...refer to principles derived from the concept of eco-feminism. Eco-feminism refers to the union of radical ecological movement that seeks to champion the civil rights of women (Gregory and Giancola 378). Ecology is the study of living organism in relation to the environmental systems such as social ecology and economic ecology. Social ecology explores the symbolic, psychological, and ethical issues affecting the relationship between human beings and the environment. In most cases, eco-feminists surveys issues affecting women in the society such as political rights, access to employment, and other civil rights that are entitled to women. Nonetheless, women rights are still contemporary issues in the modern society because of the social alienation and discrimination of women in the society because of the patriarchal societal systems. For instance, the western culture does not advocate for equality for women as far as gender sensitivity is concerned. According to Gregory and Giancola, the issues affecting women in the society are ecological crisis dated from the 20th century (377). Therefore, Eco-feminism offers an alternative that society needs to adopt and embrace to foster equality without oppression of women. As such, there are varied Eco-feminist principles outlined by world ethics. The first Eco-feminist principle is reshaping of the dualistic concept of reality (Gregory and Giancola 382). The concept of reality focuses on the biblical fact that women were the last people to...
Words: 2844 - Pages: 12
...Assess the claim that secular approaches to environmental issues are of more use than religious approaches (35) When looking at the Maldives and other quickly diminishing countries, coupled with raising temperatures and huge variations in extreme weather across the world, it is clear that environmental ethics must be taken very seriously. But there have been a number of ethical approaches towards the environment trying to tackle and provide moral guidelines on how to treat and use the earth. During the course of this essay I will attempt to outline a few of the main secular and religious approaches to environmental issues and then through evaluation come up with a conclusion on which I feel is the best to follow. To make a good environmental theory, the ethical approach must provide moral guidelines for governments, big businesses and individuals alike. One secular theory, which tries to achieve this, is Conservationism. The conservationist theory aims to look at the value of that the environment has to humans and how looking after it and using it will affect us. The conservationist approach takes a shallow ecology approach, which believes that the earth has instrumental value. This means that if lowering the carbon emissions to protect the Maldives will benefit human life then a conservationist approach will argue that this is a good thing to do. The conservationist approach can be closely linked to Bentham’s hedonistic approach to Utilitarianism, sharing the ‘ if its...
Words: 1432 - Pages: 6
...To what extent is it true to claim that people have an individual sense of moral responsibility for environment? (35 marks) When looking at environmental ethics, we are focusing on our attitudes towards the impact on the biological and geological aspects of our planet and whether human actions maintains or disturbs the balance between the planet's different life forms and geological systems. This essay will include exploring theories and deciding whether we have an individual moral responsibility towards the environment. Many people believe that as humans, we do have a moral responsibility towards the environment and we must preserve and protect it for the future generations. However, others take an anthropocentric view and they believe that humanity is the centre of creation and therefore has greater importance over the environment so we should do to the environment what we wish, if it serves a purpose for us. Christian views have often be accused of placing an emphasis on human domination of the world and therefore not taking an individual moral responsibility for the environment. This belief perhaps comes from the Bible itself where, in Genesis it says that humans are given "dominion over the fish…the birds…over all the earth" dominion, being defined as having sovereignty or control over everything means that if humans have dominion then God's creation is anthropocentric and therefore a human must do what he needs to do if it betters his quality of life, despite what...
Words: 1519 - Pages: 7
...Mrinalini mahidhar Phil 1102 sec 01 Chapter 8 8.1 Eco centric ethics was systematically presented first by Aldo Leopold in his collection of essays a sand county almanac in his essay titled the land of ethics. The author says that this chapter of the book by Aldo focuses on land ethics as the best example of eco centric ethics Leopold was the one who changed the thinking about the predators in his early research he was In agreement about the Pinchot idea that all natural resources are commodities and this is one of the reasons why he wrote a book called game management which had the ways of increasing our harvest by natural resources. According to him the biggest threat to higher productivity was predators and they needed to be controlled and his view all the hunter gamers and conservationist should come together and try to stop this. After years of experience Leopold understood that the conservationist approach had problems and he jotted it down to two main concerns, first it doesn’t understand the interconnectedness of nature we cannot manipulate one part of nature and the expect the other to be same. Secondly it sees earth as dead whereas ecology views everything on this earth as living. He talks about how Leopold recognized that we need to look at a broader perspective and think like a mountain so that nature can be saved. 8.2 According to Leopold’s land ethics all land should be treated ethically we as humans have some obligation to it and should be viewed as a...
