...special article caste in the 21st century: From system to elements A M Shah The argument that while caste as a system is more or less dead, individual castes are flourishing is widely accepted. However, the notion of “caste as a system” is derived mainly from studies of the rural rather than the urban community. In this article, individual caste is seen in the context of both rural and urban communities and its several aspects, particularly the rule of endogamy as its defining criterion, are analysed at some length and some implications of the analysis are pointed out. n 1955, M N Srinivas presented a paper, ‘Castes: Can They Exist in the India of Tomorrow?’, at a national seminar on “Casteism and Removal of Untouchabilty” in Delhi, attended, among others, by such distinguished persons as S Radhakrishnan, Jagjivan Ram, Govind Ballabh Pant, V K R V Rao, Kaka Kalelkar and Irawati Karve. The paper was published in the seminar report as well as in the Economic Weekly (1955). After a lifetime of scholarship on caste, in 1999, the last year of his life, Srinivas delivered a lecture under different titles in Bangalore, Delhi and Kolkata, on the passing away of caste as a system. It was published posthumously in 2003 in the Economic and Political Weekly under the title, ‘An Obituary on Caste as a System’. Srinivas expanded this title into a sentence, “While caste as a system is dead, individual castes are flourishing” (ibid: 459). He made this statement almost at the end of...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION A handover is defined as “the act of moving power or responsibility from one person or group to another (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English 2005)”. In healthcare and clinical context, the term “handover” applies to the transferring of a patient’s information between two health care providers, when the patient receives care in a different location, or when another healthcare provider is responsible of the patient (ACSQHC 2005). The American word “handoff” also signifies the same meaning. Nursing handovers are often being described as a ritual, which stemmed from the medical concept preliminarily in the 1880s, whereby the nursing sister would direct the nurses on duty after hearing reports from the night shift nurses and the doctors’ rounds (Walsh and Ford 1989). The repetitive characteristic of the traditional handover does not encourage nurses to think critically or share different views, therefore depicted as a “ritual” (Kerr et al 2011). 1.1 BACKGROUND OFTHE STUDY The aim of a nursing shift handover is to precisely inform the patient’s general condition, care plan, treatment and expectations in a timely manner (Runy 2008). The process, if made without a systematic standardized method, would lead to errors and jeopardizes patient’s safety (ACSQHC 2010). Reported adverse events from handovers include unnecessary procedure and investigations, delayed diagnosis or treatments, prolonged hospitalization...
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...things like the distribution of resources, ethnic conflict, and assimilation can not be understood in terms of neatly packaged identities in competition. Today, an increasing number of people regularly switch from ethnicity to ethnicity in normal discourse, in an attempt to maximize their economic and political interests. I propose to examine ethnographically and in depth the process of identity switching – that is, how people negotiate between multiple ethnic identities in everyday contexts – among Latinos in Queens, NY. Methods and analysis: From January to July, I will collect ethnographic data about ethnic identity invocation trends in the research communities, train a research assistant, select twelve participants for continuous monitoring and work closely with them for two weeks each. From August to September, I will train the research assistant further and use the knowledge gained from the ethnographic data phase to design and pilot test a household survey. Between October and December, this survey will be administered to a representative sample of 200 respondents. Using the data collected from these surveys, inferential statistics –odds-ratios, chi-square, and logistic regression - will be used to test the hypotheses. Intellectual merit: While ethnic identity has long been understood by anthropologists to be a contextual phenomenon, less is known about how the process of ethnic identity switching works. Through the in-depth study of everyday forms of ethnic identity invocation...
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...Qualitative Research Defining and Designing 1 8 T he qualitative research methods introduced in this book are often employed to answer the whys and hows of human behavior, opinion, and experience— information that is difficult to obtain through more quantitatively-oriented methods of data collection. Researchers and practitioners in fields as diverse as anthropology, education, nursing, psychology, sociology, and marketing regularly use qualitative methods to address questions about people’s ways of organizing, relating to, and interacting with the world. Despite the interdisciplinary recognition of the value of “qualitative research” (or perhaps because of it), qualitative research is not a unified field of theory and practice. On the contrary, a plethora of viewpoints, sometimes diametrically opposed to one another, exist on the subject. Scholars regularly debate about what qualitative research is, how and why it should be conducted, how it should be analyzed, and in what form it should be presented. In fact, fundamental and often heated disagreements about philosophical assumptions and the nature of data exist among qualitative researchers. We don’t pretend to be able to solve any of these controversies. Nor do we suggest one approach or viewpoint is superior to another in the grand scheme of things. How one approaches qualitative research, and research in general, depends on a variety of personal, professional, political, and contextual factors. Ultimately, there...
