...ETHICAL BEHAVIOR CONSTRUCT: MEASUREMENT AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Branko BUČAR, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana Mateja DRNOVŠEK, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana Address all correspondence to: Branko Bučar University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Kardeljeva ploščad 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Email: branko.bucar@uni-lj.si ABSTRACT The primary concern of the article is to validate the scale of ethical behavior construct developed in previous research. We examined the internal consistency of the modified Newstrom and Ruch’s (1975) scale for the measurement of the ethical behavior construct. We based this study on the model by Akaah and Lund (1994) about the influence of personal and organizational values on ethical behavior in the entrepreneurial context. We concluded that the six-dimensional construct of ethical behavior cannot be supported in the same way as proposed by Akaah and Lund (1994) and proposed several modifications to the measurement scale. KONSTRUKT ETIČNEGA OBNAŠANJA: MERJENJE IN PRAKTIČNE POSLEDICE Glavni namen tega članka je preveriti meritveno lestvico konstrukta etičnega obnašanja, ki je bila razvita v prejšnjih študijah. Proučili smo notranjo konsistentnost spremenjene meritvene lestvice, ki sta jo originalno razvila Newstrom in Ruch (1975). Študijo smo zasnovali na Akaah in Lundovem (1994) modelu vplivov osebnih in organizacijskih vrednot na etično obnašanje, pri čemer smo model preučili v...
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...Placebos and Nocebos With and Without Deception and their Effect on Cognitive Performance NAME University of Sydney Abstract Past research has produced conflicting conclusions about the effectiveness placebos with and without deception. It has been argued that, although placebos sometimes appear to be more effective with deceptive administration, it is not an ethical way to carry out research or provide treatment. This study aimed to determine whether a significant placebo effect could be achieved through deceptive as well as open administration. Cognitive performance was measured and results were collected for both positive and negative outcomes. The 512 participants were given different instructions and suggestions about the placebo (or nocebo) and then asked to sniff an odour while completing a visual search task. Results indicated that both placebos and nocebos require deception to have a significant effect. Groups with open administration did not show significant effects. It was also shown that odour did not have an effect on performance. Further research is needed to investigate different ways to introduce a placebo to patients, for example, alternative wording in instructions and suggestions. Placebos and Nocebos With and Without Deception and their Effect on Cognitive Performance Many researchers have been interested in determining the most effective and ethical way to administer a placebo. The placebo...
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...connotations. Propaganda is also used to keep North Korea’s dictatorial Kim family in power by stirring up hatred of the imperialist USA which – according to the Kims – is determined to destroy them. Propaganda was also used to prevent the Soviet Union from fragmenting, also by positioning the USA as a threat. Propaganda leads to deception and that makes it different with Public Relations(PR). This evil technique was used by Nazi party and it is used in advertisements nowadays. I will argue all these points in this text. There are people who believe that there is beneficial propaganda, that supports noble causes such as mobilizing the nation in the face of nation, promoting equal rights for women or racial minorities and for the sake of improved public health, to give just a few examples. One propaganda campaign that might be considered ethical is the one opposing the practice of female genital mutilation in North Africa, a brutal practice that entails surgery performed by mothers or grandmothers on little girls without the use of sterile instruments or anesthesia; But as known propaganda leads to deception so the thing used here is not propaganda but use of Public Relations which is also an issue in this text; although it has subtle differences with propaganda but it is a completely different thing. Some analysts believe that most effective form of propaganda is the most honest one but that does not...
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...Why is deception a controversial issue in psychological research Deception is defined as the provision of information that actively misled research subjects about particular aspects of the study being undertaken, ( as in Hertwig & Ortmann, 2008). This is a technique that has widely been applied by psychological researchers to collect information about human social behavior, justification given is that the research participant if given full disclosure may alter their behavior, and researchers end up with unreliable deductions and conclusions. Scientific researchers claim that not acquinting the research participants with full facts about the experiment does not constitute intentional deception, (Hertwig & Ortmann, 2008), since this prevents them from inferring the hypothesis being tested for and reduces bias in the study. The approach of deception infringes on one of the most important aspects of research, which has been the source of controversy for a quite sometime, it is participants informed consent. According to the American Pychological Association code of conduct states that it is imparative that the potential research participant be given information about the particulars of the research such as the kind of procedures that may be used and what is expected of them during the course of the research and whether they will be exposed to danger or not. This information gives the participant to make an informed decision whether to participate or not in the research...
