...Stem cells are a special type of cell located in the bodies of all multicellular animal life. They are the precursor stage of all adult cells, so are unique in their ability to develop into every other type of cell in the human body. This specialisation makes them of great interest in the field of biomedicine, as they can be utilised to replace damaged or lost cells in individuals with injuries or genetic illnesses. However, the research and usage of human stem cells remains a controversial and divisive matter. This essay will explain the main reasons why controversy surrounds their use as a medical therapy. The main controversy of stem cells being used in medicine revolves primarily around the research and usage of a particular kind of human stem cell; embryonic stem cells(ES cells). ES cells, as the name implies, are stem cells found only in the innermost mass of cells within blastocysts; the early stage of a human embryo. The extraction of these cells for use however, results in the destruction of the blastocyst. This raises issues about the morality of extracting ES cells, as they can only be removed at the cost of denying the future embryo the chance of developing into the foetal stage and subsequently, becoming a human life. One philosophical outlook on why the use of ES cells is immoral is that “...the human embryo is the same individual as the human organism at subsequent stages of development”1, a viewpoint that is relayed in the sentiments of a 2003 public...
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...Maffei Stem Cell Research Essay Majority of the general population knows or has heard something in reference to stem cell research, weather it is from magazine articles or news, at some point in our daily lives we’ve heard the term “Stem Cell Research.” Stem cells due to their controversial nature, has seen numerous changes in the legislation governing its research and the types of stem cells – weather it is fetal, cord, embryonic, etc... – The legislation affecting stem cells can determine where the U.S. stands on this ground breaking research. According to Lanza, A simple definition for stem cells is as follows “a stem cell is a cell that has the potential to develop into a number of different types of cells in the body.” (2011). Basically, stem cells are the base of all organs and tissues in the human body, a master cell of some sort. Stems cell, also have the potential be the backbone of many medical breakthroughs in centuries to come, from age prevention to helping with disabilities such as blindness, inability to walk, etc... As mention earlier in this paper there are many types of stem cells, but for purpose of this paper I shall focus on adult & embryonic stem cells. An adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that is found amongst differentiated cells in an organ or tissue that processes the ability to renew itself, as well as differentiate into other specialized cell types. By their nature, adult stem cells aren’t as controversial as embryonic stem cells...
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...degenerative diseases, thereby defective genes could be replaced and help improve the lives of millions. However, cloning in the human sense has had a difficult start. DNA cloning has permitted the development of modern biology, in particular within the last forty years. In this time frame the world has passed from theories to actually cloning genes. Subsequently, The University of Utah Health Sciences did a study on the history of cloning: Mitalipov and colleagues were the first to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a human embryo. …In this experiment, researchers took a skin cell from a patient and fused it with a donated egg cell. Key to the success of the experiment was the modification to the culture liquid in which the procedure was done and to the series of electrical pulses used to stimulate the egg to begin its division. Following the cloning controversy of 2004–2005, in which South Korean scientists falsely claimed to have used somatic cell nuclear transfer to create embryonic stem cell lines, the scientific community demanded much stronger evidence that the procedure had actually been successful. (Learn. Genetics) Subsequently, many states in the US began to prohibit the use of therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Regardless, cloning should be decriminalized, with the stipulation that serious regulations be put into place. People, often too caught in the moral implications of cloning never take the time to learn the scientific process. Moral implications are thoughts...
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...In your opinion, when does life begin and what are the ethical implications of your position? While some suggest that life is a continuum as gametes link generations, it is the society’s general view that life begins at a distinct time point. To many, life begins at the time when we are born in the hospital as a baby. At that particular moment, an individual is officially declared as “born” and thus be granted an identify in the society. Seemingly, life of an individual begins at birth. However, debates on when life begins have been on-going throughout human history due to its significant ethical, biomedical and philosophical consequences. Despite the many factors we need to consider when thinking about when life begins, Dr. Ricki Lewis, a science writer with a PhD in genetics, managed to narrow down the options to 17 time points, based primarily on biomedical factors. Amongst these time points, I believe life begins at week 22 of pregnancy. In this essay, I will support my stance by comparing it to some other major arguments. The ethical implications of my stance will also be illustrated and discussed. Life begins only when an organism has the ability to survive. When we discuss when life begins, it is important to define what life is. There are three definitions of life, said Dr. Chris McKay on his article. Life can be referred to a collective understanding of a system of material entitles that can undergo evolution (i.e. when we are asking if there is any life...
