study has examined....
Yet, very few studies have examined…
There are a quite few research studies on X. However, studies on X are rare to find in literature. Unfortunately few studies have been carried out on….
Studies relating to X have been relatively scanty (few) and that there is no study focusing on…. There is also a little research about X. Realizing the gap in the extant literature, more research is needed for …….To our knowledge, no research has been carried out on …….. To address these gaps….
It appears from the aforementioned investigations that numeruos investigation have been conducted the effects of … However, no attempt was made to investigate …
Although there were many researches about …, few of them focused on …. So it is necessary to do deep research on .…
However, there is no study present .…
There are only a few studies in literature that deal with ….
It appears from the aforementioned investigations that most attention has been paid to ….
Furthermore, it can be seen from the limited works on …..
No attempt was done to explore the potential of ….
Most of the open literatures on the …..were focused mainly on the …..In addition to these primary data, systematic studies on the ….are still needed for better understanding of …
A careful study of the literature reveals that the …..has not been thoroughly investigated. A clear understanding of ….is very essential for …
It may however be noted that nost od the studies were aimed at …. and a rigorous study for
….has not been attempted to.
On …..one unresolved question is why ….
Nevertheless, few studies are to be found providing detailed ….
Most previous studies have …., however, it is essential to provide ….
However, …. are still lacking.
There have been relatively few recent studies on …..
It should be noted from the above literature review, however, that limited studies are available on…… and this has motivated the present study.
It should be noted, however, that all the previous studies of ….that are reported in the open literature …… To the best of author knowledge, the case of …. has not been given great attention by the researchers in the past and this motivated the present study.
Although the above invetsigation examined the ….., to the best of author knowledge, only few reference in the literature systematically describe the effect of. …. This was the motivation behind the present study.
In general, as observed from prior studies, it is difficult to obtain performance enhancement
…. Therefore, another motivation for this study is to …

In summary, many interesting results indicating the potential of …. have been reported.
However most of the studies in the open literature did not simultaneusly examine the effect of …
To the author best knowledge, previous studies on … only focussed on …..
Although these investigations reported many interesting results, litle work has examined ….
In particular, the effect of ….remains unexplored.
A survey of literature on …. is scarcely reported.

Focus, Aim, Objective:
The objective of the present work paper is to investigate ...
In this work we propose a simulation which uses ...
The objective of this study is to develop ...
This paper will focus on/examine/give an account of ....
The objectives of this paper are to determine whether ....
This paper seeks to address the following questions:
This paper critically examines/discusses/traces ....
The aim of this paper is to determine/examine ....
The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate ....
The present study examined numerically the ....
This study was spawned from the lack of research of ....
The objective of this paper is to numerically study ....
Therefore, this study aims to experimentally investigate the ....
Therefore, the present study carried out the ....
The primary goal of this study was to determine the ....
The current study involves an investigation of the effects of ....
Accordingly, the present study attempts to…
The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects of ….The paper also explores …
The current study attempts to cover a wide variety of…….
The goal of this study is develop a more rigorous understanding of …
The present study considers ….
The present study explores the influence of …
The present study focuses on …
The present work is an extension of the work reported earlier by Author with emphases on ..

The purpose of this article is to…..
The purpose of this study is to determine….
The purpose of this study was to ….
Therefore, the intention of the present study is to ….
This paper researched the …..
This study contributes to the extant literature in several ways. First …
This study tested the hypothesis that …
This study was undertaken to …
This paper attempts to provide a more detailed investigations regarding the effects of …
While the objective of the present investigation focus on ….the long term implications of this study will impact....
In this study, …..has been investigated .
The present work compares ....
This paper continues the effort of Author to understand the ….
The purpose of this research was ….
In this paper, ….. is proposed.
Thus, the present study deals with ...
Hence the goal of this paper is to find out if there exist a possibility for improving the heat transfer using …..which was not favored in prior attempts by ….
The main aim of the present study is to investigate …
This work presents …
The present study is motivated by the need to take into consideration the …
The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into the ....
This paper will review the research conducted on ....
This paper reviews the literature concerning the usefulness of using ....


