...writers from Paper Masters have researched and found that Aristotle takes much of his notion on friendship from politics. Research papers on Aristotle's view of friendship looks at the philosophy of Aristotle and explicates how this philosophy boils down to politics and virtue in a man. Aristotle's treatment of friendship, including his definitions of friendship, is found within his work on ethics, the "Nicomachean Ethics." Friendship is included within his discussion of his general ethical theory. Aristotle bases his ethical theory on two constructs: Politics Virtue In most of the "Nicomachean Ethics," Aristotle discusses these two major subjects as separate subjects; or when they are discussed in relation to each other, they are discussed mostly with respect to what proportion of each is found in political activities or the conditions or state of a person's life. For instance, the more political an action is, the less virtuous it may be. And the more virtuous is an individual, the less he may be involved in the practical ends of politics. As mentioned earlier, friendship is a blending of politics and virtue; it can be looked at as an ideal blending. The Philosophy of Friendship According to Aristotle Friendship is included as a subject in term papers about Aristotle as a part of his general ethical theory because friendship has to do with the good which is the fundamental of the general ethical theory. As Aristotle begins the "Nicomachean Ethics," "Every art and every...
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...Ethics in Aristotle’s Philosophy Ruth Geter AC 504 Ethical Issues in Business and Accounting Unit 2 Assignment July 19, 2016 Aristotle Philosophy Introduction I have chosen Aristotle as my philosopher. “He was the first to argue that equals should be treated equally, and unequal’s should be treated unequally in proportion to their relevant differences” (Brooks and Dunn, 2014). In today’s society people sometimes lose sight of being ethical and often know what is right but chooses to not do the right thing. Most of the time it is out of greed or selfish reasons. His ethical theory is about being happy. “Of all the classical theories considered here, his is the farthest from an ethics of self-interest” (P.I.E,2006). Included in this paper will be philosophy, history of Aristotle, his theories, ethical practices in accounting and business in general and the connection between me and Aristotle. Philosophy “Philosophy is the fundamental study of ideas about knowledge, truth, reality, and the meaning of life” (free dictionary, 2015). According to the dictionary a philosopher is someone who offers theories or opinions in relation to profound questions in terms of ethics, logic, metaphysics, and other related fields” (free dictionary, 2015). Ethics help society in everyday situation whether personal or business related. Ethics help guide us to solutions where the answer is not right or wrong. It is important to weigh the decision based on who may benefit from the outcome...
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...Aristotle’s Nature of Ethics can be defined as individuals with prior experience and knowledge can only make proper decisions of ethical manner as they cannot be swayed with emotion and passion. This statement is a matter of theory because Aristotle feels as if younger individuals cannot make rational decisions or moral choice because they lack the knowledge and experience to make these decisions. I believe that this theory has its truths due to the way that Aristotle feels it relates to certain situations, like someone being a judge and making rulings of matters in which they have had previously made decisions upon. He believes that this knowledge judge will make a more ethical decision because he has been in this situation before while a young judge who is making a ruling on the same case for the first time believes that he would be incapable of making a morally ethical decision because he has no prior knowledge of this matter. Aristotle defines happiness as actions that are pleasant to a virtuous man. Which he believes that anyone can create happiness if they are serving their purpose in life every day and making decisions that are good for the specific job in this world. To give an example of this would be if a judge was making good ethical decisions on every ruling that he/she rules upon. To Aristotle the end of this judge’s life would create happiness as long as they are continuing to make moral decisions every time they rule. As long as this judge functions to their highest...