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...2010 Cloning Human, animal, and plant cloning is one of the most controversial subjects in modern science. There are many good arguments in favor of cloning, as well as many against it. In my opinion, plant and animal cloning could be very efficient to society by way of creating more food, but I also view it as unethical. In this essay I will discuss many pro’s and con’s of cloning. Cloning can help the human race in many ways, but is it necessary? One way it can help us is by the cloning of plants and animals. In doing this, we could create more food and genetically engineer the food to maximize its health. "Commercial livestock cloning could inundate the food supply with novel products that have not been safety tested."(Mendelson). Most scientists who oppose the idea claim that cloned animals usually have birth defects, and have not been properly tested for safe consumption. Although this could be true, with the rapidly advancing technology in today’s world it probably will not be long until cloning is perfected, and the animals pass all tests. However, is the cloning of animals really necessary for us to survive? Those who are on the more ethical side of the matter believe that God has and will continue to provide us with plenty of plants and animals to survive on. Thus, the argument can go back and forth depending on your beliefs and personal ethics. Ultimately the answer to the question is what you make it. Another way cloning can benefit us is by the cloning of human...
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...Presents MINI-RESEARCH STRATEGIES & MODELS Mini-Research Activities Increase Student Achievement Support the Mission of the 21st Century Librarian INCLUDES: LM_Net commentary on preventing of plagiarism vs. detection and punishment strategies The challenge to librarians of the Pew and N2H2 Study of student Internet use Doug Johnson strategies for Low Probability of Plagiarism (LPP) Mini-Research models and strategies curb plagiarism and develop writing and critical thinking Scientific-based research (SBR) supports the use of mini-research activities to increase student achievement © ProQuest LLC – May be reproduced for Educational Purposes September 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Section Selected LM_Net Librarian Comments about Positive Strategies for Preventing Plagiarism Strategies for Creating Low Probability of Plagiarism Research Activities—Doug Johnson Bloom‘s Taxonomy of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and Mini-Research ProQuest Mini-Research Strategies Correlated to HOTS -- (Bloom‘s Taxonomy) Mini-Research Formal Model—Integrate Technology and Prevent Plagiarism Mini-Research Draft Summary Model Integrates Technology Methods and Skills Mini-Research Informal Model—Integrate Technology and Prevent Plagiarism Flexible Rubrics Model for Teacher Evaluation of Mini-Research Reports APPENDIX ProQuest Mini-Research Process vs. Traditional Research Renewed Emphasis on the Importance of Writing and Mini-Research Activities Scientific-based Research (SBR), Mini-Research...
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...signifies the turning of given phenomena into human-induced processes, and in doing so seeks to control, if not outright eliminate, otherwise given differences. In the latter sense, cloning is equally applicable to biological organisms and cultural artifacts, including law. Seen from this perspective the homogenization of international law in the field of biotechnology is a telling case of the cloning of international law. The essay will begin with a science fiction account of cloning through a brief discussion of Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World.17 I will then move to discuss two case studies of genetic regulation, which simultaneously address the problem of cloning and reproduce the problem on a different level. The first concerns human cloning and the 2005 United Nation Declaration on the Human Cloning.18 The second concerns stem-cell research and a more recent decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of Brüstle v. Greenpeace (2011), to impose a blanket prohibition on patenting the outcome of stem-cell research. The two cases represent the growing international governance of biotechnologies. Both regulations set limits on the use of specific biotechnologies either by an outright prohibition of the practice, or by refusing to patent its outcome. In both cases, the underlying justification for the regulation is the concern that regulation on a national level is an insufficient response to the rise of these technologies. There are, however...
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...humans, and plants. Cloning is very unethical. It would be violating the human rights in many ways. Cloning also reduces human dignity. Switching up DNA would change so much to the victim and how it reacts is uncertain. The unique and distinctive ethical issues raised by the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer to create children relate to serious safety concerns and to a set of questions about what it means to be human.(Khan Academy) Since cloning can be very complicated some serious issues can be made. Adding DNA to create clones of humans,...
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...It is possible to clone mammals. Is it morally acceptable to clone a human being? Defend your answer against those who would not agree with you. By: Martin Pierce Student Number: 1057404 In cloning for medical-research purposes the development of the embryo is halted as soon as a cluster of stem cells develops. The stem cells are then harvested for research purposes. Due to the fact that no infant is born (in fact the embryo never even gets past the blastocyst stage), it is argued that this type of cloning has nothing to do with human cloning. (Hatch Backs Limited Cloning, 2002). For this reason this paper shall take the statement “to clone a human being” as meaning cloning that results in a fully formed human and not on the cloning of embryos for the purposes of research. The issues around cloning are in the main more ethical than theological and yet most of the objections to cloning come from religious sources, even if those objections are not religious in nature. The first objection is that cloning leaves God out of the process of human creation. This only makes sense though if your definition of God is of a being that plays a role in the birth of each member of our species. Even holding to this view it does not necessarily follow that cloning is comparable to playing God (Brannigan, 2001). How can science prevent a supposedly...
