...February 8, 2014 ANTH 154 Emic VS. Etic Essay Emic: The research strategy that focuses on local explanations and criteria of significance. Etic: The research strategy that emphasizes the ethnographer’s rather than the local’s explanation, categories, and criteria of significance. My first example is Celebratory Food. The Emic view in this example is that food is the center piece of almost all celebratory get togehters. No matter where you live, when there is a celebration, like holidays, birthdays, rites of passage, etc., they will most likely be serving food. The Etic view in this example is that I am from the South, and we celebrate with different types of food then the North or the West or even another country would. When we have an occasion worth celebrating and cooking, we make Chicken, cornbread, oysters, greens, salad and sweet tea! In other portions of the world though, their celebrations may include, sushi, tamales, kobayashi beef, or….DOG! My second example is Raising Children. The Emic view in this example is that children are born and either one or two parents raise them. This happens in every culture all over the world, how different cultures raise these children brings me to the Etic view of this example. Being born and raised in South Carolina, some of the first few words that come out of our mouths are Mr. or Mrs. We are raised to be southern ladies and gentlemen. On the other hand we are encouraged to hunt, climb trees, and play in the mud as well. I received...
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...Part II In this section, I will examine veiling practices among Muslim women from an emic perspective. As Crapo (2013) describes it, “An emic description or analysis—that is, an insider’s or native’s meaningful account—may be written for outsiders but portrays a culture and its meanings as the insider understands it” (p.27). In her book chapter entitled The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: Veiling Practices and Muslim Women, Hoodfar (1997) examines misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding this practice. From an emic perspective, Muslim women face unwarranted scrutiny over their choices from people who often have no understanding of the many reasons why women wear the veil. The reasons for wearing the veil may differ from individual to individual and from culture to culture (Hoodfar, 1997). In any culture, it is typical for motivations to vary in this way. For example, in America, wearing revealing clothing may signify confidence in one’s body for some and insecurity for others. There is rarely a one-size-fits-all explanation for any behavior. Despite this, Hoodfar (1997) notes that Muslim women living in North America and Europe often face harsh criticism over their choice to wear the veil, even though many people do not fully understand the practice, and admit to this when engaging Muslim women in conversation about the practice. Muslim women feel harassed and attacked about their choices no matter what they say, and are sometimes afraid of...
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...Deborah Brown Ethics & Business Finals Professor: Dr. Welch What is a market place? A marketplace is the space, actual, virtual or metaphorical, in which a market operates. The term is also used in a trademark law context to denote the actual consumer environment, i.e. the 'real world' in which products and services are provided and consumed. A marketplace is a location where goods and services are exchanged. (http://www.ask.com/web?am=exact&q=virtual+market+place) How can you market ethics? The American Marketing Association commits itself to promoting the highest standard of professional ethical norms, and values for its members (practitioners, academics and students). Norms are established standards of conduct that are expected, and maintained by society, and professional organizations. Values represent the collective conception of what the communities find desirable, most important, and morally proper. Values also serve as the criteria for evaluating of our own personal actions, and the actions of others. As marketers, we recognize that we not only serve our organizations, but also act as stewards of society in creating, facilitating, and executing the transactions that are part of the greater economy. In this role, marketers are expected to embrace the highest professional ethical norms, and the ethical values that are implied by our responsibilities towards multiple stakeholders (e.g., customers, employees, investors, peers, channel members, regulators...
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...PHI 014.5 4/23/13 What Ethic Has Taught Me This Semester In all of my years in college, I have never really enjoyed philosophy too much. That’s not to say anything against the professors who teach it, the subject itself, or the philosophers that create the subject-matter; it was just never something that sparked my interest. That is because philosophers are notorious for talking in circles and phrasing things in a much more complex way then what is required. But I now understand why they do this; to get people like me to think about what they are writing and not just blindly read the words as they are printed. If I have to go back and read the paragraph once, twice, or more, it forces me to really understand what the author is saying and really analyze why they are saying these things. This semester I have learned many things in this course that I can now take with me into all of my future endeavors. We have discussed and challenged some great thinkers this semester and I have taken much away from that. The first thing we learned this semester, while studying the works of Aristotle, was that there are three ways to understand happiness. These ways are pleasure (including wealth), fame, and being wise. Once that happiness has been achieved, you have reached the ultimate goal or ultimate end. To take that happiness from what Aristotle considers and opinion to an actual mental state, that happiness must contain three characteristics. Being self-sufficient is the first one....
