...how gestures carry meanings. A wide range of body parts are involved in making a gesture. According to David Mcneill, the physical movements acquire meaning by iconics, metaphorics, deictics, and beats. The project also discovers an etymological way to connect gestures to Chinese vocabulary. Based on the findings, the project further develops some guidelines to design gestures for teaching Chinese. They are making easy movements, identifying teaching content, making gestures understandable to your students, and applying gestures into teaching. In the end, the project applies the guidelines in designing activities for teaching Chinese pronunciation, vocabulary, character, and culture. Keywords: guidelines, gestures, teaching Chinese, kinesics, linguistics 1. Introduction 2.1 Background Gestures are common body movements: teachers instruct with gestures, referees in soccer game use gestures, people greet each other with gestures. Then what are gestures? Generally speaking, gestures are body movements which accompany and even sometimes replace verbal language. Because of its intimacy with language, it has attracted the people’s attention since Greek and Roman era. People back then treated gestures for the purpose of art. Not until modern times did scientific research emerge and shed lights on understanding the physical components of gestures and how gestures carry meanings. (Kennon 2004, 90) Adam Kennon and David Mcneill, two authoritative scholars, have published...
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...|1. Lexicology as a branch of |3. Etymological survey of the |4. Types of word meaning. Word |5. Change of meaning in English. |№ 6 Polysemy in English. |№ 7 Homonymy in English. Polysemy vs| |linguistics. Lexical units. |English lexicon. |meaning and motivation. |Word-meaning is liable to change in |1. The semantic structure of the |homonymy | |Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and|The term “etymology” comes from |Types of word meaning |the course of the historical |word does not present an indivisible|Homonyms are words that sound alike | |logos ‘learning’) is the part of |Greek and it means the study of the |(classifications): |development of language. Causes of |unity, nor does it necessarily stand|but have different semantic | |linguistics dealing with the |earlist forms of the word. Now |According to the aspect relation of |Semantic Change |for one concept. It is generally |structure. The problem of homonymy | |vocabulary of the language and the |etymology studies both: the form and|a word to the components of the |extra-linguistic — various changes |known that most words possess a |is mainly the problem of | |properties of words as the main |the meaning of borrowed and native |situation where it is used: |in the life of the speech community,|number...
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...И. В. АРНОЛЬД Лексикология современного английского языка Издание третье, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Министерством высшего и среднего специального образования СССР в качестве учебника для студентов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков Сканирование, распознавание, проверка: Аркадий Куракин (ark # mksat. net), сен-2004. Орфография унифицирована к британской. Пропущены страницы: 50-53, 134-139, 152-161, 164-171, 201-202, 240-243 Москва «Высшая школа» 1986 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.franklang.ru ББК 81.2 Англ-923 А 84 Рецензент: кафедра английской филологии Оренбургского государственного педагогического института им. В. П. Чкалова (зав. кафедрой д-р филол. наук Н. А. Шехтман) Арнольд И. В. А 84 Лексикология современного английского языка: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Высш. шк., 1986. — 295 с., ил. — На англ. яз. Учебник посвящен слову как основной единице языка, его семантической и морфологической структуре, особенностям английского словообразования и фразеологии. Английская лексика рассматривается как непрерывно развивающаяся система. В 3-м издании (2-е—1973 г.) обновлен теоретический и иллюстративный материал, расширены главы, посвященные теории слова и семасиологии. А 4602010000—443 001(01)—86 215-86 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 4И (Англ) © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1973 © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1986, с изменениями Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.franklang.ru CONTENTS ...
