...Ethics, in Anthropological research, outline what is right and what is wrong in the motives and actual behavior of the anthropologists (Looking at us, 2010 p.46). The well-being of all participants, human or animal, should be the anthropologists top priority. The anthropologist should work toward conservation of all knowledge gained by their research, and their research should be a benefit to all involved. All participants should have a clear understanding of what participating involves, and should have the final say as to remain anonymous or be recognized for their part in the study (Looking at us, 2010 p.46). Anthropologists and other social scientists have some things to consider especially when conducting research with people. The safety of the participant should be at the top of the list. Next would be the participants privacy. It would be morally wrong to disclose information that the participant asked to remain private. An anthropologist should never be deceitful to further their research. All participants should be treated with respect. As researchers, anthropologist should remain neutral and be considerate of each individual participant. A researcher cannot be judgmental when working with people, regardless of a participants religion, race, culture, political affiliation, traditions, sexual orientation, gender, or spoken language, etc. A code of ethics is important for all social scientists. It is noted that, The Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological...
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...Ethics of Publishing Studies on Modern Societies Throughout the years anthropologists have been asking tough questions about the ethics involved in studying other cultures. Many answers to these tough questions have been given, but few of these answers are shared universally by anthropologists. Anthropologists have come to follow a set of guidelines based strongly on anonymity and objectivism, but as the world grows into a more modern state these guidelines must be reviewed and questioned as the nature of research changes. Two separate ethnographies detailed in the essays “The Anthropological Looking Glass” and “Grief and a Headhunter’s Rage” written and performed by Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Renato Rosaldo, respectively, show the broad range of consequences that occur in the societies under study when following similar ethical codes of conduct. More specifically, the change that may occur in these societies is a result of the publishing of the studies, not necessarily the act of performing the study in and of itself. The current code of ethics shared by the anthropological community is ill equipped to deal with studies involving modern societies. Modern societies, those that are well connected with the world outside of them, are exposed to cultural interference from the publication of ethnographies performed on them. This interference can cause change in a subject society’s normal and natural rate and direction of cultural growth. Cultural interference and the change imposed in...
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...societies, not all people reaped the benefits from the research done by anthropologists. As foretold in a few cases, the subjects that anthropologists did their studies on were abused or violated their traditions, practices, or beliefs of their culture. With a field that has lost ethical credibility, the government should play a larger role in anthropology by having a representative of the institutional review board (IRB) be responsibility for one or a set of cases studied by anthropologists. By eliminating loopholes found within the anthropology field, scientists will be able to make progress towards high ethical standards. A great example that encompasses control over a study was the IRB overreach featuring researcher and professor of education and human development at Brown, Jin Li. While it can be argued that the dropping of Li’s project was excessive due to inaccurate funding may seem valid, the IRB made the correct decision to punish Li. If Li were to carry out her study with inaccurate financial aid and the subjects were to find this out, lawsuits would arise against Li and the IRB because they approved Li’s work. Although it seemed like a small situation, an established and reputable university such as Brown cannot be associated with Li’s work because it makes them as well as other prestigious universities look unprofessional in the process. Eliminating this loophole would make anthropologists take ethics more seriously and conflicts would be able to be identified and...
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...Science” theory hypothesis Karl Marx Charles Darwin Frederick Engels Origin of the Species Jared Diamond “social Darwinism” Margaret Mead natural selection Yehudi Cohen zoological taxonomy Anthropology vs. Sociology taxon ethnographic methodologies Paleolithic genealogical method Mesolithic interviewing techniques Neolithic key cultural consultants agricultural revolution in Neolithic longitudinal research human zoological taxonomy annual cycle what primates have in common why anthropologists should spend more than one annual cycle primates “ivory tower” approach differences between humans and other primates “advocacy” approach Homininoids Homo sapiens American Anthropological Association Hominins Homo sapiens sapiens ethics for ethnographers Hominids “archaic” homo sapiens ethics for archeologists human zoological taxonomy ethics for Anthropology instructors stereoscopic vision Four Major Subfields of Anthropology bipedalism cultural anthropology Australopithicus archeological anthropology Homo habilis Mary Leaky biological (physical)...
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...tribe in Venezuela that was stuck in the Stone Age. Good’s mother, Yarima, is a member of the Yanomami tribe, a tribe that still maintains the vast majority of its ancient traditions, including rituals, feasts, games and living in the “shabano,” a large, circular communal house. After marrying Kenneth Good, an anthropologist studying the tribe, she lived with him in the U.S., but found the isolation from her family too hard to bear. She returned to the Amazon Rainforest in Venezuela, leaving David and his siblings with their father in America. After years of separation, David Good finally went to Venezuela to find his mother, and to face up to a fact he had avoided for so many years: “My mom’s a naked jungle woman.” At its heart, this story is one about love and family, which can sometimes be a truly multicultural experience. David Good is a true-blue American son. As a child, he played Little League baseball and had a paper route. For a boy raised in Pennsylvania, his story is one that many men his age would recognize from their own childhoods, but to a certain degree, David was also an anthropological celebrity. He recalled one time when a prominent anthropologist asked him what he wanted for Christmas and he told her he wanted a Nintendo 64 and Super Mario Bros – one of the most popular games for kids his age at the time. Her response was...