Significant of the study
To accomplish this aim and to respond to a recent call for research to…
The findings of this study will help…..
The contribution of this study is obvious as the resulting outcomes can be capitalized as guidelines to ….
The current study contributes to our knowledge by addressing four important issues. First, ….

The long term implications of this study will impact ...
The uniqueness of this study exists in the fact that …
To demonstrate the potential of this approach and its suitability for the application, ….is investigated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Discussion of Results
The discussion of the results begin with …
This finding highlights…
The finding of the present study suggest that
The findings suggest that …..
The finding provides evidence that …
This study indicates that …
The results of the present study also suggest that..
The present findings also suggest that …
Our finding revealed that …
Among the plausible explanations for these findings is that ….
The most striking result to emerge from the data is that ......
Interestingly, this correlation is related to .....
The correlation between X and Y is interesting because ......
The more surprising correlation is with the ......
The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison was ......

Comparisons of Results with previous findings
The present finding also support Author study which concluded that ....
The finding is consistent with findings of past studies by Author, which….
Consistent with findings by Author, we found that …
The result is in the lines of earlier literature [5] that found…
…..which was consistent with the finding of Author.
This … reflects the findings of Author.
Author found that …., which is in good agreement with the results of the present study.
…from the present study agrees relatively well with that from Author.

Highlighting significant data in a table/chart
It is apparent from this table that very few ......
This table is quite revealing in several ways. First, unlike the other tables ......

Data from this table can be compared with the data in Table 4.6 which shows ......
From the data in Figure 9, it is apparent that ......
From this data we can see that ......
The histogram in Fig 1. indicates that ......
What is interesting in this data is that ......
In Fig.10 there is a clear trend of decreasing ......
As Table III shows, there is a significant difference between the two groups.
The differences between X and Y are highlighted in Table 4.

Discussion data from table/figure
Table A presents …
Figure 1 presents …
In table 2, …
Table 2, however, shows that……(unexpected results).
Table 2 demonstrates that….
Table 2 indicates that …
Table 2 shows that ….
Figure A shows
Figure A and B show
Figure 1 is the …
Table 1 provides ..
Figure A illustrates …
Figure A exhibits …
As illustrated in table 2, …
As shown in table 2, …
It appears from table 1 that, …
As table 1 indicates, …
In the Figure A,…
From the Figure A,…
… plotted in Figure 1 clearly show ..
….are illustrated in Figure 1.

…… are shown in table 2.
…… are presented in Table 2.
The …..are presented in figure 1. As shown in the figure …
….. depicted in figure 1.
, Figure A.
….is shown in Table 1.
… is shown in Figure A.
… are showed in Table 1.
; see figure A.
, visible in Figure A.
…. Is given in Table 1.

CONCLUSSION

Restatement of aims
This study set out to determine ....
The present study was designed to determine the effect of ....
In this investigation, the aim was to assess ....
The purpose of the current study was to determine ....
This project was undertaken to design .... and evaluate ....
… are investigated
This paper presented results of …

Summarising the findings
This study has shown that ....
These findings suggest that in general ....
One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that ....
It was also shown that....
This study has found that generally ....
The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study ....
The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.
This study/research has shown that ....
The second major finding was that ....
The results of this investigation show that ....
The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that ....
The following points emerged from the present investigation: 1….. 2….
…,
The main finding can be summarized as follow: 1..2..
The following conclussions can be made: 1..2…
Important conclussions drawn from this work include: 1…2…
The following conclussions were obtained. 1)….2)..
Analysis of the computed results show the following: 1)…..2)…
In summary, the current study unveils just the tip of iceberg of ….
The following is a summary of conclusions. 1…2)…

Some important observations are noted and summarized below.
....

