...Abstract Ethics can be defined as standards or norms of behavior that often guide the moral choices that human beings make as they relate with one another. On the other hand, there are several definitions about the human subject. The review will demonstrate that there are several different ethical and unethical issues that are involved in research. Participants must have some type of trust in the researchers, and have expectations of being treated with the upmost respect. This study shows the structure that participants expect as well as some of the areas that could be perceived as unethical treatment and why it should not happen. Ethical Treatment of Participants Introduction In research, one of the main goals is to ensure that activities undertaken does not harm or cause advance consequences that can lead to suffering. Even though most researchers achieve this goal, there are cases whereby unethical activities are invasive and leads to non-disclosure. This is particularly common with respect to the violation of respondent confidentiality, misrepresentation of results, invoicing irregularities, deceiving people, and avoiding legal liabilities among others (Smith, 2003). Therefore ethical questions are frequently philosophical in nature and hence most researchers do not have a general agreement while trying to answer such questions. Nonetheless, the norms of the society dictate the obligation of individuals in the research process (Smith, 2003). These norms dictate how individuals...
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...“Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male” and the original intent was to study the effects of untreated syphilis on African-American men for a duration of six to nine months and then follow-up with a treatment plan. A total of 600 African American men were enrolled in the study, 399 men with syphilis and 201 men without the infection. Syphilis is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum transmitted sexually or congenitally...
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...Ethical Research Research ethics not only protect the rights of human subjects but also encompass a broader range of principles. The notorious Tuskegee study in Alabama that began in 1932and ended in1972 studied black men with syphilis. The study violated ethical principles in that informed consent was not obtained, confidentiality was violated and treatment was withheld when it became available. The study is well known, because of the tragedy it caused for many people and also because of the sheer lack of ethical consideration shown by the scientists concerned. The United States Public Health Service conducted a study for that began in 1932 and lasted until 1972, not the six months that was expected and is described as "the longest non-therapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history" (Brunner, 2009). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was conducted from 1932 to 1972 around Tuskegee, Alabama. Six hundred poor, and mostly illiterate, African-American males, 400 of whom were infected with syphilis, were monitored for 40 years. Free medical examinations were given; however, subjects were not told about their diagnosis. Even though a cure (penicillin) became available in the 1950s, the study continued until 1972 with participants being denied proper treatment or given fake treatments and placebos, instead. In some cases, when subjects were diagnosed as having syphilis by other physicians, researchers intervened to prevent treatment. Many of the subjects died slow and painful...
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...physician compensation. There is also an advantage to patients whose physician is also a clinical investigator, they can have confidence you will have the ability to consider any potential conflict between the study and their current treatment. The existing clinical trials department provides the necessary support to physicians and participants. The team is responsible managing a trial, providing the required documentation to the trial sponsor and FDA. The team also meets operational and oversight requirements of participating in a clinical trial. The physician’s primary responsibility remains with the patient and the providing assessments and recommendations to care. Clinical trial may provide possible treatment options through either new drugs, or there may not be at their disposal, without the clinical trials. Often time’s additional care and tests are paid for through the study sponsor which means there is little cost burden to the participant. Since these tests are paid by the sponsor, this means revenue potential to the practice. A2. Clinical Trial Phases A research study could be in one of three different phases. Phase I test the effects and dosage of a new drug on patients. This phase requires a smaller number of participants usually fewer than 100. This phase studies effects of therapy on...
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...maintain participants’ confidential information • Using participant information for unintended purposes such as selling goods or services Summarize the article you researched. Write a 750-word paper in which you address the following questions: • What unethical research behavior was involved? • Who were the injured parties? • How has the unethical behavior affected the organization, the individual, and society? • How could the unethical behavior be avoided or resolved? In the 1932 case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a 40-year project administered by the US Public Health Service in Macon County, Alabama. The study consisted of 400 men being promised free treatment for an epidemic of bad blood in their county. The treatment was withheld from the men and was never given. The study was tested on a group of African American men who were told they had bad blood and never received standard treatment for syphilis,. Syphilis is a sexual transmitted disease. It can lead to a range of painful, chronic and deadly symptoms, such as infection in the nerve-system, or cardiovascular-complications. Even-though the cure of penicillin was available the men were never informed of the research design or it's risk to them. What made this case highly unethical is that the experimenter's never received informed consent, the participants were unaware of the known dangers, Scientist denied the treatment to some patients to observe the progression of the fatal disease, participants weren't...
