...During the mid-1700s, the industrial revolution greatly increased population. It was a shift from an agricultural society to an urban society powered by fossil fuels. What is "the tragedy o the commons"? Explain how the concept might apply to an unregulated industry that is a source of water pollution? The tragedy of the commons was written by Garret Hardin. Hardin argued that unregulated exploitation would cause environmental depletion. What is environmental science? Name several disciplines involved in environmental science. Environmental Science is the study of how the natural world works and how humans and the environment interact. Environmental Science in an interdisciplinary field which requires expertise from ecology, earth science, chemistry, biology, economics, political science, demography, ethics, and others. Contrast the two meanings of science. Now name three applications of science. One description of science is a systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it. The term science is also commonly used to refer to the accumulated body of knowledge that arises from this dynamic process of observation, testing, and discovery. Developing Technology, to inform policy for management decisions. Describe the scientific method. What is its typical sequence of steps? What needs to occur before a researcher's results are published? Why is this process important? The scientific method is a technique for testing ideas with observations. Make Observations...
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...Onyebuchi, Vincent. "Ethics In Accounting." International Journal of Business and Social Science. 2.10 (2011): n. page. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. . Purpose of Reading: My purpose of reading was to find out more about what comes into play in the accounting world ethics wise. I wondered if they used moral principles or if accountants are more strictly business without thinking ethically. Title: Ethics In Accounting Author: Vincent N Onyebuchi Qualified Because: He has written for the International Journal of Business and Social Science. He also has written other scholarly journal articles. Date of Publication: June 2011 Date Accessed: April 9, 2013 Name of Journal/Publication: Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA Volume/Issue Number: Volume 2, Issue 10 Database Used: Proquest Central Author is Arguing: The author is arguing that ethics need to be more important and come into play in the accounting industry. Saying New: The author is saying that ethics need to be of a higher priority in accounting. He gives the example of the Enron and how they did not act ethically by stealing all of that money. Draw On Previous Research From: He cites other sources in his work but he does not have a list of his works cited at the end so I am not sure where he got his previous work from. Previous Research Covers: The author previously researched a good bit about ethical behavior giving definitions and how it is basked on moral principles and such. He also must have researched...
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...Introduction Imagine a world, a possibility, humans stopped controlling Artificial intelligence or AI. Four researchers have explored this idea, they have brought four hypotheses on the table on how this would happen and how to prevent it from happening. The authors Stuart Russel, Sabine Hauert, Russ Altman, and Manuela Veloso of the article Ethics of Artificial intelligence give ideas that are very intriguing and worth taking a more critical look at the rhetorical devices they use in their article. In a nutshell on Ward and Vander Lei text there are seven main rhetorical devices, they are purpose, point, author, audience, organization, and research and evidence this essay will look at the article Ethics of artificial intelligence in this light....
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...Chapter 1 Current situation a. Current performance b. Strategic posture Market share in shampoos 2.5% share of 3800 crore of shampoo market in india and 19% of 450 crore face cleansing market. 13% Chapter 2 Corporate governance a. Board of Directors 1. Name | Title | Ravi Prasad | Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President | S. K. Mitra M.D. | Executive Director | 2. b. Top Management Chapter 3 External environment a. Natural, physical, environment b. Societal environment c. Task environment d. Summary of external factors Mission Himalaya's mission is to make herbal wellness a part of every home. We want to be the most trusted company in scientific herbal healthcare and most admired for our ethics, values and commitment to sustainability. Our mission statement reads: Establish Himalaya as a science-based, problem-solving, head-to-heel brand, harnessed from nature's wealth and characterized by trust and healthy lives. Develop markets worldwide with an in-depth and long-term approach, maintaining at each step the highest ethical standards. Respect, collaborate with and utilize the talents of each member of the Himalaya family and the local communities where Himalaya products are developed and/or consumed, to drive our seed-to-shelf policy and to rigorously adopt ecofriendly practices to support the environment we inhabit. Ensure that each Himalaya employee strongly backs the Himalaya...
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...consent. Rebecca Skloot uses the Aristotelian rhetorical technique of pathos in the contemporary biography The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks to demonstrate how, in the 1940s, the lack of medical ethics wronged countless families and individuals as they came to seek medical attention....
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...purposes, he cannot complain about his position in the Great Chain of Being (ll.33-34) and must accept that "Whatever IS, is RIGHT" (l.292), a theme that was satirized by Voltaire in Candide (1759).[4] More than any other work, it popularized optimistic philosophy throughout England and the rest of Europe. Pope's Essay on Man and Moral Epistles were designed to be the parts of a system of ethics which he wanted to express in poetry. Moral Epistles has been known under various other names including Ethic Epistles and Moral Essays. On its publication, An Essay on Man received great admiration throughout Europe. Voltaire called it "the most beautiful, the most useful, the most sublime didactic poem ever written in any language".[5] In 1756 Rousseau wrote to Voltaire admiring the poem and saying that it "softens my ills and brings me patience". Kant was fond of the poem and would recite long passages from it to his students.[6] Later however, Voltaire renounced his admiration for Pope's and Leibniz's optimism and even wrote a novel, Candide, as a satire on their philosophy of ethics. Rousseau also critiqued the work, questioning "Pope's uncritical assumption that there must be an unbroken chain of being all the way from inanimate matter up to God."[7] The essay, written in heroic couplets, comprises four epistles. Pope began work on it in 1729, and had finished the first three by 1731. They appeared in early 1733, with the fourth epistle published the following year. The...