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...One of the main ingredients in not only society but every individual is ethics. Ethics can be perceived as the moral compass any person or persons possess to determine right from wrong in their cultural context. Because ethics is generally something that is dealing with a complex species, everyone’s definition of what can be right and wrong varies across the board. One aspect in societies, though, that seems to remain a constant amongst various cultural backgrounds, is the moral respect for the dead. Attributed to the connections one tends to build living in complex societies, it is not hard to see how easily a bond can be built with our loved ones and how one might not want to connect with them beyond this life. In some cases, communities...
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...factor that includes beliefs, knowledge, arts, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities obtained by people as members of society (Hill, 2011). Values and norms are the cores of the components for culture, values are general ideals about a society’s good, correct and desirable fact. Norms are the social rules and guidelines that suggest appropriate behavior in specific circumstances (Hill, 2011). I don’t know much about Islamic country, but the American culture is different from Islamic culture. Due to the religion, social structure and much diversity in the two different worlds, the business practices would affect by these differences. International business is different from national business due to the culture and society. The ethics in Islamic world, governs almost all aspects of people’s life. Ethical norms and moral codes discernable from some verses of the Quran, and the teachings of the Prophet are far reaching and comprehensive (Azim, n.d.). Islamic teachings extremely influence the observance of the religion and ethical and moral code in Islam society. The biggest dangers a company would confront in overseas is being ill information. International businesses are ill informed about the business practices of different culture are likely to fail (Hill, 2011). When we compare the American culture and Islamic culture, they are so many differences in many aspects. The different...
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...Introduction Ethics is the systematic study of the fundamental principles of morality. It is an attempt to explain moral principles. It is concerned with the question of right or wrong in human behavior. It explains how men ought to behave and why it is wrong or right to behave in a certain way. Ethics weighs human actions or inactions on a moral scale to determine whether the action is morally good or morally bad. Thomas Hobbes on ethics explained it as the science of “virtue and vice.”1 Morality and ethics cannot be divorced. Morality is the basis of ethics, the latter is the explicit reflection on, and the systematic study of the former (Joseph Omoregbe 1993 p.3)2. How then do we decide what is morally right? Is it based on universal laws or divine instructions? Are laws truly universal? If they are not, how then can the rightness or wrongness of culturally divergent societies be determined? Philosophers agree and disagree in varied proportions on answers to these questions. It is normal if you disagree too. For the purpose of this paper, an attempt will be made to look into the concept of ethical relativism, its importance and areas of deviation from ethical absolutism. History of Ethical Relativism Though moral relativism did not become a prominent topic in philosophy or elsewhere until the twentieth century, it has ancient origins. In the classical Greek world, both the historian Herodotus and the sophist Protagoras appeared to endorse some form of relativism. The early...
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...Hi everyone, Apologies for the slow response. Like Russell, I too have been down for the count with the flu! Firstly, I found Mcpherson's claim that the meaning of the word 'race' is too ambiguous to be salvaged, interesting. A quick look in the Oxford dictionary gives a clear definition: “Each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics.” And this definition is in keeping with biology texts: “A population within a species that is distinct in some way, especially a subspecies.” Mcpherson mentions that different groups such as anthropologists, sociologists, and lay-people, have preferred meanings, but given that there seems to be a clear definition to the word, why should 'preferred meanings' that stray from the actual definition, mean we should abandon the concept?...
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...Employment-at-Will Exceptions Paper University of Phoenix HRM 546 Introduction This paper will explain how employment-at-will is utilized by my employer (xxx); how the exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine are used to protect URS; and, will identify how and why xxx employs employees and independent contractors and how that strategy contributes to the economic health of the company. How is Employment-at-Will applied in my Organization? The general employment engagement at xxx is employment-at-will. As described by xxx Code and Business Conduct and Ethics, “Nothing in the Code alters the employment at-will policy of xxx applicable to all U.S. employees.” xxx is a publicly traded company, and because it contracts with the Federal Government it is governed by regulations unfamiliar to private companies. According to California labor law, Section 2922, “An employment, having no specified term, may be terminated at the will of either party on notice to the other. Employment for a specified term means an employment for a period greater than one month.” Unlike most employees at xxx, however, senior management (senior vice-president level and above) work at URS on a contractual basis. The employment contract is created by Human Resources, reviewed and approved by the CEO and Board of Directors, and then presented to the manager. How do Exceptions to Employment-at-Will Limit its Application? Exceptions...