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...STAG TOURISM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE STAG TOURISM IN EASTERN EUROPE STAG TOURISM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Table of contents. 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 2 2. Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………...2 3. Methodology. …………………………………………………………………………………..3 4. Findings…………………………………………………………………………………………...5 5. Stag Tourism Destination as Place……………………………………………………. 6 6. Stag Tourism Destination as Space…………………………………………………….9 7. Advantages and Disadvantages……………………………………………………… 11 8. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..14 9. List of References…………………………………………………………………………..14 Page 1 of 15 STAG TOURISM IN EASTERN EUROPE STAG TOURISM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 1. INTRODUCTION. The market of tourist services, like any other, subject to certain, specific trends that is easily susceptible to fluctuations and depends on a number of social phenomena and processes of a truly non-market (demographic processes, changes in lifestyle, fashion, environmental and political risks, etc..). In this situation the special role plays information. It allows for the fashion direction to formulate a kind of social policy. In the case of tourism, it is an essential element of economic development. Tourism is in fact one of the few sectors of the economy in which business operators for profit formed only infrastructure needed for customers to enjoy the benefits of "property" in common: the landscape and cultural heritage material. At the turn of...
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...Initial Aims This report assesses the validity of Hebdige’s work on class and subcultures in the context of a distinctly international perspective: the Zephyr Boys Skateboarding team, founded in Dog Town, California, circa 1975. Key Questions • Can Hebdige’s Marxist-based, class-centred approach support the ethos of the Z-boys? Or does the Z-boys website reveal a more active dialogue between the subculture and processes of capitalism, rather than perpetuating a working-class incitement to overthrow the dominant? • The Z-boys website highlights the multicultural, multiethnic aesthetic of the 1975 skateboarding team. Does Hebdige’s citing of black culture’s role in the formation of punk help locate the inter-racial influences of the Dogtown skating scene? Or does Hebdige’s insistence on the metropolitan render the ‘ethnic’ experience a historically specific moment with essentialist characteristics? • In relation to the above, is Hebdige’s London-based study congruent with the California skating/surfing scene of the early-to-mid 1970s? Do the Z-boys conform to Hebdige’s notion of the ‘spectacular’? • McRobbie and Garber identify a patriarchal discourse within Hebdige’s work, in which they suggest ‘(girls) are absent from the classic subcultural ethnographic studies, the pop histories, the personal accounts…of the field’ (Gelder & Thornton (eds).1997, p112). Does this assertion coincide with the difficulties in applying a structuralist approach to the analysis...
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...STUDIES IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE AND WORK Mike Hayler University of Brighton, UK Autoethnography, Self-Narrative and Teacher Education examines the professional life and work of teacher educators. In adopting an autoethnographic and life-history approach, Mike Hayler develops a theoretically informed discussion of how the professional identity of teacher educators is both formed and represented by narratives of experience. The book draws upon analytic autoethnography and life-history methods to explore the ways in which teacher educators construct and develop their conceptions and practice by engaging with memory through narrative, in order to negotiate some of the ambivalences and uncertainties of their work. The author’s own story of learning, embedded within the text, was shared with other teacher-educators, who following interviews wrote self-narratives around themes which emerged from discussion. The focus for analysis develops from how professional identity and pedagogy are influenced by changing perceptions and self-narratives of life and work experiences, and how this may influence professional culture, content and practice in this area. Autoethnography, Self-Narrative and Teacher Education Autoethnography, Self-Narrative and Teacher Education STUDIES IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE AND WORK The book includes an evaluation of how using this approach has allowed the author to investigate both the subject and method of the research with implications for ...