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...to this day. Those original concepts have just taken on a more modern form. OLYMPICS: The first Olympics games are usually given the start year of 776 BCE, but they probably began even sooner. The ancient Greeks loved competitions of all sorts, especially sporting competitions. The Olympics were not the onlycompetition games held in ancient Greece, but they were the most popular. The Greeks took the Olympic games quite seriously. Nearly all the ancient Greek cities sent teams to participate in the ancient Greek Olympics. If two or more Greek city-states happen to be at war with each other when the game date arrived, war was halted for the duration of the games. Everyone wanted their city-state to win! Sciences Greece has importantly influenced the Western science in many ways. The Ancient Greeks especially contributed many things to the scientific world, from medicine to astronomy. The most famous ancient Greek scientists and their work are briefly described below. Thales of Miletus (640-610 to ca 548-545 BC) had travelled widely in quest of knowledge, visiting Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Ηe brought Phoenician navigational techniques into Miletus. Thales is also said to have tried to revise the calendar. He also brought Babylonian mathematical knowledge to Greece and used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He studied astronomy in Babylonia, and after his return to Miletus gained great fame...
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...of how to deal with the world. Rules and norms, in turn, are the main subject matter of ethics. This is why all areas of knowledge can be connected with ethics. History, Mathematics, Human sciences and others support kind of ethics, but to what extent do all of these help people to understand morality and make the right decisions? Knowing sometimes can be an advantage or disadvantage depending on the circumstances. In the case of ethics it could help or hinder people knowing what to do. On the other hand, we all search for the real life reasons which will lead us the right way. Knowledge issues are sometimes controversial in Ethics, because quite often there is a conflict between two or more branches of, for example between social morality and the religious morality. Each person accepts and follows different kind of moral rules, under different cirsumstances. The controversies in the society what is right and what is wrong are huge. We either support some rules or do not. People often argue about their beliefs, no matter if they are religious or not. Such example could be given in history. To clarify, history is the study of the human past. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of historical events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine past events. On the other hand, ethics is the branch of philosophy that addresses morality, that is, what is right and wrong, good...
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...Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences The Code of Ethics for Nurses F Zahedi, M Sanjari, [...], and M Vahid Dastgerdi Additional article information Abstract Nurses are ever-increasingly confronted with complex concerns in their practice. Codes of ethics are fundamental guidance for nursing as many other professions. Although there are authentic international codes of ethics for nurses, the national code would be the additional assistance provided for clinical nurses in their complex roles in care of patients, education, research and management of some parts of health care system in the country. A national code can provide nurses with culturally-adapted guidance and help them to make ethical decisions more closely to the Iranian-Islamic background. Given the general acknowledgement of the need, the National Code of Ethics for Nurses was compiled as a joint project (2009–2011). The Code was approved by the Health Policy Council of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and communicated to all universities, healthcare centers, hospitals and research centers early in 2011. The focus of this article is on the course of action through which the Code was compiled, amended and approved. The main concepts of the code will be also presented here. No doubt, development of the codes should be considered as an ongoing process. This is an overall responsibility to keep the codes current, updated with the new progresses of science and emerging challenges, and pertinent...
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...“What is Business Ethics?” Essay Posted on July 5, 2012 1 Introduction Dated back to Code of Hammurabi some 4,000 years ago, business ethics is a social science, whose main aim is to define and examine the responsibilities of businesses and their agents as a part of the general moral environment of a given society. The products of this field of research are sets of rules and codes of conducts, which serve as a means of protection from the possible infringements of moral codes as a result from the general activities and responsibilities of a firm to its stakeholders (e.g. generating profits for shareholders and taxes to the government). This paper will briefly explain the foundations and the growing importance of business ethics in today’s economy. Finally, it will describe several contemporary issues of research and practice. 2 The Rationale behind Business Ethics In its simplest sense, the field of business ethics represents the meeting point between ethics and business, where business decisions and their implementation are evaluated in terms of the “right” (moral) and “wrong” (immoral). However, ethical decision-making is far from being simple, as is involves much greater complexity and debate (Trevino & Brown, 2004) than other ethical fields, even complicated ones such as bioethics. The main reason for this confusion is not only the themes of business ethics, but the difficulty to recognize the relevance of ethics to the business decision in question. For example,...