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...TEXTOS SELECCIONADOS (L.Polo) * QUIEN ES EL HOMBRE (1991) Pues bien, hay que sentar la tesis siguiente: el hombre es un ser capaz de crecimiento irrestricto, un ser que nunca acaba de crecer. Ciertos tipos de crecimiento dan de sí hasta cierto punto - el crecimiento orgánico se acaba, la formación de los circuitos neuronales también; tales crecimientos no son irrestrictos -, pero el hombre en cuanto tal es capaz de crecer sin coto. Por eso para el hombre vivir es radicalmente, principalmente, crecer, y eso señala la medida en que es ético. Por lo tanto, por contraste, quien no realiza lo ético se empobrece, se estropea, pierde el tiempo que ha transcurrido mientras los acontecimientos de su vida han tenido lugar. Ahora bien, como ganancia de tiempo, el crecimiento es irrestricto, pero no indefinido, pues ganar tiempo es incompatible con un tiempo sin fin. El crecimiento humano es irrestricto hasta que termina su tiempo. La consideración del crecimiento permite aparecer del modo más ajustado un tema antropológico muy importante: el tema de la muerte. No es un asunto fácil; tiene sus complicaciones; no es la mera extinción biológica: eso sería demasiado trivial. Hay dos maneras de morir. La primera es morir porque uno es mortal, o sea, porque el tiempo humano termina. Normalmente uno se muere, a no ser que antes se acabe la historia. Pero también se puede morir como un imbécil. El que ha procurado ejercer éticamente su existir, no se puede decir que muera como un imbécil...
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...Marvin Harris: Cultural Materialism perspective Theory: A model of human behavior. Model involving a logical explanation of some phenomenon Model tries to generalize about social behavior A theory in social sciences must be empirically testable or supported by evidence Materialist versus Idealist views of Culture Food as Feed (required for physical existence/survival) Food as symbolic: as Status/prestige, Health, class, group identity, sexuality, gender, power, ritual, protest Why don=t Hindus eat beef? Or, why don’t Jews and Muslims eat Pork? MATERIALIST: ABecause it is more profitable to preserve the cow=s for other uses” IDEALIST : ABecause they consider the cow sacred, and will not kill it for food” Theories are based on Assumptions Materialist View: Humans are rational beings. They will weigh the costs and benefits of actions. Biological needs such as food, sex are more important than other needs. Work is less desirable than leisure. Behaviors influence ideas. Idealist View: Human seek meaning in action. Symbolic understanding orients all human action, including the satisfaction of biological needs. We cannot understand human behavior without understanding the system of meanings that govern behavior from the actor’s point of view. Ideas influence action. Harris= materialist explanation of the Asacred cow@ in India Beef was consumed in the past...
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...Anthropology Instructor Adrienne Stafford May 8, 2016 Childrearing and Eating Disorders Childrearing in today’s society is different especially when there are different ways in between having the mother discipline or the father discipline. Different ways of childrearing are mainly the authorative or the permissive. Rarely would anyone have any other type of childrearing in the family. Also having issues with young teens in eating disorders to fit in with the right crowd within the community has been a major problem around the world. Due to having a certain image has brought the young adolescents to have this certain eating disorder. So within this paper I will be explaining the different ways of childrearing in each family from an etic perspective. I also will be giving an insider’s perspective on the image of young adolescents and the problem with the eating disorders that they will face for cultures in different countries. Part I Childrearing parents are different in many cultures, but the main point is the way the mothers and fathers have their own ways of childrearing in their lives. You have the authorative, permissive, non-conforming, and the rejecting-neglecting parents. Having different childrearing ways characterize a family relation as positive, but not as positive as the permissive style. You basically have the mothers as being more of the authorative style and the fathers as the permissive style. Having an authorative style family, you have more discipline...