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...Psychology is known to be a complex field of study; the ethics for individual and social are undefined. Though ethical codes could stretch back through history of the Ancient Greek. There have been many up to date versions of ethical codes since then, such as being respected when taking part in psychological research conducted (McGaha & Korn, 1995). Within the departments of psychology there are various ethics committee, the aim of every department is to avoid participants experiencing distress and making sure participants welfare and dignity is kept. Ethics within psychology means the researcher’s key focus have to be to reduce any sort of discomfort or risks which are involved within the study. Also preventing the participants from experiencing any long-term undesirable consequences as well as having to notifying participants on all features of the study which could have an influence on their decision to take part (Hobbs, 1948). Throughout the psychological history many research studies have been conducted by various psychologists. There have been some which have been ethically critisied, with the lack of ethics taken into consideration. The most commonly discussed research study which has many ethical issues is known to be conducted by a behavioral psychologist Stanley Milgram (1963). Leading to many discussions Milgram (1963) purpose of his study was to investigate how far an individual would obey a figure of authority (Bernstein, 2011). Stanley Milgram (1963) introduced...
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...Deception by the Investigating Officer NAME AJS/532 August 5, 2013 Margery Melvin Deception by the Investigating Officer There are three sides to every story: the suspect’s version, the police’s version, and somewhere in the middle lies the truth. Humans by nature will instinctively do anything to ensure the security of his or her survival. Regardless if an individual is guilty or not the possibility of meeting consequences for his or her actions will almost always sway the individual to deny said actions to prevent the consequences from happening. Law enforcement personnel walk a fine line with regard to the use of deception, to find the truth. This paper will analyze the code of ethics in comparison to law enforcement procedure, and the role of nonverbal communication play with regard to detecting deception. The Ethics of Deception Ethical and moral behaviors are characteristics that individuals have but not all individuals have the same degree of moral ground. Everyone has the right to free choice and free-thinking, which are the foundation of the pursuit of happiness, life, and liberty. Within the context of free choice, humans have the choice of telling the truth or lying. Truth is usually only given freely when the foreseen benefit exists; otherwise most individuals will resort to a lie. By nature, humans do not want to experience pain, harm, or anything that may restrict individual freedoms. For individuals who violate laws, social norms, or otherwise...
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...The Deception by the Investigating Officer paper 544 3/21/2016 Melba V. Pearson The Deception by the Investigating Officer paper In life, there three parts of a story, in the criminal justice field there is law enforcement's part of the story. Then there is the person in questions part of the story, and then there is the part, which holds the truth in the story. People are naturally born, to do everything in their power to make sure they can safeguard their existence. Despite, anyone found culpable with committing a criminal act or also not found guilty, of doing criminal acts likelihood of them meeting consequences for their conduct will likely be all the time. People will refute actions as such, to avoid consequences from being done to them. Police officers employees walk on eggshells with considering the use, with deception to discover the truth in the matter. This paper will discuss, Is it moral to lie to acquire the truth and do the ends justify the means of it, there a contention between the codes of ethics how police officer indeed led, the parts do physical conduct and nonverbal communication play in identifying deception also the conclusion. Is it moral to lie to acquire the truth and do the ends justify the means of it The ethical also moral behavior is personalities, which people contain even if many people cannot contain the similar level of the moral ground. Each person does have the free will to pick what he or she want to also the...