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...Aristotle and Epicurus “We should not view the young man as happy, but rather the old man whose life has been fortunate.” This quotation is from Epicurus. Epicurus tried to find the key of happiness as did Aristotle. Although they have different theories of happiness, they both agreed on the idea that all human actions aim to reach complete happiness. Happiness is something that can be defined differently by each individual. Every person would have a different idea on how we reach happiness. For Aristotle, complete happiness comes through fulfilling human function well and this can be provided by practicing virtuous acts. On the other hand, Epicurus supports the idea that presence of pleasure and lack of pain can conduct us to complete happiness. I shall argue that Epicurus and Aristotle have different ideas but they both aim towards a final good, which is happiness. As two different ethical theories, they both have weakness’ and strengths that this paper aims to show. Aristotle defines happiness as “something you seek for its own sake, whereas you seek all other goods ultimately for the sake of happiness” (Aristotle’s Ethics: The Theory of Happiness). This shows us that happiness is a final good that every individual aims to reach. Aristotle supports the idea that everybody must fulfill their function well enough to reach complete happiness and a fulfilled life is found in those who practice virtuous acts (Boyce). To understand exactly what Aristotle’s philosophy aims to show...
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...intervene to assist the victim? Aristotle would not choose either. Instead he would assess the situation and act according, if the perpetrator deemed much bigger than himself he’d standby and call for help and if he had the capability of tackling the perpetrator he would. This decision is relative of Aristotle’s golden mean which is a component of virtue ethics he introduced. Unlike the others, Aristotle ethics did not include a set of rules of what to do or what not to do and how to systemically approach situations, but more of focusing...
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...AND VIRTUE A review on On Robert C. Solomon’s many ways of being ethical SUBMITTED BY: NAME: STEVE AGONO OBADO COURSE: MsIT BUSINESS ETHICS AND VIRTUE A review on On Robert C. Solomon’s many ways of being ethical SUBMITTED BY: NAME: STEVE AGONO OBADO COURSE: MsIT BUSINESS AND VIRTUE INTRODUCTION The author of this thesis seeks to examine unexplored solutions that could add value to the already existent ethical disclosure and because there is a lack of consensus regarding ethical issues in the workplace. He therefore specifically chose to study the virtue framework articulated by Philosopher Robert C. Solomon, precisely in the business context. He deals with the philosophical problem in a twofold approach. 1. One refers to virtue ethics and 2. Application in the specific branch of business ethics. His thesis will attempt to show the richness and value of such an approach to solve ethical dilemmas in business and in life. MAIN THRUST OF THE ARGUMENT The aim of the thesis is to show how an application of virtue reflects one of many ‘ethical styles’ (Solomon 1999). He goes through various interpretations of virtue ethics. 1. TAYLOR’S INTERPRETATION He thinks that by exclusively adopting the virtuous ethical standpoint one will have a definitive answer to every moral problem. The others believe that Taylor’s proposal is flawed in some aspects. 2. ARISTOTOLE’S ETHICAL THEORY IN CONNECTION TO BUSINESS ETHICS The author states that his thorough...
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...to discuss the philosopher Aristotle. I will also talk about Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics philosophy, why it is important, and how it potentially connects to accounting and business. Aristotle was born in Stagiros, Macedon, in 384 B.C. He was educated by a guardian after his father had died. At the age of seventeen his guardian sent him to the centre of intellectual and artistic life in Athens. While he was there “he entered Plato’s Academy where he stayed for about twenty years as a student and then later as a teacher” (no author, n.d, page 1, paragraph 1). After teaching for a number of years, Aristotle sailed for Assos in Asia Minor; he lived there for three years while he gained interest in biology, anatomy, and began work on his book the Politics. Aristotle was a tireless scholar, whose scientific explorations were as wide ranging as his philosophical speculations were profound; a teacher who inspired and who continues to inspire generations of students; a controversial public figure who lived a turbulent life in a turbulent world. He bestrode antiquity like an intellectual colossus. No man before him had contributed so much to learning. Aristotle offers a business ethic intent on advancing the attainment of personal happiness. He defines happiness in the universalistic terms, and insists upon the priority of exercising the virtues, of habitually acting in ways that fulfill the highest human potentialities. Therefore, according to Aristotle the philosopher man is in...