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...Asdfadsfadsfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdf The inspiration for environmental ethics was the first Earth Day in 1970 when environmentalists started urging philosophers who were involved with environmental groups to do something about environmental ethics. An intellectual climate had developed in the last few years of the 1960s in large part because of the publication of two papers in Science: Lynn White`s “The Historical Roots of our Ecological Crisis” (March 1967) and Garett Hardin`s "The Tragedy of the Commons" (December 1968). Most influential with regard to this kind of thinking, however, was an essay in Aldo Leopold`s A Sand County Almanac, "The Land Ethic," in which Leopold explicitly claimed that the roots of the ecological crisis were philosophical. Although originally published in 1949, Sand County Almanac became widely available in 1970 in a special Sierra Club/Ballantine edition, which included essays from a second book, Round River. Most academic activity in the 1970s was spent debating the Lynn White thesis and the tragedy of the commons. These debates were primarily historical, theological, and religious, not philosophical. Throughout most of the decade philosophers sat on the sidelines trying to determine what a field called environmental ethics might look like. The first philosophical conference was organized by William Blackstone at the University of Georgia in 1972. The proceedings were published as Philosophy and Environmental Crisis in 1974, which included Pete...
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...patients properly. This meant that laboratory usage and experimentation became much more prevalent. Medical research and science flourished in this era. Although animal testing was still not regulated in the first half of the 19th century, opposition to vivisections grew throughout Europe and expanded even further in the second half of the 19th century. Previous to this era, the antivivisection argument was that vivisections did not provide useful medical knowledge, but this argument quickly shifted to preventing unnecessary suffering to animal subjects. Near the end of the 19th century, people began realizing that there was some validity to both sides of this argument; although animals suffered, some scientific advancement was coming out of it. Instead of choosing a side on the debate, scientists and legislators proposed bills which would regulate animal experimentation rather than to cut it out entirely or to make it an unrestricted field to let scientists do whatever they want. These bills still allowed scientists to conduct experiments to get the optimum results, but required them to take preemptive measure to ensure the least...
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...1992). It has been my experience that 3 and 4-year-olds are under stress due to their environments and other factors upon entering the classroom causing a need for Behavioral Intervention. Sometimes children enter the classroom never being exposed to other children or never being a part of a larger group of children. Children who are displaying undesired behaviors must be taught how to act in their new environments. The goal of Behavioral Intervention is to weaken or eliminate said behaviors and replace them with more desirable ones. Since entering the classroom in 2008, the Office of Head Start was already promoting behavior-based interventions, so this particular theory is one that I am already familiar with, I am just now able to put a name to it. Behavior Intervention is one of the multiple theories that seems as though it would work best with my philosophies and...
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...purposes, he cannot complain about his position in the Great Chain of Being (ll.33-34) and must accept that "Whatever IS, is RIGHT" (l.292), a theme that would soon be satirized by Voltaire in Candide.[1] More than any other work, it popularized optimistic philosophy throughout England and the rest of Europe. Pope's Essay on Man and Moral Epistles were designed to be the parts of a system of ethics which he wanted to express in poetry. Moral Epistles have been known under various other names including Ethic Epistles and Moral Essays. On its publication, An Essay on Man met with great admiration throughout Europe. Voltaire called it "the most beautiful, the most useful, the most sublime didactic poem ever written in any language". In 1756 Rousseau wrote to Voltaire admiring the poem and saying that it "softens my ills and brings me patience". Kant was fond of the poem and would recite long passages of the poem to his students [2]. However later Voltaire renounced his admiration for Pope andLeibniz's optimism and even wrote a novel, Candide, as a satire on Pope and Leibnitz's philosophy of ethics. The essay, written in heroic couplets, comprises four epistles. Pope began work on it in 1729, and had finished the first three by 1731. However, they did not appear until early 1733, with the fourth epistle published the following year. The poem was originally published anonymously; Pope did not admit authorship until 1735. Pope reveals in his introductory statement, "The Design," that An...
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... History of Psychology Psychology at one time was just a branch of philosophy, it was 1000’s of years before it was known to be a formal discipline. It evolved from “ideas” of early philosophers into a science of its own. Centuries ago Western Philosophers began the formation of psychology as a branch of philosophy, but explored the subject in a more rationale scientific way throughout the years. Just as it took centuries for the science of psychology to implore, it was and still is, developing into the 19th century. Beginnings of Psychology Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a German physiologist, physician, philosopher, professor, and psychologist. He is well known as the “father of experimental psychology (Bringmann, 1975). At the University of Leipzig he founded the very first formal laboratory for psychological research in 1879. In the laboratory the exploration basically of the subconscious and conscience mind began. He studied the nature of religious beliefs and how they”conditioned” human behavior. Wundt also researched the damaged parts of the brain; he started identifying mental disorders and abnormal behaviors (Bringmann, 1975). With this research Wundt was able to separate psychology as a science from philosophy. In 1881, Wundt created the first journal for psychological research. Wundt also wrote, Principles of Physiological in 1874, which was very important in the development of psychology. In the Principles work Wundt introduced...
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