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...Journal of Undergraduate Psychological Research 2008, Vol. 3 The Effects of Different Types of Music on Cognitive Abilities Laurel Harmon, Kristen Troester Taryn Pickwick, Giovanna Pelosi Western Connecticut State University A variety of research has been conducted on the effects of different types of music on cognitive abilities. Many of these studies are based upon the Mozart Effect, which claims that listening to classical music has an advantage over other types of music on learning. This study consists of two experiments which tested 54 college students ages 18-50. In Experiment 1, we hypothesized that participants exposed to Mozart would score significantly higher on a listening comprehension test than those exposed to rock music or silence. In Experiment 2, we hypothesized that listening to rock music would result in lower reading comprehension test scores than classical music or non-music groups. An ANOVA test indicated that the results for both experiments were non-significant. The relationship between music and learning has been an area of interest for researchers for many years. Some studies have shown that music can enhance cognitive abilities (Hall, 1952), and others have shown that it can interfere with complex cognitive processes but not simple processes (Fogelson, 1973). In 2004, researchers conducted a study that presented the effect of Mozart’s music on learning. The effect demonstrated that there may be an important relationship between certain types...
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...http://content.yudu.com/Library/A2nagu/SocialPsychologyAron/resources/3.htm Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.) |Topic |Question |Factual |Conceptual |Applied | | |Type | | | | | |Multiple Choice |1 |2 | | |Introduction | | | | | | |Essay | | | | | |Multiple Choice |6,19,21 |9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18 |3,4,5,7,8,17,20 | |Social Psychology: An | | | | | |Empirical Science | | | | | | |Essay |240 | | | | |Multiple Choice |24,28,36,41,54,59,73,74,75, |27,29,31,33,34,35...
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...UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: INVESTIGATING THE LANGUAGE PRACTICES OF MULTILINGUAL GRADE 9 LEARNERS AT A PRIVATE DESEGREGATED HIGH SCHOOL IN SOUTH AFRICA. Submitted by: Nomakhalipha Margaret Nongogo Student Number: 0309644N Supervised by Dr Carolyn McKinney Research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the degree of Masters of Arts in Applied English Language Studies. 2007 ABSTRACT This research report engages with the concern that African learners attending English medium, multiracial schools are losing their proficiency in African languages. In so doing, the report explores the language practices of four multilingual Grade 9 learners at a desegregated private high school in Gauteng. In a school environment that does not overtly support the use of African languages, I explore the extent to which multilingual learners use African languages in the school context, to position themselves and others, as an identity building resource, and the extent to which the use of African languages is implicated in their identities. I also explore the possible influence of the learners’ cultural and ethnic backgrounds on their language practices, and related to this, the expression of their identities. I look at how their language practices help them shift identities with space and purpose, and the contradictions therein. The study draws on poststructuralist theories of language and...
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...Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 2009 A Conceptual and Operational Definition of ‘Social Role’ in Online Community Eric Gleave University of Washington egleave@u.washington.edu Howard T. Welser Ohio University welser@ohio.edu Abstract Both online and off, people frequently perform particular social roles. These roles organize behavior and give structure to positions in local networks. As more of social life becomes embedded in online systems, the concept of social role becomes increasingly valuable as a tool for simplifying patterns of action, recognizing distinct user types, and cultivating and managing communities. This paper standardizes the usage of the term ‘social role’ in online community as a combination of social psychological, social structural, and behavioral attributes. Beyond the conceptual definition, we describe measurement and analysis strategies for identifying social roles in online community. We demonstrate this process in two domains, Usenet and Wikipedia, identifying key social roles in each domain. We conclude with directions for future research, with a particular focus on the analysis of communities as role ecologies. 1. INTRODUCTION Social life has moved online. From discussion boards, to wikis, to social networking sites, people do things together through digital communication. Those interactions leave behind complex records of who did what, when, under what context,...