Significance of the findings
The evidence from this study suggests that ....
The results of this study indicate that ....
The findings of this study suggest that ....
The X that we have identified therefore assists in our understanding of the role of ....
These findings enhance our understanding of ....
This research will serve as a base for future studies and ....
The current findings add substantially to our understanding of ....
The current findings add to a growing body of literature on ....
The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of ....
The present study, however, makes several noteworthy contributions to ....
The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature. First,…

Recommendations for further work
This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation. Further work needs to be done to establish whether ....
It is recommended that further research be undertaken in the following areas: Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate ....
What is now needed is a study involving ....
More broadly, research is also needed to determine ....
Further research might explore/investigate ....
Further research in this field/regarding the role of X would be of great help in ....
Further investigation and experimentation into X is strongly recommended. A number of possible future studies using the same experimental set up are apparent. It would be interesting to assess the effects of ....
More information on X would help us to establish a greater degree of accuracy on this matter.
If the debate is to be moved forward, a better understanding of .... needs to be developed. These findings provide the following insights for future research: ....

Considerably more work will need to be done to determine ....
More research is needed to better understand when implementation ends and ....
A further study could assess ….
A future study investigating X would be very interesting.
Future research should therefore concentrate on the investigation of ….
More research is required on ....

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...from these events? How have they affected your personality or how you deal with situations now? Remember the focus of the essay is on the contrasting impacts of these events in your life. These events do not have to be major events, they could be minor in nature but their impact on you could be great and long lasting. Undertake the task of pre writing for this topic. Select your two events. Describe them in point form. Consider their diverse impacts on your life. By the end of this class you should have completed your pre writing and make sure you get your sheet signed by me. You have the week to work on your first draft. Those of you who would like to show me the first draft are free to submit it to me online and I shall hand them back to you online. I will tell you whether you are on the right track, however this is optional and you will not be penalized if you do not show me your first draft. You need to give me Draft 1 by Tuesday, Feb 26. This will be an online submission under Assignments on ilearn. I will correct it and give it back to you by Sunday March 3, and then you will work on changing the draft according to my corrections and bring it to class on Tuesday, March 5 when we will have a peer review session. So after our class today you need to upload your first drafts of the essay in a week, by Feb 26 in an area marked out as Essay 1 under Assignments on Ilearn. You need to exchange your second drafts with two of your classmates on Tuesday, March...

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...Essay Writer can provide students with the exact answers to their essay assignments through our free essay section as well as our custom essay writing services. All of Essay Writer’s free essays are uploaded to our site by some college and university students in the UK to serve as informative guides and comparative templates to help you finish your own essay writing tasks with greater ease and clarity. These sample essays are readily downloadable and very easily accessible; just simply select a subject area or topic from our list of available subjects. You can then go through our list of available essay titles under that subject. Welcome to Essay Writer’s free essays section! You can now access our very extensive collection of free essays. These essays are all original and previously not made available to anyone, and are excellently written and submitted by some well meaning college students who wish to share their knowledge to help you do better in writing your own essays. Below is the list of the subject areas we cover in our free essays section. Simply select the subject that corresponds to your need. You will then be shown a list of all the essay titles available for that specific subject. Essay Writer regularly updates its free essay database. Keep checking back for additional subjects or topics. You may also bookmark our Free Essays page to make it easier to check back on the availability of our free essays. To bookmark this page, simply click on the bookmark...

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...tutorial x 13 weeks)     Level: Foundation/Matriculation     Lecturers: Ms Fazidah Abdul Jamil., Mdm Goh Wan Chen, Ms Saratha Thevi Ramasamy, Ms Norzaireen Shamsul Kamar Synopsis: This course is designed for students who require the necessary skills for tertiary studies. Some basic grammatical concepts are taught and students are to apply them in their writing. Writing will focus on the development of coherent paragraphs. Reading skills will cover such strategies as scanning, skimming, main ideas, contextual clues and inferences. Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this subject, student will be able to: 1. write summaries as well as process, comparison-contrast and cause-effect essays 2. apply basic grammatical concepts in writing 3. answer questions based on academic texts 4. give oral presentations Textbook: 1. Daise, D., Norloff, C., and Carne, P., (2011). Q: Skills for Success 4 : Reading and Writing Oxford University Press, UK 2. Paterson, K, and Wedge, R., (2013). Oxford Grammar for EAP. Oxford University Press, UK Recommended References: Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1997), Cambridge University Press, UK Mode of Assessment: [1] Class participation 5% [2] Quiz 1 15% [3] Quiz 2 10% [4] Oral Presentation 10% [5] Mid-Term Examination 20% [6] Final Examination 40% Syllabus – FDENG001 |Week |UNIT |Topics ...

