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Ethiopia’s Profile

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Ethiopia
Name
Course
Tutor
Date
Ethiopia’s profile
Colonial History and Current Political Context
Capital City Addis Ababa
Colonial History Ethiopia is among the first independent African republics. In 1935, during the Fascist rule of Benito Mussolini, the Italians invaded Ethiopia. At the time, Ethiopia had a traditional polity comprising a feudal political system. In rebellion to the Italian occupation, Ethiopians engaged in a multi-dimensional ‘patriotic resistance’ in efforts to banish the invaders from their country. The Patriots (Arbegnoch) fought against many odds, such as the indifferences from the West and the League of Nations to establish the indigenous resistance movement. The resistance lasted for five years while Haile Selassie, the then Ethiopian Emperor, took part in an ineffective diplomatic struggle during his period in exile. Under the leadership of Haile Selassie Italians were defeated and withdrew from Ethiopia and as a result, Ethiopia became a sovereign nation (Berhe, 2008, p. 2).
Present Leader Mulatu Teshome
Current Political Context: In August 2012, Hailemariam Dessalegn was appointed the successor of the Ethiopia’s Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi, representing a historical moment in the nation’s politics. Ethiopia embarked on a constitutional and peaceful transition of power for the first time in her contemporary history. During the 20th century, the country was predominantly under regimes of highly centralized governments. The Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), the current ruling party, has ruled Ethiopia since 1991. The party has directed striving reforms in an attempt to initiate a transition to decentralize authority and democratic governance system (Fung, 2013, p. 7). The attempts have involved decentralizing authorities and directives to regional states, to district authorities or woredas, and village authorities or kebeles respectively. Despite the transformation of the formal Ethiopian state structure from a highly centralized system to a federal as well as progressively decentralized one, several challenges still exist. The 2005 and 2010 national elections and the 2008 uncontested local elections illustrated the dominance of the EPRDF, the instability of the democratic transition, and the declining state of the opposition. Furthermore, the next national elections in Ethiopia will be held in 2015.
Economy and Art/Culture
The Origin of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Ethiopia is the home of one of the oldest Christian churches, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Currency
Ethiopian Birr
Major Economic Features: The economy of Ethiopia is agriculture-based and constitutes 85-percent of total employment and 46-percent of GDP. Coffee remains the major export cash produce. Other cultivated foodstuffs include grains, cut flowers, potatoes, sugarcane, oilseed, pulses, cotton, cattle, fish, goats, and sheep. Ethiopia is ranked among the poorest African nations, though it has undergone swift economic growth over the years ((BBC, 2013, p. 8). Ethiopia’s per capita income is substantially low, although its GDP growth continues to be high. Ethiopia is entitled to preferential trade benefits constituted in the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The United States exports to Ethiopia are low-value shipments, machinery, aircraft, vegetables, wheat, and repaired products. The U.S. imports Niger seeds, coffee, apparel, and returns from Ethiopia (U.S. Department of State, 2013, p. 5).
Art/Culture
Ethiopia is an antique state with an extraordinary cultural diversity and rich linguistic. The diversity comprises intangible and tangible heritage, with both modern and traditional cultural expressions, dialects as well as centuries old knowledge in the production of handicraft. The other intangible heritage has a unique variety of rituals, celebrations, festivals, ceremonies, and other living expressions. Ethiopia has a rich cultural landscape enhanced by peacefully coexisting, numerous religions, which include Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and other traditional religions (United Nations, 2012, p. 3). Amharic (Amharinga and Tigrigna) is the official language in Ethiopia, although different languages categorized into Semitic, Omotic, Cushitic, and Nilo-Saharan languages exist (Anzinger, 2003, p. 1). The major Ethiopian artists include Alexander Boghossian, Julie Mehretu, Wosene Worke Kosrof, Afewerk Tekle, and Eyasu Berhe. Aida Muluneh is one of the renowned Ethiopian photographers. Some of the major Ethiopian athletes include Kenenisa Bekele, Bezunesh Bekele, Gezahegne Abera, Genzebe Dibaba, Ejegayehu Dibaba, Tirunesh Dibaba, and Abebe Bikila (Fung, 2013, p. 10).

Annotated Bibliography
Anzinger , G. (2003). Governments on the WWW: Ethiopia. Retrieved from: http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/et.html This website constitutes specific information about Ethiopia’s current political context, economic aspect, representations in foreign countries, and various national institutions. It offers an account of other characteristics of Ethiopia, such as its official language (Amharic) and relations with other countries, including the United States.
BBC. (2013). Ethiopia profile. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349398 This article provides a profile Ethiopia in the context of cultural heritage, media, leaders, facts (capital, major languages, population, major religions, main exports, life expectancy, monetary unit, and GNI per capita), and timeline of key events.
Berhe, A. (2008). Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia: The Patriots’ Movement (1936-1941) and the redefinition of post-war Ethiopia. Retrieved from: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/12915/asc-075287668-243-01.pdf?sequence=2 Berhe addresses the invasion of Ethiopia by the Italians during the Fascist rule of Benito Mussolini and the multi-dimensional ‘patriotic resistance’ that banished the invaders from their country. As such, the article provides an account of the colonial history of Ethiopia.
Fung, K. (2013). Ethiopia. Retrieved from: http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ethio.html This website pinpoints the fundamental details of Ethiopia, such as art and artists, entertainment industry, religion, culture, political situation, administration, and technology, among others. Fung provides links to different websites with comprehensive information about Ethiopia.
U.S. Department of State. (2013). U.S. relations with Ethiopia. Retrieved from: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm This website highlights the United States relations with Ethiopia. It encompasses the bilateral economic relations, bilateral representation, U.S. aid to Ethiopia, and the membership of Ethiopia in international organizations.

References
Anzinger , G. (2003). Governments on the WWW: Ethiopia. Retrieved from: http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/et.html
BBC. (2013). Ethiopia profile. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349398
Berhe, A. (2008). Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia: The Patriots’ Movement (1936-1941) and the redefinition of post-war Ethiopia. Retrieved from: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/12915/asc-075287668-243-01.pdf?sequence=2
Fung, K. (2013). Ethiopia. Retrieved from: http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ethio.html
U.S. Department of State. (2013). U.S. relations with Ethiopia. Retrieved from: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm
United Nations. (2012). Ethiopia: culture. Retrieved from: http://www.mdgfund.org/sites/default/files/Ethiopia%20-%20Culture%20-%20Signed%20JP.pdf

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