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...Management and Organization Review 5:1 75–89 doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8784.2008.00137.x The Future of Chinese Management Research: Rigour and Relevance Redux Mary Ann Von Glinow1 and Mary B. Teagarden2 1 Florida International University, USA, and 2Thunderbird School of Global Management, USA ABSTRACT We use the parable of the blind men and the elephant to suggest that Barney and Zhang (2009) and Whetten (2009) analogously touch on only a part of the Chinese management research puzzle. Their analyses remind us of many attempts at anchoring the research purpose – etic versus emic approaches, exploration versus exploitation approaches, rigor versus relevance scenarios – touched on by the many commentators in this issue. We suggest researchers first answer the ‘purpose’ questions before embarking on the research design. The research design should fit the purpose of the knowledge, which is either to improve the performance of Chinese organizations (meeting the relevance criterion) or to replicate, extend or refine a theory developed in the US (meeting the rigour criterion). We believe the strength of applied management research allows us to create knowledge that can meet the criteria of both rigour and relevance. We support the use of academic international research teams and dialectic debate as tools to move the field of Chinese management research forward. KEYWORDS context, polycontextuality, relevance, research team, rigour It was six men of Indostan To learning much...
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...Substantive Rules Rules of truth-telling, confidentiality, privacy, and various rules about forgoing treatment, physician-assisted suicide, informed consent, and the rationing of health care provide more specific guides to action than do abstract principles. Consider a simple example of a rule that sharpens the requirements of the principle of respect for autonomy for certain contexts: “Follow a patient’s advance directive whenever it is clear and relevant. “To indicate how this rule specifies the principles of respect for autonomy, we may state it more fully as: “Respect the autonomy of patients by following all clear and relevant formulations in their advance directives. “This formulation show how the initial norm remains but becomes specified. Example situation, * In clinical situations nurses respect a patient’s autonomy, where the patient is allowed the freedom of choice regarding treatment, such as in deciding whether he/she wishes to be incubated during an exacerbation of COPD, or deciding when he/she wishes to forgo further dialysis. If a patient lacks capacity for such a decision and has an advance directive, the person who has the durable power of attorney can make the decision. Authority Rules That is, rules regarding who may and should perform actions. For example, rules of surrogate authority determine who should serve as surrogate agents in making decisions for incompetent persons, and rules...
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...Business Ethics in Leadership Corey C Calhoun Sr. Liberty University 05/03/2016 Business Ethics in Leadership Recent corporate scandals, such as Enron, Parlamat, and WorldCom, have generated significant attention in the field of business ethics. Whereas the interest in this subject pre-dates these scandals, they have undoubtedly raised the profile of ethical concerns in business among scholars, practitioners, and governments (Knights & O’Leary, 2006). Additionally, there is a growing concern on what role leadership plays in perpetuating ethical values in an organization. Consequently, scholars are concerned with discerning leadership qualities that would ensure moral and effective practices in a company. What is the relationship between leadership and ethics? One of the key questions (or in some cases assumptions) in the literature on leadership is regarding the nature of the relationship between leadership and ethics. The definition question in leadership studies is not really about the question ‘‘What is leadership?’’ It is about the question ‘‘What is good leadership?’’ By good, I mean morally good and effective. This is why I think it is fair to say that ethics lies at the heart of leadership studies. Leaders worthy of the name, whether they are university presidents or senators, corporation executives or newspaper editors, school superintendents or governors, contribute to the continuing definition and articulation of the most cherished...
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...Administrative Ethics Paper Gwendolyn Matthews HCS/335 December19, 2011 Mr. Carmon Administrative Ethics Paper Privacy and confidentiality are important elements in the work of healthcare professionals. Ethical and legal issues may arise if providers fail to properly handle the protected health information of patients. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 established guidelines for maintaining the privacy and confidentiality of patient data. The guidelines include the procedures that should be followed for the disposal of protected health information. This paper will be concerned with an article on the disposal of protected health information that was published in the June 1, 2011 issue of Managed Care Outlook. In the article, Niedzwiecki (2011) discusses the conditions under which it is appropriate to shred documents that contain protected health information. Niedzwiecki (2011) focuses on the problem of what should be done with paper originals after a patient’s private information has been placed in an electronic format. The basic solution to this problem is to shred sensitive paper documents before disposing of them. However, there is more to this issue, because some paper documents do not need to be disposed of and still others should not be disposed of. Therefore, as Niedzwiecki (2011) proposes, healthcare organizations should have a clearly stated policy regarding when documents should be shredded and when they should not be...