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...relativism approach ethics in two very different ways. Absolutists believe that some things are either right or wrong and there is a rule that is true in all situations, this is a lot easier to apply, whereas, relativists believe it’s a judgement that depends on the circumstances where there’s no universal right or wrong. The theory of ethical relativism holds that there are no moral rules, all principles and values depend on a particular culture or age. There is no such thing as right or wrong what’s right to someone could be wrong to someone else. An action could be bad but in itself however the response could be right, for example if your dad is in a burning building with someone who can cure cancer who would you save? That one person who means the world to you? Or the majority of the population? This mean that there is no objective basis meaning there is no truth. Relativism originated from the western ethical thinking to the city of ancient Greece. At the time of 18th BCE, being good meant being a hero and doing heroic things and being a strong, courageous person. This idea started to develop and ethical theories of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle started to become accepted as they looked at the ideas of character and virtue. Things began to change in the 16th century BCE and there was no moral certainty. Due to the exploration of different cultures such as other civilisations with different ideas, led states to expand and people to get confused where in society a person’s...
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...development allows for definition or a guiding light in a sense, in terms of question if your business is performing for your patients best interests if you’re in medicine or are you looking to provide a real solution for your prospects financial trouble and not stealing homes, if you’re in the buying real estate business. To explain and understand virtue ethics, you would first need to know Aristotle and understand his philosophies on virtuous society and what he considers virtuous behavior. Aristotle was an intelligent man being a student of Plato and teaching Alexander the Great. Aristotle’s written and spoken works were very serious and influential in subjects from logic to biology, meta physics to ethics and poetry that he was literally known to his colleagues as “The Philosopher”. With that in mind, his pioneering in the ethical theory of virtue theory still led to much scrutiny as he believed that virtuous people are built from virtuous habits. He has a saying, “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.” Aristotle believed that people are naturally suited to do the right thing, but don’t automatically develop such...
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...Practical ethics describes situations where an action is needed. Firstly virtue ethics goes back to Plato and Aristotle. Plato’s moral theory centres on the achievement of man’s highest good, which involves the right cultivation of his soul and the harmonious wellbeing of his life (Eudaimonia). Plato seemed to consider that certain virtues such as temperance, courage, prudence and justice (cardinal Virtues) are in balance a person’s actions will be good. It motivates people to want to be good. It shows the importance of education in showing that good actions are their own rewards. When these virtues are in balance a person’s actions will be good and therefore would disagree that virtue ethics is of little use. Aristotle’s ethical theory is known as virtue ethics because at the centre of his description of the good, which are the virtues which shape human character and ultimately human behaviour. However this good human life is one lived in harmony and co-operation with other people, since Aristotle saw people as not only rational beings but also as social beings. Aristotle saw two types of virtues, intellectual virtues and moral virtues. Aristotle compares the virtues to skills acquired through practice and habit, e.g. we acquire a skill by practising the activities involved in the skill. To become virtuous is rather like playing a musical instrument- it needs practice. Aristotle believed that all people have the potential to develop moral and intellectual virtues, only a few actually...
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...who appear to base human rights on the decision of a governing body, human rights are more securely based on __________, which can be traced back from the works of modern thinkers such as Locke & Jefferson to medieval & Roman thinkers back to Plato & Aristotle. (a) communitarian theory, (b) natural law theory, (c) egalitarian theory, (d) conventionalism. 2. The type of virtuous social order envisioned by Plato is called a __________. (a) democracy, (b) plutocracy, (c) meritocracy, (d) elected monarchy. 3. One of the basic ways in which one develops a virtuous character is from _______. (a) role-modeling, (b) having “peak experiences” & moving on to a higher stage, (c) just conforming to one’s culture, (d) studying philosophy. 4. Aristotle’s moral theory argues that _________________ is the primary end of human action. (a) following one of two extremes, (b) promoting utility, (c) acquiring virtues, (d) the happy life. 5. Another way of describing the end referred to in question 4 above is to___________________. (a) follow one’s duty, (b) contribute to human flourishing, (c) being civic, (d) fulfill the need for moderate pleasures. 6. In the long line of thinkers who have contributed to Natural Law theory of rights, one of the principles first put forth by Plato as both a natural & rational...