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...been obtained from the subjects, would this remove all questions about whether the study was ethical? Informed consent to participate in the Tuskegee Study would require ensuring that the participants fully understood the purpose, nature, and potential risks and benefits of the study before giving their voluntary consent to participate. This would have included disclosing that the study aimed to observe the natural progression of syphilis without providing treatment, as well as explaining the potential...
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...medical crisis during his or her lifetime has at one point hoped for an immediate cure, a process that would deter any sort of painful or prolonged convalescence. Medical research always has paralleled a cure or treatment. From the beginning of the turn of the 20th century the most unspeakable appalling atrocities against human beings was The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. One of the most horrendous breaches of ethics in The United States history is Tuskegee’s studies and associated research. . The study and the publicity that surrounded the study was one of the major influences leading to the organized arrangement of laws, rules and principles of the ethical treatment for human beings. Examples of which include; informed consent, patients personal autonomy, patients’ bill of rights, medical code of ethics, and limits to a practitioners professional autonomy. Miracle cures like penicillin and other antibiotics have proven the value of research. Many illnesses and diseases are currently under heavy research. Although not much research can give results that penicillin or other antibiotics have attained does not invalidate the necessity of research and the importance of it. There exist copious treatments for diseases today previously diagnosed terminal. Today those treatments extend life that just a few years ago would have killed or disabled it. Hope is a powerful weapon in the minds of those facing medical dilemmas. Hope can bring a confidence and trust between a patient and his...
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...Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a dosage 468 times greater than the required dosage for the experiment. All evidence has been destroyed; however, participants are still experiencing dermatologic issues. As a result of research and experiments like these conducted in prisons, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare terminated the use of prisoners as subjects. Shortly after, the federal government passed strict guidelines limiting the scope of experimentation among prisoners. These guidelines passed, codified at Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations, in 1978. Although prisoner research has been outlawed decades ago, it is far from over (Reiter, 2009). Certain guidelines are in place to protect human subjects in research. “The Common Rule” provides for the proposed research to be reviewed by the institutional review board (IRB) in addition to requiring informed consent. A review body, known as the Institutional review board (IRB) was established to protect the natural rights and welfare of persons subjected to scientific research (Institutional). Birthed from the National Research Act of 1974, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services states that the Belmont report “is a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects” (1979, para. 2). “Prisoner” is defined as any individual who is detained in a...
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...pertain to ethical problems, experiments and their designs. After reading this paper you should know that there are some ethical issues when it comes to experimental research. You should also understand and become aware of the steps you should take to accomplish a well-planned experiment (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p.206). There is information about the types of experimental designs and how they are different. Also discussed are the three communication approaches. Question 9.4 What ethical problems do you see in conducting experiments with human subjects? The question of “what ethical problems do you see in conducting experiments with human subjects?” is truly a multi-layered opinionated question that forces a person to ask “what would be the most responsible way society could condone such acts and what could be the worst case scenario?” The first step in analyzing this question is to define ethics. Ethics is defined as “norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our relationships with others” (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 32). The key issues of ethics in experimentation relate to benefits, deception, informed consent, debriefing participants, and the right to privacy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). It is important that the researcher “discuss the study’s benefits” with the participants “being careful to neither overstate nor understate the benefits” (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 33). We have already seen the worst possible ethical problems in...
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...The interactions between science and ethics have long been a source of tension. Potential ethical conflicts have increased over biomedical research on the basis of science-based risk assessment or whether to take ethical values in consideration. Many of the greatest advances in medicine have been achieved by biomedical research. Biomedical researchers have been able to find cures or eliminate diseases, create vaccines, and medicines that heave cure and protected the health of millions of people. The National Institute of Health (NIH) is the federal Government’s primary agency for advancing knowledge in the biomedical and behavior sciences in order to understand and treat human disease. In the past, research process often involved many unethical practices where the research participants lacked adequate protection. To protect human research participants from undo harm, biomedical researchers must follow the four basic ethical principles on which standards of ethical research are based: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Such ethical requirements on biomedical research are found in documents such as the Declaration of Helsinki or the Belmont Report. The four principles and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are the principal regulations and ethical protocols when conducted human research. In the United States, the National Institute of Health (NIH) is the primary agency responsible in enforcing ethic in human research but the IRBs falls within the authority...