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...Abstract There are a number of methodological issues that can be problematic in cross-cultural studies that use self-report survey instruments. This paper reviews the organizational research literature to identify the common practices being used in relation to these issues. A framework is established for this analysis that involves three stages related to the research process. These stages are 1) the development of the research question, 2) the alignment of the research contexts, and 3) the validation of the research instruments. A sample of cross-cultural studies was examined in the context of these three stages, and served as a basis for the identification of some “best-practices” that are meant to deal with cross-cultural complexities. Introduction International perspectives are becoming more prevalent in today’s study of organizations. As business continues to take a global outlook, theoretical constructs commonly used in domestic research will need to be applied to new cross-cultural arenas. Recently, researchers have begun to take notice of some important methodological issues associated with the use of survey instruments in cross-cultural research (e.g., Cheung & Rensvold, 1999; Riordan & Vandenberg, 1994). These issues can have a strong impact on a study’s results, and on the subsequent interpretation of those results. If researchers ignore the difficulties inherent in using self-report questionnaires in cross-cultural studies, the field as a whole...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Project Report is a result of efforts, time and skills contributed by a number of people. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of those who have worked towards successful completion of this project report. I must also acknowledge me deep gratitude to my faculty guide, Ms. Kushi Sharma, Sr. Lecturer, Amity School of Business for her valuable guidance, corrective criticism and unflinching moral support during the tenure of the project. I must also express my indebtedness to Brig. S K Dubey, Professor, Amity School of Business for helping me in the successful completion of the project. I must also extend my sincere thanks to the Amity School of Business Library, Amity University, Noida for their invaluable assistance during the project. Thanks are also due to all those whose writings and data I have drawn upon in the preparation of the report. Lastly, I must not forget to thank my family and friends for their constant support and understanding during the work. SHUBHANGI SINGH A3907508034 IMBA A-16 (2008- 2012) Amity School of Business e- Mail – shubhangi_singh@live.in INDEX SERIAL NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO. 1. Abstract 03 2. Introduction 04 3. Methodology 07 4. Literature review 08 5. Discussion 14 6 Conclusion 15 7. Suggestions 16 6. Appendices 17 7. References 18 ABSTRACT Confronted by the globalization of markets, increasing competition, deregulation and rapid technological developments, speed and flexibility...
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...Anthropology Instructor James Turner September 7, 2015 Introduction This paper will show an overview of the American economic system today from an etic (outsider’s) point of view as well as examine how the Japanese culture treats death from an introspective view to show readers how areas where they may already have an opinion on can be seen from other perspectives. In Part I, readers will be shown from an etic perspective how Americans have, over time, developed an addiction to indebtedness and live in abundance on credit, not caring of growing deficits and interest burdens. In his 2013 book, “Cultural Anthropology,” Crapo describes an etic analysis as “an outsider’s or observer’s allegedly “objective” account.” In Part II, the Japanese culture surrounding death will be described as how an insider would understand it. Crap described an emic analysis as “an insider’s or native’s meaningful account.” (Ch. 1.1). For various cultures around the world to truly understand and empathize with one another, it is important to be able to see things from each other’s perspective. Being able to understand an issue in America as an outsider would see it, and likewise to look at something that might seem strange to us as an insider would will help us grow beyond our preconceived notions and ignorance. Part I This section of the paper will detail an etic analysis of American economics, specifically revolving around debt. Americans do not see debt as an issue that threatens their existence but instead...
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...funeral and death rites in contemporary Western society can lead to disenfranchised grief as they may be insufficient in helping people cope with the loss of a loved one. Japanese culture marks aging with milestone birthdays that are celebrated to map the progression of aging to the final destination of death. In this paper I will be examining funeral and death rites and if they adequately help with the grieving process and the acceptance of death. I will be examining the funeral and death rites in the United States from an etic perspective and contrasting this examination with an emic perspective of the same rituals as they are practiced in Japan, to show that my cultures rituals are lacking in the tools to deal with grief and acceptance of death. I will be examining funeral and death rites in my own culture from an etic perspective. In order to do this I will have to step outside my culture and my belief system. According to Crapo (2013), "An etic description or analysis…..creates a model of a culture by using cross-culturally valid categories, which anthropologists have found to be generally...
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