Words: 566 - Pages: 3
...Asdfadsfadsfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdf The inspiration for environmental ethics was the first Earth Day in 1970 when environmentalists started urging philosophers who were involved with environmental groups to do something about environmental ethics. An intellectual climate had developed in the last few years of the 1960s in large part because of the publication of two papers in Science: Lynn White`s “The Historical Roots of our Ecological Crisis” (March 1967) and Garett Hardin`s "The Tragedy of the Commons" (December 1968). Most influential with regard to this kind of thinking, however, was an essay in Aldo Leopold`s A Sand County Almanac, "The Land Ethic," in which Leopold explicitly claimed that the roots of the ecological crisis were philosophical. Although originally published in 1949, Sand County Almanac became widely available in 1970 in a special Sierra Club/Ballantine edition, which included essays from a second book, Round River. Most academic activity in the 1970s was spent debating the Lynn White thesis and the tragedy of the commons. These debates were primarily historical, theological, and religious, not philosophical. Throughout most of the decade philosophers sat on the sidelines trying to determine what a field called environmental ethics might look like. The first philosophical conference was organized by William Blackstone at the University of Georgia in 1972. The proceedings were published as Philosophy and Environmental Crisis in 1974, which included Pete...
Words: 559 - Pages: 3
...alone[3]. Human pressure on nature has never been so great. Such pressure has resulted in 'environmental issues', ranging from global warming and eutrophication, to the depletion of natural resources and an increase in the number of landfill sites. A distinction must be drawn between 'anthropogenically created’ environmental issues, and 'natural' ones. The extinction of most of the dinosaurs more than 65 million years ago was not caused by man, but rather an entirely natural disaster, perhaps a meteor or extreme tectonic activity. It is difficult to apply any man-made ethic to situations that are not man-made, so for the purpose of this essay, 'environmental issues' will be taken to be current issues actively cause by human beings. During the last few decades, many thinkers from different disciplines have been searching for a new ethic to confront environmental issues with - an 'environmental ethic'. Whether religious or secular in nature, this must be able to define the environment and the proper relationship that should exist between human beings and the natural world. The stance that one takes concerning environmental issues, whether from a secular or religious position, is firstly affected by what they consider to be 'rights'. Almost everybody agrees that humans have rights, based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drawn up by the General Assembly of...
Words: 2417 - Pages: 10
...products. If the average person on the street would have to describe a stereotype of the Louis Vuitton owner the description would probably be in this direction; the owner would wear designer clothes, big sunglasses and the Louis Vuitton bag over their shoulder with a Chihuahua in it. I choose this brand because I’m curious about this product. What would be the costs to design a Louis Vuitton handbag? How are these bags produced and why are their retail prices so high? So basically what I want to know: is the Louis Vuitton bag ‘’just’’ an expensive bag or is there something more to this product? During this essay I will look at different subjects; economy, ecology, ergonomics, ethics and aesthetics. I will also give my honest opinion to give the reader and an idea of my perspective about these subjects. Let’s start by looking at ethics: how is the product produced? The handbags are produced in France, Spain, the United Stated, Italy and Germany. They do not produce their handbags in ‘’cheap’’ Asian countries like China. All of the handbags are products that have been developed by craftsmanship, not machines. Yes, there are sewing machines used, but robots do not automatically sew the bags together piece by piece. The production of the bag is not automated and there are over a hundred stages in the making process of every handbag. All of their bags are unique products with a lot of details so only all the workers are...