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...Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the greatest intellectual figures of western history; his philosophical system became the framework for many religions such as Christian scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. Aristotelian concepts remain embedded in modern day thinking as he developed the logic of the categorical syllogism and perception of virtue ethics. Men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal. In propositions like the previous one, Aristotle says, something is predicated of something else. This phrase is a categorical syllogism modernly called deductive reasoning; deductive reasoning is now defined as from the combination of a general statement and a specific statement, a conclusion is deduced. This phrase structure is commonly used in today’s argumentative literature line of reasoning. In addition to inventing this technical vocabulary, Aristotle deciphered the meaning behind virtue ethics. Aristotle’s findings in ethics led to a belief in no truism. It’s a distinctive ethical theory that differs with other influential ethical belief systems because his research and beliefs aren’t based on cliche, obviously true statements. Aristotle sums up explaining this process by stating “Only when correct reasoning and right desire come together does truly virtuous action result.” Aristotle called this a practical syllogism; consisting of a general recipe for a good life, followed by a description of the actual circumstances and concluding...
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...individual. Virtue, for many, becomes the theory for the way individuals should follow morality to, eventually become the best person we can be. Part of being an understanding human, for instance, is distinguishing the difference from right and wrong. Making that distinct individualized decision; we have contemplated our own humanity to make something real. Virtue Theory The Virtue Theory is a concept taken up by more than Aristotle that helps individuals define and contrast normative ethics by using deontology, which tends to emphasize cause and effect through rules and duties. The theory, then take admirable human characteristics and try to find the way in which humans should live best. “To experience these emotions (fear, courage, desire, anger, pity and pleasure) at the right times and on the right occasions, and toward the right persons and for the right causes and in the right manner is the mean or the supreme good, which is characteristic of virtue” (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, II). Utilitarianism and Deontology Utilitarianism and Deontology are quite similar, and both hold that the most ethical thin one can do is any action that will maximize the happiness within an organization, or in society as a whole. The central maxim of the debate focuses on what is “good” or “appropriate” being not at the whim of the society in question, but more general and expandable. Actions have quantitative outcomes and the ethical choices that lead to the “greatest...
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...and know a co-worker is stealing should we tell or not tell? Do we call the police if we know someone is abusing there child or not? In these two examples the ethical choice seems more like common sense, yet some people would do nothing because they do not want to get involved. Where do we draw the line? That’s why we have laws based on ethical principles so that those who decide not to make ethical choices have to face consequences. When people make unethical choices it does not just affect them, but also all of the people that are involved in there lives. Situation Every day situations occur when we have to put our personal ethics to use. This dilemma is an example of that. This married couple is addicted to drugs and they have an infant daughter who is suffering the consequences of their choice. Then the law steps in and says they are unable to care for their daughter properly and the state takes the daughter away. Years later the couple gets their act together and wants another chance to get to know their daughter, even though she has formed a relationship with her foster family. The law says the parents deserve another chance and the court returns their daughter to them. Is this an ethical decision? Should the daughter be returned to the parents after their past mistakes? Care-Based Theory The care based theory asks you to empathize with the involved parties, and make a decision based on what you would do if you were in that situation. Ethically the court made the correct...
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...Ethics and Corporate Governance: Corporate Social Responsibility Contents Introduction 2 Definition of Ethics 2 Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 2 History of Ethics 2 Socrates 2 Plato 2 Aristotle 2 Cynics 2 Cyrenaics 2 Business Ethics 2 Nike 2 McDonalds 2 Enron 2 Wal-Mart 2 Why Business Ethics is Necessary 2 Conclusion 2 Bibliography 2 Introduction This assignment is a brief over view of ethics in the modern day era. It begins with a definition of ethics, followed by a concise explanation of corporate social responsibility. Ethics has evolved over a number of decades and still is to this day, with that a short history of ethics will be demonstrated in this assignment. Ethics determines whether or not a company has good or bad morale. Unfortunately a company that holds excellent ethics are not highlighted in the media as a company that has bad ethics. In this essay will illustrate examples of how large national and international companies came to have bad ethics. To conclude this assignment will be a brief outlay of why ethics is necessary to the business environment in this day and age. Definition of Ethics Ethics can be defined at vital concepts and essential principles of moral human conduct. It consists of the study of universal ethics such as the essential parity of all men and women, natural or human rights, compliance to the law of land, concern for health and safety and, progressively more, for the natural environment...
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