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...CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….....3 CHAPTER I. THEORY OF THE NOMINATIVE PROCESSES……......………...5 1.1. General data…………………………………………………………………....5 1.2. The Semantic Triangle………………………………………………………....8 1.3. Semantic types of nomination………………………….. .…………....…….. .11 1.4. The methods of nomination…………………………………………………...14 1.5. Transposition and identification as the two stages of nominative process…….16 CHAPTER II. THE ROLE OF NOMINATION IN LANGUAGE ORGANIZATION……………………………………………………………...…19 2.1. Creative approach during the process of color nomination……………………19 2.2. The main types of lexical nomination of the words of the group «clothes»……21 CONCLUSION……....………....……...…………………………………...…….23 SOURCES…......………...……………………………………………………..…24 INTRODUCTION The actuality of this work is that the issue of change of meaning has always attracted attention of a great deal of scholars both in America and in Europe. The long history of language studying shows the interest of scientists to determine the issue of basic language functions, which inevitably include the nominative one. As a primary language function, the nominative function assumes the language system ability to designate and to isolate fragments of reality, transferring their notions into words, word combinations, idioms and sentences. The dynamic development of cognitive and communicative activities of human society and, as a result, the emergence of new realities, artifacts, objects of material and...
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... Фамилия ва исм Илмий раҳбар: фамилия ва исм ТОШКЕНТ 2012 The institute of Retraining and qualification of the specialists named after Abdulla Avloniy Theme: Modal verbs in English GRADUATION PAPER Submitted by: Familiya va ism Scientific advisor: Familiya va ism TASHKENT 2012 Сontent Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….3 Chapter I. Functions of the modal verbs and their characteristics in the English language 1. Functions and types of the modal verbs……………………………. 2. Understanding the functions of modal verbs in English……………. 1.3. Morphology and syntax of modal verbs………………………………… Chapter II. Methods of teaching modal verbs to schoolchildren 2.1. The difficulties in teaching modal verbs 2.2 Different types of utilization of the English modal verbs 2.3. Context use of the modal verbs 2.4. Range of forms of the modal verbs in English Conclusion……………………………………………………………………… The list of used literature……………………………………………………… Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….......?? The list of the used literature…………………………..................................?? Introduction Modal verbs are the types of verbs which gives...
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...cases of lexical transformations. These divergences are connected with certain peculiar features of a word or a group of words. Even words which seem to have the same meaning in the two languages are not semantically identical. The primary meanings of correlated words often coincide while their derivative meanings do not. Thus there is only partial correspondence in the structures of polysemantic words as their lexical semantic variants do not cover one another. Semantic correlation is not to be interpreted as semantic identity and one-to-one correspondence between the semantic structures of correlated polysemantic words in the two languages is hardly ever possible. The topicality of this reseach is provided by the fact that in today’s English and Russian languages the notion of polysemy is widely spread and causes many controversies. It should be noted that the study of Polysemy is the main object...
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...PART I INTRODUCTION 6 I. GENERAL NOTES ON STYLE AND Stylistics 6 2. EXPRESSIVE MEANS (EM) AND STYLISTIC DEVICES (SD) 21 3. GENERAL NOTES ON FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF LANGUAGE 28 4. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE 30 5. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY (STANDARD) LANGUAGE 36 6. MEANING FROM A STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW 51 PART II STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 63 I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 63 2. NEUTRAL, COMMON LITERARY AND COMMON COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 64 3. SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY 68 a) Terms 68 b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words 71 c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words 74 d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms 78 e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 83 4. SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 95 a) Slang 95 b) Jargonisms 100 c) Professionalisms 103 d) Dialectal words 106 e) Vulgar words or vulgarisms 108 f) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings) 109 PART Ш PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 112 GENERAL NOTES 112 Onomatopoeia 113 Alliteration 114 Rhyme 116 Rhythm 117 PART IV LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES 123 A. INTENTIONAL MIXING OF THE STYLISTIC ASPECT OF WORDS 123 B. INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANING 125 1. INTERACTION OF PRIMARY DICTIONARY AND CONTEXTUALLY IMPOSED MEANINGS 126 Metaphor 126 Metonymy 131 Irony 133 3. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND EMOTIVE...
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... |MOSCOW | | |"HIGHER SCHOOL" | | |1977 | TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Предисловие к первому изданию……………………………………………………..6 Предисловие к второму изданию……………………………………………………..7 Part I. Introduction 1. General Notes on Style and Stylistics…………………………………………9 2. Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD)………………………...25 3. General Notes on Functional Styles of Language……………………………32 4. Varieties of Language………………………………………………………..35 5. A Brief Outline of the Development of the English Literary Standard Language……………………………………………………………………..41 6. Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View…………………………..…………57 Part II. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary 1. General Considerations………………………………………………………70 2. Neutral, Common Literary and Common Colloquial Vocabulary…………..72 3. Special Literary...