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...Their first two children had been boys, and the parents wanted a girl to create a balanced family. Using IFV and PGD (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis), they were able to choose the gender of their child. Through this well-known case of use of Genetic Engineering for aesthetic purposes, “the issues of selection for other traits such as eye color, hair color, athleticism, or height that are not generally related to the health of the child (Ly)” rose into question. The use of genetic selection to prevent or even cure specific diseases is okay, according to The Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs in 1994. However, selecting traits based on characteristics of appearances is unethical. Their support for this reasoning is that it would add another division of the wealthy and the poor to this world. Because of this, the economic divisions of the ability to select desirable traits could easily turn into genetic divisions where those with the more pleasing traits would be valued more than those who...
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...AS Philosophy & Ethics Course Handbook 2013 to 2014 [pic] OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/type/gce/hss/rs/index.aspx OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) You are studying Philosophy of Religion and Religious Ethics and will be awarded an OCR AS Level in Religious Studies. The modules and their weightings are: |AS: |Unit Code |Unit Title |% of AS |(% of A Level) | | |G571 |AS Philosophy of Religion |50% |(25%) | | |G572 |AS Religious Ethics |50% |(25%) | If you decide to study for the full A Level you will have to study the following modules at A2: |A2: |Unit Code |Unit Title |(% of A Level) | | |G581 |A2 Philosophy of Religion |(25%) | | |G582 |A2 Religious Ethics |(25%) | Grading | ...
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...Assignment 4: Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property Submitted by: Professor: LEG 500 Date of Submission: Research three to five (3-5) ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product safety and examine whether PharmaCARE violated any of the issues in question. The ethical issues are based on the social code and daily morality. Since the discussion is based on customer loyalty, stem cell research and abortion. Yet this invokes some serious arguments which proves that there are ethical issues which are yet of considerable concerns and need to be addressed. The ethical issues that are faced by the company mostly revolve around the morals and principles of the right and the wrongful actions. Here the focus is also on the moral approvals in terms of the what is viewed correct by individuals in certain professions. The main ethical issues however arise from advertising, personal selling, suppliers, contracts and pricing. Some of the main ethical issues that relate to the business are based mainly in terms of market research, audiences and pricing. The market researches can invade the privacy of the customers. In addition, in terms of the research, there is a high chance that these can be conducted based on stereotypes, which can be unethical. It is important for companies to use the market research as a means of marketing and a means to attain feedback for...
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...1. Ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product safety Ethical issues differ depending on the social code and daily morality. The fact that discussions on stem cell research, abortion, and consumer loyalty still invoke serious arguments proves that ethical issues are still of considerable concern and should be addressed. Most ethical issues including those in the business sector revolve around moral or principles of morality, right, and wrongful actions, expressions of moral approvals in reference to principles of conduct generally viewed as correct by individuals in a particular profession or group. In the business world, ethical issues arise from advertising, personal selling, suppliers, contracts, and pricing. Some examples of ethical issues relating to business activities arise from market research, market audience, and pricing. Market research that invades the privacy of customers or research conducted based on stereotypes is unethical. During any company market research for purposes of marketing or attaining feedback on their performance, the research methods used should respect the rights of customers. Selection of market audience is also a common section of a business, which is likely to bring about unethical practices. It is unethical for companies to exclude potential customers from the target market. Discouraging some customers through selective marketing or targeting customers who are vulnerable such as...
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...Biology guide First assessment 2016 Biology guide First assessment 2016 Diploma Programme Biology guide Published February 2014 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted...
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...Real Essays From Stanford Medical Students Comments Regarding Plagiarism The essays contained within this document were written by current Stanford medical students and have been carefully read and reviewed by file reviewers, interviewers, and admissions staff and officers at Stanford Medical School as well as dozens of other medical schools across the country. We must emphasize that you need to be honest in writing your personal statements. If you borrow material or use quotes from other sources, make sure to credit them appropriately. Not giving credit where it is due is not only disastrous to your essay, but it is also illegal. Admissions officers read hundreds, and even thousands of personal statements each year, and have developed a fine tune sense for detecting plagiarism as well as remembering the essays they’ve read. You owe it to yourself to be hones, open, and sincere in writing your personal essay as it is a reflection of yourself and what is important in your life and your decision to pursue a career in medicine. Stanford Essays The following essays were written by real Stanford medical students in preparing their applications. We suggest that you read through all of the essays to get a diverse view of the types of themes and styles which have been successfully used for personal statements. Each personal statement is exactly that, personal. No one format or style will work for everyone. However, there are structures and themes which are common throughout...
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