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...compromised. The ethical implications of using such technology without consent are profound. It raises questions...
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... Schizophrenia Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious brain disorder that gives a misleading or false account of the way a person thinks, behave, communicate their feelings, realize or understand, and relates to others. Schizophrenia has been considered as one of many chronic and disabling conditions for people that suffers with a major mental illness. People with schizophrenia often have problems fulfilling a task in the general population, at work, at school, and in relationships leaving an individual not wanting to communicate with other people and frightened. Schizophrenia suffers will live with it the rest of their life, it cannot be cured but treatments are available and controllable with proper and advance treatments. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not a split or multiple personality. Schizophrenia is a psychosis, a type of mental illness in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. In writing this paper on Schizophrenia I will show how popular belief, has an antithesis of what is really Schizophrenia? Is it really a split or multiple personality or a psychosis considered by popular belief? I will introduce why Schizophrenia was chosen as my research topic, and the field of studies of the process methods used to regulate and control schizophrenia as a disease. Schizophrenia has been considered as one of many chronic and disabling conditions for people that suffers with a major mental...
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...“Discuss ethical considerations related to research conducted into genetic influences on behaviour.” In this essay i am going to talk about the ethical considerations related to research conducted into genetic influences on behaviour. Ethics refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying out research. We have a moral responsibility to protect research participants from harm. Research methods is the method you are going to be using whilst the experiment is happening. For example, the research method could be a lab experiment, field experiment, correlation, case studies, observations etc. Within this essay, I am going to consider consent, briefing, counselling and the twin study. First of all, i would like to talk about consent. Consent is a key thing when dealing and carrying out studies within psychology. Consent is important because it is a legal procedure and it is given to ensure that all participants are aware of all the potential risks and costs involved within the psychological experiment. The elements of informed consent include informing the client of the nature of the treatment, possible alternative treatments, and the potential risks and benefits of the treatment. Anybody over the age of sixteen is legally aloud to give their own consent, however if you are under the age of sixteen then it is down to your parent/guardian to give consent for you to be able to participate within a psychological experiment. Although, not all experiments include humans...
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...twelve men infected with the disease were selected for the study that faked long term treatment while really only giving placebos and liniments. The goal of this study was to determine if blacks reacted similar to the whites to the effects of the syphilis disease. After forty years it was discontinued and the Senate initiated an investigation of the study. At the time of the investigation, only one hundred and twenty-seven of the study’s original participants were still alive and had not died from the disease (Morehan, 2007). In the film, the story is told from the view point of Nurse Eunice Evers, one key character in the movie, who played the role of the real- life nurse who was a part of the Tuskegee Study. The movie, Miss Evers’ Boys portrays “the emotional effects of one of most amoral instances of governmental experimentation on humans ever perpetrated” (Morehan, 2007). It depicts the government’s involvement in research targeting a group of African American males, as it explores the depths of human tragedy and suffering that result from unethical act. The film also unveiled the racial tension that existed in America which did not only occur in the segregation of skin color but also founded upon disease (Morehan, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the film in order to critically examine bioethical issues in healthcare, research, and nursing. This paper focuses on the ethical frame-works virtue based ethics, right based ethics, justice based ethics, duty based...
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...Group Therapy In today’s society, when seeking professional help, there many different types of therapy to choose from. Of the many types of therapy, two of those include group therapy and individual counseling. Group therapy consists of a group of people who meet with a therapist or counselor for the purpose of sharing their problems and providing support for each other. Individual counseling consists of a person (client) meeting with a counselor or therapist one-on-one to discuss whatever problems they may be having. Although both methods of counseling are valuable, for the purpose of this portion of research, group therapy will be examined and the ethical challenges faced when using this form of counseling. Group therapy is often times described as one of the most effective and beneficial kinds of treatment. It is believed that because all members in the group share similar issues, contributions from the other members are valuable to the individual. This form of counseling brings together individuals with similar issues and it allows people to see that they are not alone. There are other people who may be experiencing or going through the same issues. According to Jacobs, Masson, Harvill, & Schimmel (2012), “Any helping professional who is looking for an economical and effective means of helping individuals who share similar problems and concerns should use groups” (p. 2). Knowing that other people have some of the same issues can also be comforting to someone who might not...
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