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...of this work is “Australian English” The work which is presented deals with the study of the Australian English Language, about its pronunciation, regional variations, vocabulary. The Australian English is a language with its own peculiarities and it differs a lot from Standard English and the other variants because it has its own history and development. There appeared a large number of new words in each variety of the English language because of historical, political, different socio- economic events and of course it has affected to the Australian English. I wanted to learn more about the appearance, development and using nowadays of the Australian English language. The aims of this work are: -To study the difficulties of using and understanding the words in AusE -To define cultural peculiarities of AusE speakers The topicality of this work is explained by the interest to the difference of Australian English between the other English variants and to the practical usage of the vocabulary. The theoretical value of this work is determined by necessity of the comprehensive analysis of Australian English because every language allows different kinds of variations: geographical or territorial, stylistic and others. It is very important to use up- to –date information of the western scientists who are concerned nearly to the English linguistics. The practical value is seen in rising interest to the English language itself and its variants...
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...THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE This page intentionally left blank THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE SIXTH EDITION ± ± John Algeo ± ± ± ± ± Based on the original work of ± ± ± ± ± Thomas Pyles Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The Origins and Development of the English Language: Sixth Edition John Algeo Publisher: Michael Rosenberg Development Editor: Joan Flaherty Assistant Editor: Megan Garvey Editorial Assistant: Rebekah Matthews Senior Media Editor: Cara Douglass-Graff Marketing Manager: Christina Shea Marketing Communications Manager: Beth Rodio Content Project Manager: Corinna Dibble Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr Production Technology Analyst: Jamie MacLachlan Senior Print Buyer: Betsy Donaghey Rights Acquisitions Manager Text: Tim Sisler Production Service: Pre-Press PMG Rights Acquisitions Manager Image: Mandy Groszko Cover Designer: Susan Shapiro Cover Image: Kobal Collection Art Archive collection Dagli Orti Prayer with illuminated border, from c. 1480 Flemish manuscript Book of Hours of Philippe de Conrault, The Art Archive/ Bodleian Library Oxford © 2010, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including...
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...IMPORTANT This electronic version of The Century Vocabulary Builder (1922) has been prepared by Serenson Pty Ltd for www.write-better-english.com. This PDF follows the pagination of the original (hard copy) book and includes hypertext links that we have inserted, which look like this. Please do not remove links. Reformatting the original text into this PDF has been no easy task; it is possible that the process has introduced errors or caused omissions. As a result, we make no guarantee about the accuracy or completeness of this version of the Vocabulary Builder. If you find an error or omission in this PDF, please check the original book and contact us so that we can fix the error or omission. Please check your local copyright laws before accessing this PDF. If you are serious about building your vocabulary, we highly recommend you try the popular vocabularybuilding program called Ultimate Vocabulary Want the ultimate vocabulary builder? Click www.write-better-english com/ultimate-vocabulary.aspx THE CENTURY VOCABULARY BUILDER BY GARLAND GREEVER AND JOSEPH M. BACHELOR NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. Want the ultimate vocabulary builder? Click www.write-better-english com/ultimate-vocabulary.aspx PREFACE You should know at the outset what this book does not attempt to do. It does not, save to the extent that its own special purpose requires, concern itself with the many and intricate problems of grammar, rhetoric, spelling, punctuation, and the like; or clarify...
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...AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE FEATURES IN ENGLISH ADVERTISEMENTS Abstract This paper presents an analytical study of the language features of English advertisements at lexical, syntactic and discourse levels. In order to conduct a data-driven study, the author builds a corpus of 60 English advertisements. It is hoped that through the detailed survey of three types of advertisements: namely, daily consumer goods ads, technical equipment ads, service ads, similarities and differences in advertising language features can be summarized and possible reasons will be given in the light of the meaning, and function of language. This paper will be presented in five parts. The first part is the introduction and the last conclusion. The focus of the paper is laid on the three middle parts which respectively analyze language features at lexical, syntactic and discourse levels. The conclusion of this paper is drawn from the data analysis. In the analysis, examples from the corpus will be given; figures, tables and graphs will also be offered to make the paper understandable and persuasive. It is hoped that the study can shed light on the language features of advertisements and also provide help to copy writers and advertising English learners. KEYWORDS: English Advertisements, Lexical, Syntactic, Discourse, Similarities, Differences Contents |1. |Introduction ……………………………………………………………… |1 | |1.1...