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...Midterm Essay Exam Kristian Earl D. Velasco HLTH 522, Professor Claudia Dempsey Liberty University In this essay, the discussion is centered on the structural dimensions—ethical influences, parameters in decision-making, and internal provocations—relating the issues of whether deception among clinicians can be regarded as plausibly sound. These matters are the motivation that plays a role in how the actuality of care is being communicated. Since the provider-patient relationship is mainly constructed by way of trust and confidence, the concept relating deceptions during the course of care takes a crucial part. In view of the fact that internal influences affect the predisposition towards the issues of deception, whether it is justifiable or necessary for the wellbeing of the patient, this concern will be viewed more clearly through the lens of biblical proportions and overall understanding of the value of human life. Truth telling in healthcare setting is a subject of intense debate. The physicians, nurses, and the rest of decision makers involve within the healthcare profession have an extensive familiarity, high level of proficiency and masterful capability in dealing with medical situations. However, ethically related conflicts many times arise regarding the deception or withholding medical information to avoid the complexities that may affect patient care strategies. These matters, unavoidably, are often times the likely reason that may limit the capacity...
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...base their thinking on one of three rationales. They may simply say that they have no reason to be ethical. They see why they should make a profit, and most agree they should do so legally. But why should they be concerned about ethics, as long as they are making money and staying out of jail? Other managers recognize that they should be ethical but identify their ethical duty with making a legal profit for the firm. They see no need to be ethical in any further sense, and therefore no need for any background beyond business and law. A third group of managers grant that ethical duty goes further than what is required by law. But they still insist that there is no point in studying ethics. Character is formed in childhood, not while reading a college text or sitting in class. These arguments are confused and mistaken on several levels. To see why, it is best to start with the question raised by the first one: why should business people be ethical? Why Should One Be Ethical? There is already something odd about this question. It is like asking, “Why are bachelors unmarried?” They are unmarried by definition. If they were married, they would not be bachelors. It is the same with ethics. To say that one should do something is another way of saying it is ethical. If it is not ethical, then one should not do it. Perhaps when business people ask why they should be ethical, they have a different question in mind: what is the motivation for being good? Is their something...
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...The Deception by the Investigating Officer paper 544 3/21/2016 Melba V. Pearson The Deception by the Investigating Officer paper In life, there three parts of a story, in the criminal justice field there is law enforcement's part of the story. Then there is the person in questions part of the story, and then there is the part, which holds the truth in the story. People are naturally born, to do everything in their power to make sure they can safeguard their existence. Despite, anyone found culpable with committing a criminal act or also not found guilty, of doing criminal acts likelihood of them meeting consequences for their conduct will likely be all the time. People will refute actions as such, to avoid consequences from being done to them. Police officers employees walk on eggshells with considering the use, with deception to discover the truth in the matter. This paper will discuss, Is it moral to lie to acquire the truth and do the ends justify the means of it, there a contention between the codes of ethics how police officer indeed led, the parts do physical conduct and nonverbal communication play in identifying deception also the conclusion. Is it moral to lie to acquire the truth and do the ends justify the means of it The ethical also moral behavior is personalities, which people contain even if many people cannot contain the similar level of the moral ground. Each person does have the free will to pick what he or she want to also the...
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...Two ethical considerations that immediately come to mind from lecture are” The protection of research participants from harm/ Harm to participants outweighs the good of the research” and “Informed consent/ deception”. Protecting research participants from harm calls for ensuring their rights and mental/ physical health is not violated or adversely affected by the research. If conducting research on illegal drug use, a researcher, cannot tell participants, that their disclosure of drug use or illegal drug sales is completely confidential. Knowing the information provided can harm the respondent or subject the researcher to criminal prosecution, should he or she withholds information subpoenaed as part of a litigation. To protect respondents and, themselves the researcher may want to reconsider conducting research that exposes criminal activity. The researcher may also opt to continue unethically with the research because they feel the harm to respondents outweighs the data garnered from the research conducted This could lead to sanctions by the IRB, so to ethically continue with the research, respondents need to inform their responses may not be confidential....