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...Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 2009 A Conceptual and Operational Definition of ‘Social Role’ in Online Community Eric Gleave University of Washington egleave@u.washington.edu Howard T. Welser Ohio University welser@ohio.edu Abstract Both online and off, people frequently perform particular social roles. These roles organize behavior and give structure to positions in local networks. As more of social life becomes embedded in online systems, the concept of social role becomes increasingly valuable as a tool for simplifying patterns of action, recognizing distinct user types, and cultivating and managing communities. This paper standardizes the usage of the term ‘social role’ in online community as a combination of social psychological, social structural, and behavioral attributes. Beyond the conceptual definition, we describe measurement and analysis strategies for identifying social roles in online community. We demonstrate this process in two domains, Usenet and Wikipedia, identifying key social roles in each domain. We conclude with directions for future research, with a particular focus on the analysis of communities as role ecologies. 1. INTRODUCTION Social life has moved online. From discussion boards, to wikis, to social networking sites, people do things together through digital communication. Those interactions leave behind complex records of who did what, when, under what context,...
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...How Society Works – Lecture Notes Sep, 11, 2012 Introduction to Classical Social theory * “Theories in sociology are abstract, general ideas that help organize and make sense of the social world” (attempt to link idea’s with actual events) * Classical social theory (1840s – 1920s) – The enlightenment, political revolution (American revolution, French revolution), the industrial revolution * American and French revolution inspired more widespread adoption of democratic principle and rights of citizens * Industrial revolution caused dramatic, rapid urbanization, changes in family relations, gender relations, increased secularization * Classical social theorist and macro and micro theorists – macro are interested are in social theory that can explain huge social phenomenon’s (past and future), micro are interested in smaller scale phenomenon’s * Emile Durkheim was a positivist, saw society as analogous to a body, concerned with social solidarity, and developed the idea of the ‘social fact’ * Social Solidarity: division of labour Organic: present in modern societies, high dynamic density, high degree of labour specialization (works like a human body, everything works together with high specialization) Mechanical: present in traditional societies, low dynamic density , low degree of labour specialization (works like gears, works together to complete society) * Similarities of Social Solidarity: Conscience collective similar ideas...
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...CONRAD P. KOTTAK Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 The New Ecological Anthropology Older ecologies have been remiss in the narrowness of their spatial and temporal horizons, their functionalist assumptions, and their apolitical character. Suspending functionalist assumptions and an emphasis upon (homeo)stasis, "the new ecological anthropology" is located at the intersection of global, national, regional, and local systems, studying the outcome of the interaction of multiple levels and multiple factors. It blends theoretical and empirical research with applied, policy-directed, and critical work in what Rappaport called an "engaged" anthropology; and it is otherwise attuned to the political aspects and implications of ecological processes. Carefully laying out a critique of previous ecologies by way of announcing newer approaches, the article insists on the need to recognize the importance of culture mediations in ecological processes rather than treating culture as epiphenomenal and as a mere adaptive tool. It closes with a discussion of the methodologies appropriate to the new ecological anthropology. / "the new ecology, " political ecology, applied or engaged anthropology, linkages methodology] cological anthropology was named as such during the 1960s, but it has many ancestors, including Daryll Forde, Alfred Kroeber, and, especially, Julian Steward. Steward's cultural ecology influenced the ecological anthropology of Roy Rappaport...
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...A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs Little scholarly research exists which addresses outlaw motorcycle clubs. These works attempt to explore warring factions of outlaw clubs, provide club members’ perspectives about media portrayal, expose myths, and elucidate motorcycle club culture.*1 The literature reveals gaps which leave many unanswered questions: Where do outlaw motorcycle clubs come from? How did they start? How or why did they evolve into alleged international crime organizations? The few histories of outlaw motorcycle organizations date the origins of such clubs to around 1947 and tend to oversimplify the issues of why these clubs formed and who actually joined them. Histories such as these are built on foundations of weak evidence, rendering inconsequential the origins of the subculture and relegating members of early organizations to the marginal status of “malcontents on the edge of society, and other antisocial types who just wanted to raise hell” (Valentine 147). This article extends current research by reaching back nearly half a century before 1947 to link the dawn of motorcycle organizations with the present reality of outlaw motorcycle clubs. The overarching goal of the article is to offer a more comprehensive history, an evolutionary history that may allow for a better understanding of contemporary motorcycle subculture. What follows is a taxonomy of social and historical factors affecting group formation of motorcycle clubs according to the...
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