Words: 683 - Pages: 3
...refer to principles derived from the concept of eco-feminism. Eco-feminism refers to the union of radical ecological movement that seeks to champion the civil rights of women (Gregory and Giancola 378). Ecology is the study of living organism in relation to the environmental systems such as social ecology and economic ecology. Social ecology explores the symbolic, psychological, and ethical issues affecting the relationship between human beings and the environment. In most cases, eco-feminists surveys issues affecting women in the society such as political rights, access to employment, and other civil rights that are entitled to women. Nonetheless, women rights are still contemporary issues in the modern society because of the social alienation and discrimination of women in the society because of the patriarchal societal systems. For instance, the western culture does not advocate for equality for women as far as gender sensitivity is concerned. According to Gregory and Giancola, the issues affecting women in the society are ecological crisis dated from the 20th century (377). Therefore, Eco-feminism offers an alternative that society needs to adopt and embrace to foster equality without oppression of women. As such, there are varied Eco-feminist principles outlined by world ethics. The first Eco-feminist principle is reshaping of the dualistic concept of reality (Gregory and Giancola 382). The concept of reality focuses on the biblical fact that women were the last people to come...
Words: 313 - Pages: 2
...Running Head: ETHICS: POLLUTION AND MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS Ethics: Pollution and Multinational Corporations HRL ETHICS: POLLUTION AND MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS 2 Pollution is a broad term. It encompasses far more than just chemicals affecting our environment. Pollution is defined by The Merriam Webster dictionary as “the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy such as noise, heat or light.” There are many types of pollution including, but not limited to, air pollution from man-made and naturally occurring contaminants, water pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, soil contamination, thermal pollution, as from commercial cooling systems or nuclear power plants, visual pollution from man-made structures like radio towers and billboards, and electromagnetic pollution such as radio frequency interference produced by man-made appliances. There is pollution we can control and pollution that we cannot control. Each type of pollution may have its own set of ethics which, of course, must relate back to the subject of a previous assignment relating to the ethics and culture of the civilization that one is existing in. For example, there are cultures that use incense for religious and entertainment purposes. They would not consider fumes and chemicals...
Words: 1997 - Pages: 8
...MODULE 8 – ESSAY 3 DEGREE PROGRAM THEOLOGY/TURABIAN PRESENTED TO PROFESSOR KEVIN HARTLESS FOR ENGL 101 – D09 BY REV. JOSEPH T. WHITAKER, III LU23755920 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY LYNCHBURG, VA AUGUST 11, 2015 2 Christian Environmental Responsibility The Holy Bible gives clear instructions concerning the natural environment and the Christian’s sacred duty to preserve and restore the planet Earth. God has provided direct instructions as well as guidelines in principle, for all Christians to obey and honor. The question arises, what conduct and actions are imperative and biblically mandated for Christians to engage in concerning the environment and its preservation and restoration? Research reveals that God requires mankind to contribute as caretakers and stewards over His wonderful creation. The Reason for Christian Environmentalism The dictionary definition for environmentalism is expressed as: “Advocacy of the preservation, restoration, or improvement of the natural environment; especially: the movement to control pollution.” The primary foundational reason for the practice of environmentalism is, because of the universal pollution inflicted upon all of creation as a result and consequence of mankind’s Original Sin. The fallen angel Satan introduced sin into the universe in his rebellion...
Words: 1553 - Pages: 7
...scholarlycommunication@liberty.edu. "Global Environmental Problems Require Global Solutions": A Case Study in Ecomessianism1 Tyler Veak and Wyatt Galusky2 Abstract Many Western environmental activist groups and theorists have sounded the call for the Earth's salvation from the "global environmental crisis." What is lacking, however, is some reflection on the ramifications of framing the problem globally, and on the justifications for particular solutions. This paper examines the "ecomessiah" (saviors of the Earth) phenomenon to investigate the impacts of these types of programs. Specifically, we examine the "global environmental ethic" proposed by J. Baird Callicott. His program, presented as an inclusive system that incorporates nonWestern belief systems, trades heavily on Western science as an authority and a justification. We contend that his ethic, while wellintentioned, rests on assumptions and uses of science that subvert both non-Western ideologies and...