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...Why Study Ethics? It is important to practice ethical behavior in your speeches, as it helps to establish trust with your audience. • To speak ethically is to provide honest facts with integrity and without deception or distortion. • Ethical speakers craft their own original content that is free from plagiarized content. • Ethical speakers do not intentionally deceive their audience, either by presenting falsehoods, opinions disguised as fact, or warping the facts to make their point. • Ethical speakers acknowledge any conflicts of interest they may have with regard to topic, intent, venue, sponsoring organization or audience members. Terms • ethics The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct. • conflict of interest A situation in which someone in a position of trust, such as a lawyer, insurance adjuster, a politician, executive or director of a corporation or a medical research scientist or physician, has competing professional or personal interests. Examples • On the NPR radio show, "On Point with Tom Ashbrook," the host often brings in political analysts to discuss national political issues. Many times, one of his guests may disclose the fact that they belong to a consulting firm that is also a sponsor of that radio show. By disclosing this mutually beneficial relationship between the radio show and the guest, both the show and guest demonstrate an ethical behavior. What is Ethics? When you think...
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...Business Research Methods Cooper 12th Edition Solutions Manual Click here to download the solutions manual INSTANTLY!!! http://www.solutionsmanualtestbank.com/products/2014/10/2 6/business-research-methods-cooper-12th-edition-solutionsmanual Business Research Methods Cooper 12th Edition Solutions Manual Business Research Methods Cooper Schindler 12th Edition Solutions Manual ***THIS IS NOT THE ACTUAL TEXTBOOK. YOU ARE PURCHASING the Solution Manual in e-version of the following textbook*** Name: Business Research Methods Author: Cooper Schindler Edition: 12th ISBN-10: 0073521507 Type: Solutions Manual - The file contains solutions and questions to all chapters and all questions. All the files are carefully checked and accuracy is ensured. - The file is either in .doc, .pdf, excel, or zipped in the package and can easily be read on PCs and Macs. - Delivery is INSTANT. You can download the files IMMEDIATELY once payment is done. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us. Our response is the fastest. All questions will always be answered in 6 hours. This is the quality of service we are providing and we hope to be your helper. Delivery is in the next moment. Solution Manual is accurate. Buy now below and the DOWNLOAD LINK WILL APPEAR IMMEDIATELY once payment is done! Prepare to receive your Business Research Methods Solution Manual in the next moment. -------------------------------------Business Research Methods Solution Manual Business Research Methods 12th...
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...Ethical Treatment of Participants Business 600 March 11, 2016 Abstract This paper examines the ethical treatment of participants in business research which includes the researcher, the decision maker, and the participant. Each has an obligation to the research study and by exhibiting ethical behavior, the data results will determine accurate information that the decision maker can use for their company. If there is a presence of unethical behavior like lying, deception, coercion, not fully being educated or aware of the study details, it can result in the damaging consequences for not only the participants, but it can also affect the shareholders of the company, the customers buying the product, and even the employees of the store that sells the product. This paper will go into detail of the many obligations each participant has to themselves as well as others. We cannot allow some people to be left at the back of the human rights bus… We must ensure the rights of individual groups or people –be they indigenous peoples, or peoples of Asian or African or American descent, or Jews or Muslims– are not sacrificed on an altar of progress for some while there are setbacks to others. -Matthew Coon Come, National Chief of The Assembly Of First Nations (Catalyst Centre, 2013). Research can open doors and allow for interests to be pursued, solve a problem that a company has, or it can help enhance a plan that is already in place. Applied research specifically emphasizes...
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...research Chapter outline Introduction Ethical principles Harm to participants Lack of informed consent Invasion of privacy Deception 122 128 128 132 136 136 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 145 Other ethical and legal considerations Data management Copyright Reciprocity and trust Affiliation and conflicts of interest The difficulties of ethical decision-making Checklist Key points Questions for review © Oxford University Press 2011. Alan Bryman and Emma Bell. Business Research Methods 3e 122 Ethics in business research Chapter outline Ethical issues arise at a variety of stages in business and management research. This chapter is concerned with the concerns about ethics that might arise in the course of conducting research. The professional bodies concerned with the social sciences have been keen to spell out the ethical issues that can arise, and some of their statements will be reviewed in this chapter. Ethical issues cannot be ignored, in that they relate directly to the integrity of a piece of research and of the disciplines that are involved. This chapter explores: • • • • some famous, even infamous, cases in which transgressions of ethical principles have occurred, though it is important not to take the view that ethical concerns arise only in relation to these extreme cases; different stances that can be and have been taken on ethics in business research; the significance and operation of four areas in which ethical concerns particularly arise: whether...
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