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...traditions and ceremonies of past and present staff it also includes the character of people and working environment ,the history of the operations the events which are held in the institution the personality and ethics of the leaders formally and informally, both past and present. An institution are stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior of every individuals (Huntington 1965) have also some factors which have effect on culture and that is Staff Characteristics and Behaviors, Staff/Inmate Dynamics, Agency Culture, Inmate Characteristics and Behaviors, Leadership & Ethics, Policy & procedure, inmate characteristics and...
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...Gay Marriage Insight SBS, 13/8/13 www.sbs.com.au/insight/episode/watchonline/563/gay-Marriage What topics in the Legal Studies syllabus does the article relate to?My chosen media file relates to the following topics in the legal studies syllabus.Part I: The Legal System * Basic legal concepts (values and ethics, nature of justice) * Conditions that give rise to law reform (changing social values)Part II: The Individual and the Law * The types of rights to which individuals are entitledPart III: The Law in Practice * Groups or individuals suffering from disadvantage (LGBT) * Individuals or groups in conflict with the state * The effectiveness of the legal and non-legal responses to this issue | What issues are raised in the article and why are they issues? Explain in detail. (This section should relate to the topics in the syllabus) (max 250 words) One of the most predominant issues put forth is if same-sex marriage is coincides with the many religious groups which makeup Australian society. The show presents the opinions of both leaders and members of Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The most prominent stand point of all these religions was that same-sex marriage is not permitted by their respective scriptures. However alternative interpretations were also provided by a Rabbi and a Sheikh, who believed that their religions support same sex marriage. It is very important to understand the various religious standpoints on gay and lesbian marriage in Australia...
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...analysis of culture. 10. Explain the difference between humanistic and scientific approaches to culture. Chapter Outline 1.1 The Breadth of Anthropology • • • • • The Four Traditional Subfields Anthropology as Science and Humanity Etic Versus Emic Perspectives The Holistic Perspective Breadth in Time and Space 1.3 Methods of Anthropological Research • • • • Participant Observation The Fieldwork: A Case Study Cross-Cultural Comparison Ethics in Anthropological Research 1.2 The History of Cultural Anthropology • • • • • The Evolutionary Period The Empiricist Period The Functionalist Period The Contemporary Period The Period of Specialization 1.4 Cultural Differences • Culture Shock • Ethnocentrism • Cultural Relativism 1.5 Employment in Anthropology 1 cra80793_01_c01_001-032.indd 1 5/23/13 2:23 PM Section 1.1 The Breadth of Anthropology CHAPTER 1 This chapter explains what anthropology is, the history of the discipline, how anthropologists gather information about human customs, how different anthropologists analyze culture, and how anthropology has evolved as a discipline. 1.1 The Breadth of Anthropology A nthropology is the general study of humans and their ways of life. Anthropology is broader in scope than are any...
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...The parable of the Sadhu Facts Bowen Mc .Coy , MD of Morgan Stanley, on a sabbatical trip to the Himalayas along with his Anthropologist friend Stephen, met with several nationals- NewZealanders. Swiss and Japanese. One of the Swiss found a Sadhu almost naked and shivering, suffering from hypothermia. All of them contributed to reviving the man, but nobody was willing to take full responsibility of the well-being of the Sadhu. As per Mc.Coy ,each did their bit as long it was convenient and then passed the buck to others. He also ponders over the fact whether the action would have been different if the person found is a well-dressed Asian or a Westerner woman. Now the dilemma is whether there is a collective responsibility apart from the individual responsibilities. Questions 1. Why is Bowen McCoy haunted by the decision he made on the mountain? At first Bowen McCoy defended his stand of leaving the Sadhu to take care of himself. The Himalaya expedition, to him, was once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. He was not willing to let it pass. The stress of the travel also added to the situation. He was eager to get over the stressful 18000 feet pass to Muklinath since he had suffered with altitude sickness once. But when Stephen pointed out to him later that the dilemma aroused out of the breakdown between individual ethic and the corporate ethic.Throwing money at the problem aws not going to solve the fundamentals. McCoy realized that he had walked through a moral dilemma...
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...Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor Paul Farmer Misty Winters University of California, Santa Barbara In the novel, Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor, the author, Paul Farmer combines his experiences as a physician and anthropologist in the Third World to bring about evidence and further analysis of poverty. While primarily focusing on health problems, and describing the effects of Tuberculosis, AIDS and other diseases, his experience in treating patients beaten by members of military dictatorships and those who experience malnourishment expose the severity of the social health problems. To me, the first part of this novel is the most painful. It discusses Paul’s medical work in the poorest country in the world, Haiti. He details the many misfortunes of a few of his patients. After observing a growing number of AIDS patients who had no access to medical care, the countless civilians tortured and killed by the military, Paul gets to the root of the problem, which ends up to be a political issue. Haiti is a country that has been under the boot of the United States. Paul further states that the Haitian military was created by an act of US congress, and the US has supported the homicidal regime of President Duvalier, as well as the brutalities of paramilitary organizations. Even the Haitian leaders who give the orders to imprison, torture and kill civilians were trained in Fort Benning, GA...
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