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...sections, introducing the major concepts in language study – from how children learn language to why men and women speak differently, through all the key elements of language. This fourth edition has been revised and updated with twenty new sections, covering new accounts of language origins, the key properties of language, text messaging, kinship terms and more than twenty new word etymologies. To increase student engagement with the text, Yule has also included more than fifty new tasks, including thirty involving data analysis, enabling students to apply what they have learned. The online study guide offers students further resources when working on the tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language. George Yule has taught Linguistics at the Universities of Edinburgh, Hawai’i, Louisiana State and Minnesota. He is the author of a number of books, including Discourse Analysis (with Gillian Brown, 1983) and Pragmatics (1996). “A genuinely introductory linguistics text, well suited for undergraduates who have little prior experience thinking descriptively about language. Yule’s crisp and thought-provoking presentation of key issues works well for a wide range of students.” Elise Morse-Gagne, Tougaloo College “The Study of Language is one of the most accessible and entertaining introductions to linguistics available. Newly updated with a wealth of material for practice and discussion, it will...
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...Employment News 11 - 17 February 2012 www.employmentnews.gov.in 21 Union Public Service Commission EXAMINATION NOTICE NO. 04/2012-CSP DATED 11.02.2012 (LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT OF APPLICATIONS : 05.03.2012) CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2012 (Commission's website - http://www.upsc.gov.in) F. No. 1/4/2011-E.I(B) : Preliminary Examination of the Civil Services Examination for recruitment to the Services and Posts mentioned below will be held by the Union Public Service Commission on 20th May, 2012 in accordance with the Rules published by the Department of Personnel & Training in the Gazette of India Extraordinary dated 4th February, 2012. (i) Indian Administrative Service. (ii) Indian Foreign Service. (iii) Indian Police Service. (iv) Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’. (v) Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (vi) Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’. (vii) Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (viii) Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’. (ix) Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works Manager, Administration). (x) Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’. (xi) Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (xii) Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’. (xiii) Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group 'A'. (xiv) Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’. (xv) Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’ (xvi) Indian Defence Estates Service, Group ‘A’. (xvii) Indian Information...
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...Anul III, Semestrul 2 D.I.D.F.R. UDJG Facultatea de Litere Contemporary English Language. Semantics Course tutor: Associate Professor Mariana Neagu Galați 2011 Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Definitions and the beginnings of semantics 1.2. An overview of semantic studies 1.3. Study questions and exercises 5 5 5 10 2. The relationship between language, thought and reality 11 2.1. Extension and intension 2.2. Sign – sense – referent 2.3. Types of signs 2.4. Models of meaning 2.5 Study questions 11 12 13 14 16 3. Types and dimensions of meaning 3.1 Descriptive meaning 3.2 Non-descriptive meaning 3.3 Social meaning 3.4 Evoked meaning 3.5 Study questions and exercises 17 18 19 20 21 23 4. Sense relations(I):polysemy and homonymy 4.1. Semasiology and onomasiology- two basic approaches to the study of words and their senses 4.2. From word to concept: polysemy and Homonymy 4.3 Study questions and exercises 25 25 26 27 5. Sense relations (II): synonymy and antonymy 5.1. From concept to word: synonymy and antonymy 5.2. Study questions and exercises 31 31 34 6. Hierarchical sense relations: hyponymy and meronymy 6.1 Hyponymy 6.2 Meronymy 6.3 Study questions and exercises 39 39 40 42 7. Semantic organization 7.1. The lexicon 7.2. Semantic fields 7.3. Study questions and exercises 43 43 44 49 8. Semantic decomposition 8.1 Componential analysis 8.2 Universal semantic categories 8.3 Semantic primitives 8.4 Study questions...
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