Words: 4510 - Pages: 19
...make it last for as long as we can * Stresses resource management * Doesn’t really consider environmental impact as much as more about conservation * Focuses more on population vs. environmental impact * Entropy (?) * Spaceman Economy living within our means, don’t worship production vs. costs… more conservation concerned * Fracking is a good example of us still in a cowboy mode although we are shifting toward Spaceman * Reference to Ethics—ethics, it is us, it is a plural term… we have an ethical obligation to think of future generations * Solutions at the end of the article * 1) Using taxation to deter others * 2) Correction to price system higher price higher quality * 3) Legislative action 2) Garrett Hardin: “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) * Background: * Lived in US (1915-2003) * Professor Human Ecology at UC Santa Barbara * Known for Hardin’s First Law of Ecology: stating the impossibility...
Words: 2183 - Pages: 9
...Terms and Definitions Worksheet SCI/362 – Environmental Issues and Ethics University of Phoenix University of Phoenix Material Terms and Definitions Worksheet Write brief descriptions for each of the terms below. If you use an outside source to define them, include the citation for the source. Scientific method | The scientific method is a process that is used to answer questions and solve problems. Although there are different variations of the scientific method, it contains 5 basic steps. (1) Recognize a question or an unexplained occurrence in the natural world. Once this question has been developed examine scientific literature to determine what is already known about the subject matter. (2) Develop a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess that will serve as a possible solution to the problem that is define in step (1). A good hypothesis is can be tested to either be approved or disapproved. The evidence that is presented that is factual is used to develop other alternative hypothesis which are also then tested and proved to be factual or disapproved. (3) Create and preform and experiment to test the hypothesis that was developed in step (2). This is done by collecting data through observation and careful measurements. This step never proves anything, instead is disproves each alternative hypothesis until only a reasonable hypothesis is left. (4) Analyze and interpret data to reach a conclusion. This step is used to determine if the evidence supports the hypothesis...
Words: 2048 - Pages: 9
...make it last for as long as we can * Stresses resource management * Doesn’t really consider environmental impact as much as more about conservation * Focuses more on population vs. environmental impact * Entropy (?) * Spaceman Economy living within our means, don’t worship production vs. costs… more conservation concerned * Fracking is a good example of us still in a cowboy mode although we are shifting toward Spaceman * Reference to Ethics—ethics, it is us, it is a plural term… we have an ethical obligation to think of future generations * Solutions at the end of the article * 1) Using taxation to deter others * 2) Correction to price system higher price higher quality * 3) Legislative action 2) Garrett Hardin: “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) * Background: * Lived in US (1915-2003) * Professor Human Ecology at UC Santa Barbara * Known for Hardin’s First Law of Ecology: stating the impossibility...
Words: 2183 - Pages: 9
...Industrialized Hemp: A Revolutionary Idea PHL 354 Dr. Ozar Decmeber 16, 2010 Abstract: This paper will focus on the potential benefits that legalizing and producing (or “large-scale production of”) industrialized hemp could have on the environment and possibly the economy of the world. I shall argue that the United States should set a precedent and legalize industrialized hemp in order to hopefully spur on similar actions by other countries and world powers across the globe. I will begin by explaining a few of the beneficial uses of industrialized hemp in order to strengthen the case that will be presented in the latter part of the paper. Although the production of hemp has typically been looked down upon, it could in fact be the very thing we need to solve the ecological problems we currently face. I believe that allowing for the growth and sale of industrialized hemp could revolutionize the world and could ultimately save the environment and benefit all of the environmentally unfriendly industries across the world. I will examine the use of hemp to create textiles, renewable fuels, biodegradable plastics, paper, health foods, medicine, etcetera. The legalization of hemp cannot move forward unless we are willing to reexamine and reformulate our societal values. The modern system of agriculture has caused more problems than it has solved over the past few decades. Thus, I will be examining the legalization of hemp in the context of a postmechanistic concept...
Words: 3434 - Pages: 14