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...Define Your Thesis For essays that are part of an Early Years Care & Education Degree, it is important to clearly define a thesis statement within the first paragraph of the essay. Even if you are given a topic to write, such as the importance of preschool classes in low-income neighborhoods, you need to develop a strong thesis in your own words. Here is an example: "Preschool classes in low-income neighborhoods are a crucial step in helping all children enter elementary school at the same educational level, regardless of the income of the family." Once you have defined a clear thesis, you can proceed to the rest of your essay. However, without a clear thesis, your essay will not hold up. Use Examples The majority of your essay should be a careful and clear argument that supports your thesis statement. Do research and cite as many examples as possible to prove your point. For an essay about the merits of all-day educational opportunities for preschool-aged children, check trustworthy sources such as the National Association for the Education of Young Children and national PTA. Provide each point in a strong and complete paragraph. Each paragraph should have a main statement, supporting information and a conclusion. Tie In Conclusion After you have made your argument, state your conclusion in a clear and concise manner. Whether you have proven that the teacher ratio in a preschool setting should be lower than 4 to 1 or made a case for more national funding for the education...

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...Carmen Hollow Mr. Beurskens College English Critique Essay: The Morals of the Prince May 3, 2011 The Grey Area between Good and Evil: A Critique of “The Morals of the Prince” by Niccolo Machiavelli Introduction We’ve all made a promise that we couldn’t keep and we have all felt bad about breaking those promises. Whether it was a promise to our parents, our children or a co-worker, we don’t feel good about it, but sometimes it can’t be helped. Usually if we couldn’t keep a promise it was for a good reason and not a selfish one. To the person that we made the promise to, we may be viewed as uncaring or unreliable, but to ourselves we know that we had to make a decision that could hurt someone but at the same time our decision could help that same person or persons. Making a promise and not being able to keep it for one reason or another, is one of the few topics that Machiavelli writes of in his essay “The Morals of the Prince”. He also tells why he believes a prince should be feared rather than loved, and why a prince should be stingy and not generous. He wants us to know how a “perfect” prince should act and behave so that the prince will be viewed upon as a great prince. Summary Machiavelli writes about how he believes a prince should act and behave to be considered a successful prince, one that is loved and feared, liberal and stingy, one that knows when to keep his word and when to break it. In his essay, Machiavelli writes “a prince who wants to keep his post...

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...Basic techniques for generating ideas. Brainstorming. Brainstorming consists in writing series of words or sentences just as they flow from our mind, although they have no logical order or connections. Once the words are written down, we have to establish relationships among them. This is the embryo of the future text. Free writing. Free writing is a similar technique to the brainstorming. Consists in writing a text without previous decisions or ideas about how we want to write it. Just choosing a topic and writing about it, and then we can summarise the main ideas. Organisation of information. There are some basic rules for writing a well - structured text. The text should be organised in a clear way; it must not be a twisted or an incomprehensible lot of ideas. We have to try to write according to certain conventions about hoe the text is organised. We have to structure our text in paragraphs. Each paragraph must express one idea. Some rules referring to the paragraphs: A paragraph must be clearly separated from other paragraphs, either by an empty line or by indenting the first line, or both. There must be no blank spaces or half-empty lines inside the paragraph. A paragraph in academic prose does not begin with a dot, a line or a kind of mark, except in special circumstances. Each body paragraph must normally have a topic sentence, and more than one sentence. Types of paragraphs. The introductory paragraph. There must be at least one...

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